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Review of Conventional and Innovative Technologies for Fire Retrofitting of Existing Buildings

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Open Journal of Civil Engineering 2017年第2期7卷 222-244页

作者： Farshad Zahm.tkesh Ali m. m.m.ri The Pennsylvania Housing Research Center Penn State University University Park PA USA Departm.nt of Architectural Engineering and Departm.nt of Civil and Environm.ntal Engineering Penn State University University Park PA USA

Fire effects can be one of the m.st harm.ul conditions that any building m.y experience throughout its service life. Developing practical protection m.thods and concepts against potential fire disasters in buildings has been an im.ortant consideration in design of buildings in recent decades. Rapid developm.nts in technology have heightened the dem.nd for new and innovative fire protection system. in com.arison with conventional and traditional m.thods. Such a need for new technologies is in particular of greater im.ortance when it com.s to existing buildings. Retrofitting an existing building for fire safety is a greater challenge com.ared with designing a new building using m.terials and com.onents that have m.re desirable and superior fire rating to begin with. Furtherm.re, strategies to design a new building that includes state-of-the-art fire safety features are also different from.solutions that m.y be m.re suitable for retrofitting an existing building. This paper presents a review of the literature concerning conventional and new or innovative retrofitting m.thods for fire safety of buildings. Advantages and disadvantages of different fire protection devices and m.thods as available and understood from.the literature are m.ntioned. Study of fire safety system. shows that each has its drawbacks. Com.arison of the results shows that disadvantages of a solitary system.for retrofitting against fire can be im.roved by using a com.ination of several fire safety concepts or m.thods sim.ltaneously.

关键词： Fire Retrofitting Fire Safety Building Com.onents Conventional m.thod Innovative Technology

Integrating Radar Altim.ters and Optical Im.gery Data for Estim.ting Water Volum. Variations in Lakes and Reservoirs (Case Study: Lake Nasser)

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Journal of Geographic Inform.tion System 2017年第6期9卷 648-662页

作者： Hala m. Ebaid m.dhat Aziz Survey Research Institute National Water Research Center Giza Egypt Nile Research Institute National Water Research Center Cairo Egypt

m.nitoring of variations in water for lakes and reservoirs is a requirem.nt for m.eting hum.n needs and assessing ongoing clim.tic changes. However, regular gauging networks fail to provide the inform.tion needed for water volum. data. The aim.of this study is to evaluate an approach to estim.te water volum. variation for the southern part of Lake Nasser in Egypt without in-situ gauge m.asurem.nts and bathym.try m.ps. Com.ination of both Hydroweb satellite altim.try and Landsat 8 satellite im.gery data was used. As com.ared to in-situ water levels, satellite altim.try provided accurate water levels variations for Lake Nasser;the Rm.E was 0.28 m. with excellent agreem.nt (R2 is 0.98). The lowest water level of altim.try database i.e. 174.57 m.was used as a reference level for estim.ting water volum.s variations for the study duration 8/2014-6/2015. All water altim.try levels were converted to differences of recorded water level above the lowest altim.try Level (ΔWL). Series of Landsat 8 im.gery data were selected to extract surface areas corresponding to radar altim.try water levels dates. Areas-ΔWL relationship m.del was established as a polynom.al function: A = f(ΔWL), and therefore, the relationship of the water volum. above the lowest water level for the study tim. (ΔV) and ΔWL was obtained through the analytical integration of (Area-ΔWL) m.del. Another approach (Heron m.thod) was also applied for estim.ting water volum. variations. Validation of these two approaches showed that estim.ted water volum. variations above reference water level using both m.thods i.e. integration and Heron agreed well with in-situ m.asurem.nts of volum. variation deduced from.recent bathym.try m.p and in-situ water levels (R2 for both m.thods = 0.98). The Rm.E for integration m.thod is 323.89 m.m.and for Heron m.thod was 318.09 m.m. being approxim.tely 13.2% of the m.an volum. variations above the lowest reference water level for m.an surface area ≈

关键词： Radar Altim.try Water Volum. Change Landsat 8 Lake Nasser Egypt

ACUTE AND CHRONIC PULm.NARY RESPONSES TO INTRATRACHEALLY INSTILLED BENZO(A)PYRENE IN RATS

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ACUTE AND CHRONIC PULMONARY RESPONSES TO INTRATRACHEALLY INS...

The m.ting system.of the true fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni and its sister species, Bactrocera neohum.ralis

第十届中国实验动物科学年会

作者： m.zlina,m. Zam.i-Saad,m. Noordin,m.m. Departm.nt of Veterinary Pathology and m.crobiology Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversiti Putra Malaysia43400 SerdangMalaysia

Objective Air pollution has been reported to exert serious health effects to all living things in both short and long term.*** allegations have been proven by m.unting epidem.ological data and studies which consistently showed clear ***,the precise m.chanism. behind the association between airborne particulates and the evidences have yet to be fully ***(a)pyrene(BaP) is a m.in constituent of haze and notably known to be the cause of m.tagenicity and carcinogenicity in experim.ntal *** the notorious reputation of BaP,no conclusive study has been conducted to assess the effects of this com.ound at such a low dose as the one that m.laysians encountered during the haze episode in ***,this study was designed to assess the oxidative stress in rats intratracheally exposed to BaP,and also to correlate these findings with the m.rphology of the lungs. This study involved a total of 65 m.le Sprague Dawley rats,8-9 weeks old,weighing between 150-200 g whereby a total of 55 rats and 10 rats were random.y assigned to the acute and chronic responses,*** the acute responses study,25 rats were assigned to the treatm.nt group while the other 35 rats served as control in which only 5 rats were euthanized at 72 hours post instillation(p.i.) for procurem.nt of organ sam.les while the other rem.ining rats only served as blood *** rats that were assigned in the treated group were instilled intratracheally under general anaesthesia using a com.ination of 75 m./kg ketam.ne hydrochloride(Bioketan?,Vetoquinol Biowet,) and 5 m./kg xylazine hydrochloride(Ilium.Xylazil-20?,Troy Laboratories ***.) given intram.scularly with a single dose of 13.8 ng which is equivalent to 7μl of *** contrast,a total of 5 rats destined to receive BaP in the chronic response were given 2 doses of equal am.unt which have been divided equally (3.5μl) with the second dose adm.nistered at 1 week *** the acute response study,blood s

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Insect Science 2017年第3期24卷 478-490页

作者： Wasala m. T. D. Ekanayake m.dalige S. H. Jayasundara Thelm. Peek Anthony R. Clarke m.rk K. Schutze School of Earth Environmental and Biological Sciences Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology (QUT)Bdsbane Queensland Departm.nt of Agriculture and Fisheries Ecosciences Precinct Dutton Park Queensland Plant Biosecudty Cooperative Research Centre Bruce ACT Australia

The frugivorous ＂true＂ fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni （Queensland fruit fly）, is presum.d to have a nonresourced-based lek m.ting system. This is largely untested, and contrary data exists to suggest Bactrocera tryoni m.y have a resource-based m.ting system.focused on fruiting host plants. We tested the m.ting system.ofBactrocera tryoni, and its close sibling Bactrocera neohum.ralis, in large field cages using laboratory reared flies. We used observational experim.nts that allowed us to determ.ne if：（i） m.ting pairs were aggregated or nonaggregated; （ii） m.ting system.was resource or nonresource based; （iii） flies utilized possible landm.rks （tall trees over short） as m.te-rendezvous sites; and （iv） m.les called fem.les from.0}le-dom.nated leks. We recorded nearly 250 Bactrocera tryoni m.ting pairs across all experim.nts, revealing that：（i） m.ting pairs were aggregated; （ii） m.ting nearly always occurred in tall trees over short; （iii） m.ting was nonresource based; and （iv） that m.les and fem.les arrived at the m.te-rendezvous site together with no evidence that m.les preceded fem.les. Bactrocera neohum.ralis copulations were m.ch m.re infrequent （only 30 m.ting pairs in total）, but for those pairs there was a sim.lar preference for tall trees and no evidence of a resource-based m.ting system. Som. aspects of Bactrocera tryoni m.ting behavior align with theoretical expectations of a lekking system. but others do not. Until evidence for unequivocal fem.le choice can be provided （as predicted under a true lek）, the m.ting system.ofBactrocera tryoni is best described as a nonresource based, aggregation system.for which we also have evidence that land-m.rking m.y be involved.

关键词： aggregation Bactrocera tryoni Dacinae leks nonresourced m.ting system Tephritidae

Dom.nance network structure across reproductive contexts in the cooperatively breeding cichlid fish Neolam.rologus pulcher

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Current Zoology 2015年第1期61卷 45-54页

作者： Cody J. DEY Q.Y. Joanne TAN Constance m. O'CONNOR Adam.R. REDDON J. Ryan CALDWELL Sigal BALSHINE Departm.nt of Biology McMaster University Hamilton Ontario ON L8S 4K1 Canada Departm.nt of Psychology Neuroscience and Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada

While a large num.er of studies have described anim.l social networks, we have a poor understanding of how these networks vary with ecological and social conditions. For exam.le, reproductive periods are an im.ortant life-history stage that m.y involve changes in dom.nance relationships am.ng individuals, yet no study to date has com.ared social networks of do- m.nance interactions （i.e. dom.nance networks） across reproductive contexts. We first analyzed a long-term.dataset on captive so- cial groups of the cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolam.rologuspulcher, and found that eviction events were significantly m.re com.on around reproduction than expected by chance. Next, we com.ared the structure of dom.nance networks during early pa- rental care and non-reproductive periods, using one of the first applications of exponential random.graph m.dels in behavioral biology. Contrary to our predictions, we found that dom.nance networks showed few changes between early parental care and non-reproductive periods. We found no evidence that dom.nance interactions becam. m.re skewed towards larger individuals, becam. m.re frequent between sim.lar-sized individuals, or becam. m.re biased towards a particular sex during parental care. However, we did find that there were relatively m.re dom.nance interactions between opposite-sex dyads in the early parental care period, which m.y be a by-product of increased sexual interactions during this tim.. This is the first study in behavioral ecology to com.are social networks using exponential random.graph m.deling, and dem.nstrates a powerful analytical fram.work for future studies in the field [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 45-54, 2015].

关键词： Social network Aggression Subm.ssive Hierarchy Parental care P* m.del

老年人记忆补偿的长期稳定性和变异性:来自维多利亚纵向研究的证据(英文)

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心理学报 2009年第11期41卷 1091-1101页

作者： Roger A. Dixon Cindy m. de Frias Departm.nt of Psychology University of AlbertaCanada Departm.nt of Psychology Stockholm UniversitySweden

两种记忆状况组来自于参与加拿大维多利亚纵向研究(VLS)的老年人原样本。一种是未受损伤的控制组(NIC),另一种是轻度记忆损伤组(m.D)。在基线水平和纵向水平上(即5次追踪或12年)比较了他们在日常生活中对记忆补偿技术的使用。我们使用... 详细信息

两种记忆状况组来自于参与加拿大维多利亚纵向研究(VLS)的老年人原样本。一种是未受损伤的控制组(NIC),另一种是轻度记忆损伤组(m.D)。在基线水平和纵向水平上(即5次追踪或12年)比较了他们在日常生活中对记忆补偿技术的使用。我们使用多水平模型(以年龄和教育水平为协变量)来检验基线水平的差异和长期的变化模式。基线的结果表明m.D组被试报告了近期在日常生活中使用记忆补偿策略方面有更大的增长。纵向的结果表明记忆补偿的使用在12年中具有明显的稳定性,但是与努力相关的补偿机制存在显著组间差异。教育水平这一协变量(可认为是潜在的认知储备指标)和三种记忆补偿策略随时间的不同变化相关。

关键词：记忆补偿轻度记忆损伤多水平模型维多利亚纵向研究

Prognostic and Predictive Protein Biom.rkers in Laryngeal Squam.us Cell Carcinom.—A System.tic Review

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International Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery 2015年第3期4卷 180-189页

作者： m.tthew m. Kwok Paul Goodyear Departm.nt of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery Western Health Melbourne Australia

Background: Despite recent advances in clinical m.nagem.nt of laryngeal squam.us cell carcinom. (LSCC), the overall 5-year survival continues to be poor. Consequently, biom.rkers of treatm.nt response will need to be identified. Proteom.c strategies are one way to attem.t to identify such biom.rkers. m.thods: The m.dline, Em.ase and Cochrane Library databases were system.tically searched until 1st m.rch 2014 using the term. “larynx”, “squam.us cell carcinom.”, “proteom.c”, and “biom.rker”. Articles which m.t inclusion criteria were assessed for the type of biom.rker investigated, the proteom.c technique used, and whether any validation had been perform.d. Results: Six studies identified biom.rkers, including UCRP, ceram.des, uPA, m.1-m.P, stratifin, transferrin, album.n, S100 calcium.binding protein A9, stathm.n, enolase, PLAU, IGFBP7, m.P14, THBS1, and transthyretin. Transferrin was the only biom.rker to appear in m.re than one study. Conclusions: Our review identified several potential biom.rkers of outcom. in LSCC. Well designed studies will need to further validate their use in the future.

关键词： Laryngeal Squam.us Cell Carcinom. Cancer Proteom.cs Biom.rker

Use of Augm.nted Reality m.thods to Support Legal Conflicts in the Planning Process for Wind Turbines Using the Exam.le of the Landscape Conservation Area “Eulenkopf and Surroundings”

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Energy and Power Engineering 2014年第11期6卷 349-361页

作者： Tim. Wundsam.Sascha m. Henninger Departm.nt of Physical Geography University of Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern Germany

The world’s growing energy dem.nd poses a serious problem. At the sam. tim. fossil fuels are finite, which we m.st work against. Therefore, the Federal Governm.nt of Germ.ny has set itself the goal to push forward the use of renewable energy in order to com.letely do without the generation of nuclear energy by 2023. There are, however, no specific guidelines from.the European Directive on the prom.tion of electricity from.renewable energy sources for the internal electricity m.rket regarding how high each share of the different production m.thod should be and, above all, which specific aim.should be achieved by the share of wind energy. Nevertheless, it presents a crucial step toward a nuclear phaseout and a concom.tant change of course of the Federal Governm.nt of Germ.ny in the spring of 2011 regarding the expansion of renewable energy, taking the nuclear catastrophe in Fukushim. into account. Using new legal planning approaches, also including the area of Rhineland-Palatinate, opportunities should be provided to m.ke previously protected land available for setting up facilities for the generation of renewable energy. However, it is im.ortant to exam.ne the legal situation regarding the installation of these kinds of constructions m.re detailed, as no general statem.nts can be m.de. This will be illustrated using the exam.le of the landscape conservation area “Eulenkopf and surrounding area” in the district of Kaiserslautern. The stated goal of the Social Dem.crat/Green coalition of the federal state governm.nt of Rhineland-Palatinate is to considerably expand the generation of electricity from.renewable energy sources so that by 2030 at least the entire electricity dem.nd can be covered by those. Due to the enorm.us potential of wind power, it is therefore necessary to quintuple its share of electricity generation by 2020, com.ared to 2011 num.ers. In order to achieve the desired political objectives, by 2030 the num.er of turbines has to be increased to around 2

关键词： Renewable Energy Wind Energy Turbines Urban Planning Landscape Conservation Area Regulation Laws Augm.nted Reality Public Interest

Ethnic diversity, tax lim.tations and public goods

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Chinese Business Review 2009年第12期8卷 1-16页

作者： Steven m. Sheffrin Bei Li Institute of Governm.ntal Affairs UC Davis Davis Ca. 95616 USA

One strand of research in public econom.cs has found that increasing ethnic diversity leads to reductions in provision of productive public goods. Another strand of research has em.hasized the key role that tax and expenditure lim.tations play in the provision of public services. This paper explores the interaction between these two effects. The regression results suggest that the prior results on ethnic diversity are robust when TELs are taken into consideration. In addition, the im.osition of TELs m.tigates the negative effect of ethnic fragm.ntation on the share of local spending on education and roads. It also m.tigates the positive correlation between ethnic diversity and total local governm.nt revenue and expenditure per capita.

关键词： public goods ethnic diversity tax and expenditure lim.tations