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Impact on Soil Organic C and Total Soil N from Cool- and Warm-Season Legumes Used in a Green Manure-Forage Cropping System

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 333-357页

作者： Clark B. Neely Francis M. Rouquette Jr. Cristine L.S. morgan Frank M. Hons William L. Rooney Gerald R. Smith Department of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&M AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Chief Scientific Officer Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Department of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biomass production can be managed to complement forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and September, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil C and N were measured using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples were buried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of above ground legume biomass, including change in C and N concentrations. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t DM ha-1) and contributed the most total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total C (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL biomass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea

关键词： Annual Legumes Soil N Soil Organic C Green Manure Deer Browse Forage Cropping Systems

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Legume Green Manure and Intercropping for High Biomass Sorghum Production

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第6期15卷 605-621页

作者： Clark B. Neely Francis M. Rouquette Jr. Cristine L. S. morgan Frank M. Hons William L. Rooney Gerald R. Smith Department of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&M AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Department of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Before the advent of cheap, synthetic fertilizers, legumes were commonly used as green manure crops for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N). A three-year study at Overton, TX examined legume integration into high-biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) production systems on a Lilbert loamy fine sand recently cultivated after a fertilized bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture. In this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ‘Iron and Clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were integrated into a high-biomass sorghum production system to evaluate impacts on N concentration, C concentration, and yield of high-biomass sorghum and their impacts on soil total N and soil organic carbon (SOC). Main plots were split into crimson clover green manure (CLGM) and winter fallow (FALL) followed by three sub-plots split into warm-season crop rotations: cowpea green manure (CPGM), cowpea-sorghum intercrop (CPSR), and sorghum monocrop (SORG). Three N fertilizer treatments (0, 45, 90 kg N∙ha−1) were randomized and applied as sub-sub plots. The CLGM increased (P sorghum biomass yield (16.5 t DM∙ha−1) 28% in year three but had no effect in the first two years. The CPSR treatment reduced sorghum yield up to 62% compared to SORG;whereas CPGM increased sorghum yield 56% and 18% the two years following cowpea incorporation. Rate of N fertilizer had no effect on sorghum biomass yield. Decrease in SOC and soil N over time indicated mineralization of organic N and may explain why no N fertilizer response was observed in sorghum biomass yield. Cowpea showed strong potential as a green manure crop but proved to be too competitive for successful intercropping in high-biomass sorghum production systems.

关键词： High-Biomass Sorghum Legumes Green Manure Intercrop Cowpea Crimson Clover Soil Organic Carbon Soil Nitrogen

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Interannual dynamics of stemwood nonstructural carbohydrates in temperate forest trees surrounding drought

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Journal of Forestry Research 2023年第1期34卷 77-86页

作者： Meghan J.Blumstein morgan E.Furze Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University26 Oxford StCambridgeMA 02138USA Civil and Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AveRoom 1-290CambridgeMA 02139USA Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue University915 W State StreetWest LafayetteIN 47907USA

Interactions between water and carbon dynamics underlie drought-related tree *** whole-tree water relations have been shown to play a key role in the response to and recovery from drought,the role of nonstructural carbohydrates(NSC) and how their storage and allocation changes surrounding drought events deserves further attention and is critical for understanding tree ***,we quantified in situ NSC responses of temperate forest trees to the 2016 drought in the northeastern United *** and starch concentrations were measured in the stemwood of five tree species from 2014 to 2019,which allowed us to monitor NSCs in relation to climatic conditions before,during,and after the natural *** found that immediately following the drought,measured stemwood NSC concentrations ***,NSC concentrations rebounded quickly within three ***,trees allocated proportionally more to starch than to sugars following the 2016 *** winter 2017,starch comprised 45% of total stemwood stores,whereas starch made up only 1-2% in other ***,we modeled and assessed the climatic drivers of total NSC concentrations in the *** in total NSC concentrations was significantly predicted by the previous year’s temperature,precipitation,and standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index(SPEI),with stemwood concentrations decreasing following hotter,drier periods and increasing following cooler,wetter ***,our work provides insight into the climatic drivers of NSC storage and highlights the important role that a tree’s carbon economy may play in its response and recovery to environmental stress.

关键词： Drought Nonstructural carbohydrates Starch metabolism Forest trees

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Low-temperature processing of screen-printed piezoelectric KNbO3 with integration onto biodegradable paper substrates

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2023年第1期9卷 271-282页

作者： morgan M.Monroe LGuillermo Villanueva Danick Briand École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL) Soft Transducers LaboratoryInstitute of Mechanical Engineering2000NeuchâtelSwitzerland École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL) Advanced NEMS LaboratoryInstitute of Mechanical Engineering1015LausanneSwitzerland

The development of fully solution-processed,biodegradable piezoelectrics is a critical step in the development of green electronics towards the worldwide reduction of harmful electronic ***,recent printing processes for piezoelectrics are hindered by the high sintering temperatures required for conventional perovskite fabrication ***,a process was developed to manufacture lead-free printed piezoelectric devices at low temperatures to enable integration with eco-friendly substrates and electrodes.A printable ink was developed for screen printing potassium niobate(KNbO3)piezoelectric layers in microns of thickness at a maximum processing temperature of 120℃ with high *** parallel plate capacitor and cantilever devices were designed and manufactured to assess the quality of this ink and evaluate its physical,dielectric,and piezoelectric characteristics;including a comparison of behaviour between conventional silicon and biodegradable paper *** printed layers were 10.7–11.2μm thick,with acceptable surface roughness values in the range of 0.4-1.1μ*** relative permittivity of the piezoelectric layer was *** poling parameters were optimised for the piezoelectric response,with an average longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient for samples printed on paper substrates measured as d33,eff,paper=13.57±2.84 pC/N;the largest measured value was 18.37 pC/N on paper *** approach to printable biodegradable piezoelectrics opens the way forward for fully solution-processed green piezoelectric devices.

关键词： KNbO3 piezoelectric integration

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Skeletal muscle-directed gene therapy: hijacking the fusogenic properties of muscle cells

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2023年第10期8卷 4428-4430页

作者： Hildegard Buning Michael morgan Axel Schambach Institute of Experimental Hematology Hannover Medical SchoolHannover30625Germany REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine Hannover Medical SchoolHannover30625Germany Division of Hematology/Oncology Boston Children’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA

A recent study published in Cell by the Millay lab reports on an elegant strategy to expand the repertoire of lentiviral(LV)vectors from being the main delivery tool for ex vivo gene therapy to an in vivo applicable viral vector that specifically transduces skeletal muscle.1 This very significant advance may result in novel therapeutics for patients suffering from various skeletal muscle diseases.

关键词： skeletal directed muscle

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Base editing: a novel cure for severe combined immunodeficiency

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2023年第10期8卷 4433-4435页

作者： Teng-Cheong Ha Michael morgan Axel Schambach Institute of Experimental Hematology Hannover Medical SchoolHannover30625Germany REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine Hannover Medical SchoolHannover30625Germany Division of Hematology/Oncology Boston Children’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA

In a recent Cell article,McAuley,Kohn et *** proof-of-principle of a promising gene therapy(GT)approach to correct the underlying genetic defect responsible for CD3δ-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency(SCID)using a CRISPR-Cas9-derived adenine-base-editor(ABE).1 This ground-breaking and important study could impact future GTs for monogenic diseases by providing novel tailored therapeutic options(Fig.1).

关键词： immunodeficiency al. diseases

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Resolving the age-related decline in central nervous system myelin turnover and drug discovery for oligodendroglial rejuvenation

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第12期17卷 2677-2678页

作者： Andrea Domenico Rivera Arthur morgan Butt Kasum Azim Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences School of Pharmacy and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK Section of Human Anatomy Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly Department of Neurology Medical FacultyHeinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany

Myel i n genes are amongst the most dysregulated genes in the aged brain:Just over half of the weight of an entire adult human brain is attributed to myelin,which wraps around neuronal axons and is essential for superfast axonal conduction and neuronal *** the central nervous system,it is the function of specialized cells called oligodendrocytes(OLs)to make myelin,which is made up of lipids and *** are generated throughout life by a significant population of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells(OPCs)that are responsible for the lifelong generation of OLs and myelin,essential for learning,as well as repair following pathological insults(*** demyelinating diseases that include multiple sclerosis)(Simons and Nave,2015;Philips and Rothstein,2017).Changes in myelin content in the human brain over the lifespan of individuals have been well documented,as well as evidence of myelin loss in rodent models using classical histological approaches(Bartzokis et al.,2012;Soreq et al.,2017).

关键词： myelin system specialized

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Next generation drug connectivity mapping for acquiring therapeutic agents to differentially regulate myelination

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第4期18卷 797-798页

作者： Kasum Azim Andrea Domenico Rivera Arthur morgan Butt Department of Neurology Medical FacultyHeinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences School of Pharmacy and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of PortsmouthSt Michael’s BuildingWhite Swan RoadPortsmouthUK Section of Human Anatomy Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly

The need for new therapeutic approaches:Conventional drug discovery is a lengthy and expensive process,taking decades and billions of dollars to get a drug from bench to *** of the costs incurred are at the pre-clinical stages,between drug design and synthesis to delineating the cellular“Mechanisms of Action”(MoA).Notably,there is a very high risk of failure,and only a very small proportion of therapeutic agents reach later-phase clinical ***,drug repositioning has become a valuable strategy aimed at fast-tracking treatments into clinical use and improving the chances of therapeutic success.A novel addition to this approach is connectivity mapping,which defines cell-specific transcriptional responses to small molecules in disease-dependent *** commentary outlines how some of the latest innovations in connectivity mapping can be exploited for drug repurposing.

关键词： connectivity dollar therapeutic

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国际奥委会为运动员减压

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新体育 2024年第6期 14-14页

作者： morgan Ofori 不详

在体育界,拜尔斯、帕吉和布莱德肖的成功故事令人印象深刻,这三名精英运动员都曾经公开谈论心理健康问题。2021年夏天,拜尔斯在东京奥运女子体操团体决赛中途退出,声称自己的心理健康出了问题。今年早些时候,英国女子撑竿跳高运动员布... 详细信息

在体育界,拜尔斯、帕吉和布莱德肖的成功故事令人印象深刻,这三名精英运动员都曾经公开谈论心理健康问题。2021年夏天,拜尔斯在东京奥运女子体操团体决赛中途退出,声称自己的心理健康出了问题。今年早些时候,英国女子撑竿跳高运动员布莱德肖担心在追求体育成就过程中身心受损。英国女子蹦床运动员帕吉也透露,她曾深陷“技能丧失综合征”困扰,2016年里约奥运会前尤其感到焦虑。

关键词：女子体操国际奥委会精英运动员中途退出团体决赛蹦床运动员心理健康问题印象深刻

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Improving sorghum digestion in broilers by targeting fermentation of xylan

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第3期10卷 198-206页

作者： Natalie K.morgan Andrew Wallace Michael R.Bedford University of New England School of Environmental and Rural ScienceArmidaleNew South WalesAustralia AB Vista Woodstock CourtBlenheim RoadMarlborough Business ParkMarlboroughWiltshireEnglandUnited Kingdom Curtin University Kent StreetBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia

This study was to examine if it is possible to accelerate sorghum digestion in broiler chickens by targeting fermentation of the *** 500 broilers(n=960,80 birds per treatment)were fed 12 sorghumsoybean meal-based dietary treatments fed as 3 phases(starter d 0 to 12,grower d 13 to 23,finisher d 24 to 35),with 8 replicate pens of 10 birds per *** half of the treatments(n=6),10%of the sorghum in the diet was directly replaced with 10%wheat bran,as a source of fermentable *** diets were supplemented with either 0,50 or 2,000 mg/kg xylo-oligosaccharides(XOS),with or without xylanase *** weight gain(BWG),feed intake(FI)and feed conversion corrected for mortality(cFCR)was determined at d 0 to 35,and male and female body weight were measured on d *** d 35,ileum and caeca samples were collected from 2 birds per pen,for determination of caecal cellulase and xylanase activity,microbiota composition and short chain fatty acid(SCFA)concentration,and ileal XOS *** with 2,000 mg/kg XOS caused increased BWG at d 0 to 35(P=0.007)and enhanced caecal propionic,valeric and succinic acid concentration(P<0.05).Wheat bran increased FI(P=0.018)and BWG(P=0.016),as well as caecal Bifidobacteria concentration(P<0.001).Ileal XOS concentration was greatest when feeding combined wheat bran,2,000 mg/kg XOS,and xylanase,resulting in increased caecal total SCFA,acetic acid and butyric acid concentration,and xylanase and cellulase activity(P<0.05).Results from this study present that feed efficiency in birds fed sorghum-based diets is improved as a consequence of supplementing with fermentable fibre,xylanase and XOS.

关键词： Xylanase Sorghum Oligosaccharides Broiler

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