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Stable Isotopic Signatures of NO₃ in Waste Water Effluent and Los Angeles River

Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2024年第1期16卷 102-122页

作者： Isaac Hall mohammad hassan rezaie boroon Department of Geography Geology and Environment California State University Los Angeles California USA

A metropolitan city such as Los Angeles (LA) is an ideal study site with a very high population density, and it houses at least 3 treatment plants where sewage is treated preliminarily and then progressing to tertiary treatment before discharging into the LA River. We will gain a better understanding of the water quality in the LA River and the nitrate load in the watershed system by examining the influence of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). The goal of this study is to pinpoint the exact source of nitrate in the LA River using the isotope signatures. We have selected sampling locations both upstream and downstream of the WWTP. This serves to monitor nitrate levels, aiding in the assessment of treatment plant effectiveness, pinpointing nitrate pollution sources, and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations. The research explores the isotopic composition of NO3 in relation to atmospheric nitrogen and Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, shedding light on the contributions from various sources such as manure, sewage, soil organic nitrogen, and nitrogen fertilizers. Specifically, there is a change in the δ15NAir value between the dry and wet seasons. The isotope values in the Tillman WWTP sample changed between dry and wet seasons. Notably, the presence of nitrate originating from manure and sewage is consistent across seasons, emphasizing the significant impact of anthropogenic and agricultural activities on water quality. This investigation contributes to the broader understanding of nitrogen cycling in urban water bodies, particularly in the context of wastewater effluent discharge. The findings hold implications for water quality management and highlight the need for targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of nitrogen-containing compounds on aquatic ecosystems. Overall, the study provides a valuable framework for future research and environmental stewardship efforts aimed at preserving the health and sustainability of urban water resources. This

关键词： Metropolitan City Los Angeles Treatment Plants Sewage Treatment Nitrate Source Isotope Signatures Water Quality

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Linking Groundwater Quality and Quantity： An Assessment of Satellite-Based Groundwater Storage Anomalies from GRACE against Ground Measurements of Contaminants in California

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2012年第11期1卷 1271-1284页

作者： mohammad hassan rezaie-boroon Josh B. Fisher Geosciences and Environment Department California State University Los Angeles CA 90032 USA California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena CA 91109 USA

Groundwater comprises a large portion of irrigation for California＇s agriculture, and sustains a wide diversity of ecosystems as well as consumptive use, but pumping is occurring faster than replenishment. At the same time, contaminants from fertilizers and pesticides are infiltrating into the groundwater, becoming increasingly concentrated as water is extracted. It compared space-based observations of groundwater anomalies from California＇s San Joaquin Valley using the GRACE （gravity recovery and climate experiment） against measurements of 42 organic and inorganic chemicals from 41,667 wells in the valley from 2003 to 2010. It compared Arsenic, Boron, Cadmium, Chloride, Selenium, Trichloroethylene, and TDS （total dissolved solid） concentrations with the groundwater storage anomaly from 2003 to 2010. The results show strong correlations for groundwater depletion against increasing chloride （r2= 0.78, p 〈 0.05） and boron （r2 = 0.88, p 〈 0.05）. This indicates increasing contaminant concentrations while groundwater was depleting over the last eight years. Solubilization by complexation with Cl, CO3 and/or organic chelates may account for the increasing concentration of some heavy metals when groundwater depletion occurs. These results are the first to link space-based groundwater mass change with groundwater contaminant concentration change.

关键词： Ground water environment San Joaquin Valley groundwater geochemistry

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The Source of Arsenic and Nitrate in Borrego Valley Groundwater Aquifer

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2014年第17期6卷 1589-1602页

作者： mohammad hassan rezaie-boroon Jessica Chaney Bradley Bowers California State University Los Angeles Geosciences and Environment Department Los Angeles USA

Groundwater in California is very precious, yet what we can withdraw is often contaminated with natural and anthropogenic pollution sources. We have examined the Borrego Valley (BV) groundwater (N = 6 wells) in southern California to understand the source of arsenic and nitrate in some of its groundwater production wells. The results show that the arsenic values range from <2 ppb to 12.2 ppb and the nitrate values from <1 ppm to 10.2 ppm for different wells respectively. The results showed that the arsenic concentration increased 270% for the well # ID1-10 since 2004 and showed an increase of 63% since 2013 respectively. For other wells the results showed an increase of 147% and 72% since 2001. The nitrate concentration has jumped 42% in concentration since last year in one of the wells. The objective of this study is to understand the nature and source of arsenic and nitrate in BV groundwater aquifer as to how this change in arsenic and nitrate concentration occurs through the time. The arsenic retention in the sediments is highly variable and controlled by local processes as a result of natural weathering process of metamorphic bedrock. The second results from the development of strongly reducing conditions at near-neutral pH values, leading to the desorption of arsenic from mineral oxides and to the reductive dissolution of Fe and Mn oxides, also leading to arsenic release. The high arsenic concentrations in some groundwater wells in Borrego Valley CA require the need for reconnaissance surveys in mineralized areas of fractured crystalline basement. Net groundwater extraction values are based on an irrigation efficiency of 78 percent with 14 to 22 percent irrigation return. We believe that the return flow from irrigational activity could be one of the major sources of nitrate transferring the agricultural contaminants such as nitrate to Borrego Valley aquifer.

关键词： Hydrogeology Hydrogeochemistry Groundwater Borrego Valley Return Flow

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Monitoring Water Quality in Ballona Lagoon, Los Angeles, California: Nitrate Level Fluctuation in Low and High Tide Condition

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2023年第7期15卷 333-345页

作者： mohammad hassan rezaie-boroon Georgina Campos Marleni Estrada Patrik Kwan Daniel Venegas Geography Geology and Environment Department California State University Los Angeles California USA

The coastal wetland, Ballona Lagoon in Southern California has experienced degradation and size reduction due to urbanization. This study analyzes nitrate concentrations in the lagoon to identify contamination sources and assess its impact. The study includes determining nitrate levels during high and low tides during wet and dry seasons, establishing concentration gradients, and examining the relationship between salinity and nitrate concentrations. The nitrate concentrations were found to be higher in locations closer to the head of the lagoon, particularly in urbanized areas, suggesting land-based sources during the dry season’s high tide (S2: 2.37 mg/l;S3: 3.85 mg/l;S4: 3.91 mg/l). Findings highlight the importance of managing nitrate contamination near urban areas. Monitoring nitrate levels over time are crucial for sustainability efforts. This research emphasizes the need for long-term monitoring and conservation strategies to mitigate nitrate contamination in Ballona Lagoon.

关键词： Ballona Lagoon Urbanization Nitrate Contamination Nitrification

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Coupling between the Changes in CO<sub>2</sub>Concentration and Sediment Biogeochemistry in Mudflat of Salinas de San Pedro, California, USA

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2013年第10期4卷 1173-1180页

作者： mohammad hassan rezaie-boroon Sonya Diaz Vanessa Torres Tresa Lazzaretto Dimitri D. Deheyn Geosciences and Environment Department California State University Los Angeles USA University of California San Diego Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla USA

We investigated the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) on biogeochemistry of marsh sediment including speciation of selected heavy metals in Salinas de San Pedro mudflat in California. The Salinas de San Pedro mudflat has higher carbon (C) content than the vast majority of fully-vegetated salt marshes even with the higher tidal action in the mudflat. Sources for CO2 were identified as atmospheric CO2 as well as due to local fault degassing process. We measured carbon dioxide, methane, total organic carbon, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and heavy metal concentration in various salt marsh locations. Overall, our results showed that CO2 concentration ranging from 418.7 to 436.9 (ppm), which are slightly different in various chambers but are in good agreement with some heavy metal concentrations values in mudflat at or around the same location. The selected metal concentration values (ppm) ranging from 0.003 - 0.011 (As);0.001 - 0.005 (Cd);0.04 - 0.02 (Cr);0.13 - 0.38 (Cu);0.11 - 0.38 (Pb);0.0009 - 0.020 (Se);and 0.188 - 0.321 (Zn). The low dissolved oxygen (ppm) in the pore water sediment indicated suboxic environment. Additionally, CO2 (ppm) and loss on ignition (LOI) (%) correlated inversely;the higher CO2 content, the lower was the LOI (%);that is to say the excess CO2 causes higher rates of decomposition and therefore it leads to lower LOI (%) on the mudflat surface. It appears that the elevated CO2 makes changes in salt marsh pore water chemistry for instance the free ionic metal (Cu2+, Pb2+, etc.) speciation is one of the most reactive form because simply assimilated by the non-decayed or alive organisms in sediment of salt marsh and/or in water. This means that CO2 not only is a sign of improvement in plant productivity, but also activates microbial decomposition through increases in dissolved organic carbon availability. CO2 also increases acidification processes such as anaerobic degradation of microorganism and oxidation of reduced components. The heavy m

关键词： Biogeochemical Factors Elevated CO2 Degassing Gas Discharge Fault Sulfate Reduction Salinas de San Pedro Climate Change

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The Geochemistry of Heavy Metals in the Mudflat of Salinas de San Pedro Lagoon, California, USA

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2013年第1期4卷 12-25页

作者： mohammad hassan rezaie-boroon Vanessa Toress Sonya Diaz Teresa Lazzaretto Mathew Tsang Dimitri D. Deheyn California State University Geosciences and Environment Department Los Angeles USA University of California Scripps Institute of Oceanography La Jolla USA

Sediment core samples were collected from the Salinas de San Pedro to assess the pollutant deposition processes in response to extensive human activities. Analysis of the sediment samples for heavy metals and some trace elements was conducted with ICP-OES for 20 sites showing enrichment for some of trace and heavy metals. The results demonstrated that heavy metal concentrations in mud varied greatly for each metal, with concentration values (mg/g) ranging from 1.05 - 4.8 (Al);0.003 - 0.011(As);0.001 - 0.005 (Cd);0.02 to 0.82 (Cr);0.085 - 0.47 (Cu);5.98 - 14.22 (Fe);0.06 - 0.19 (Mn);0.03 - 0.67 (Ni);0.05 - 0.38 (Pb);- 0.069 (Se);0.18 - 0.63 (Ti);0.040 - 0.091 (V) and 0.149 - 0.336 (Zn). The Index of Geo-accumulation factor showed highest values for Pb, Mn, As, and Cu. Enrichment factors >1for these elements suggest anthropogenic inputs for most metals. The bioavailability of metals in lagoon sediments has the potential to be highly dynamic with local waste and natural H2S discharge from existing fault line.

关键词： Salinas De San Pedro Bioavailability Heavy Metal Geo-Accumulation Index Enrichment Factor Lagoon Water Pollution

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Water Flow Path Characterization in Shallow Vadose Zone Using Tensiometers

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2017年第9期9卷 1082-1096页

作者： mohammad hassan rezaie-boroon Omar Acosta Rodrigo Chipres Cheryl Cox Frank Diemel Norman Ho Shaonan Li Ricardo Lopez Matthew Luque Mayra Martinez Dennis Palacios James Wright Geosciences and Environment Department California State University Los s Angeles USA

In this project, we will present the findings of a study using Tensiometer systems designed to investigate the water flow path pattern in shallow vadose zone. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate water flow path in shallow vadose zone and to calculate the infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity of a soil using Tensiometer. We have measured the subsurface water flow paths in sandy clay loam soil following infiltration experiment using Tensiometers. The matric potential and hydraulic conductivity measurements show that subsequent infiltration and water movement in unsaturated (vadose) zone are vertical, but it can have large lateral component under steady condition. This shows that water moves generally from high water content to lower water content region. Average pressure head for the percolation test conduction locations EB and HB was -30 and -80 cm respectively. Hysteresis produces another interesting situation when the soil is drained. We found that the wetter portion of the soil in vadose zone could be at a lower potential (head) than the dryer portions, resulting in lateral driving force for a preferential flow of water from the dryer to the wet soil. The infiltration rate for the 5 cm ponded water was calculated at 5.45 cm/hr. The infiltration rate curve shows that the rate of infiltration decreases with the time. When infiltration first starts, the wetting front is steep and very close to the surface. Similarly, due to the pressure head gradient, large value for infiltration is recorded. Under these conditions, we believe that the gradient in pressure head is responsible for the rapid movement of water into the dry soil. The effect of gravity is less on water during the initial stages of infiltration;however, it is more effective for preferential flow pattern. In the latter infiltration event, the wetting front has moved deeper into the soil. As a result, the pressure head gradient at the surface is much smaller and consequently has little effect. Wh

关键词： Tensiometer Water Pollution Contamination Migration Infiltration Vadose Zone

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MARIE:One-Stage Object Detection Mechanism for Real-Time Identifying of Firearms

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025年第1期142卷 279-298页

作者： Diana Abi-Nader hassan Harb Ali Jaber Ali Mansour Christophe Osswald Nour Mostafa Chamseddine Zaki Computer Science Department Faculty of SciencesLebanese UniversityBeirut146404Lebanon College of Engineering and Technology American University of the Middle EastEgaila54200Kuwait Lab-STICC CNRS UMR 6285ENSTA-BretagneBrest29200France

Security and safety remain paramount concerns for both governments and individuals *** today’s context,the frequency of crimes and terrorist attacks is alarmingly increasing,becoming increasingly intolerable to ***,there is a pressing need for swift identification of potential threats to preemptively alert law enforcement and security forces,thereby preventing potential attacks or violent *** advancements in big data analytics and deep learning have significantly enhanced the capabilities of computer vision in object detection,particularly in identifying *** paper introduces a novel automatic firearm detection surveillance system,utilizing a one-stage detection approach named MARIE(Mechanism for Realtime Identification of Firearms).MARIE incorporates the Single Shot Multibox Detector(SSD)model,which has been specifically optimized to balance the speed-accuracy trade-off critical in firearm detection *** SSD model was further refined by integrating MobileNetV2 and InceptionV2 architectures for superior feature extraction *** experimental results demonstrate that this modified SSD configuration provides highly satisfactory performance,surpassing existing methods trained on the same dataset in terms of the critical speedaccuracy *** these innovations,MARIE sets a new standard in surveillance technology,offering a robust solution to enhance public safety effectively.

关键词： Firearm and gun detection single shot multi-box detector deep learning one-stage detector MobileNet inception convolutional neural network

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Nanosecond pulse and dual-wavelength Q-switched 1.5 μm fiber laser using MAX phase Cr2TiAlC2 saturable absorber

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Optoelectronics Letters 2025年第1期21卷 7-12页

作者： Ahmed Shakir AL-HITI Hiba hassan Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Anbar Department of Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Technology-Iraq

We demonstrated a new type of MAX phase material, chromium titanium aluminum carbide（Cr2TiAlC2） polymer film, to generate a passively Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser（EDFL）. The film thickness was measured to be around 45 μm, which was fabricated using the embedding method with polyvinyl alcohol（PVA） polymer as hoster. The saturable absorber（SA） film demonstrates a dual-wavelength passively Q-switched EDFL which operates at 1 531 nm and 1 560.19 nm, respectively. The Q-switching pulse duration could be varied from 2.46 μs to 770 ns, while the repetition rate varied from 92.76 kHz to 106.6 kHz with an increasing input pumping range from 154 mW to 300 mW. The maximum output power and pulse energy of 15.05 mW and 141.18 nJ were obtained at the maximum input power of 300 mW, respectively.

关键词： Saturable absorbers

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KF-Melamine Formaldehyde Resin （KF-MFR） as a Versatile and Efficient Heterogeneous Reagent for Aldol Condensation of Aldehydes and Ketones under Microwave Irradiation

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Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2011年第6期29卷 1221-1226页

作者： rezaie, Ramin Heidary, mohammad Soltani Rad, mohammad Navid Behrouz, Somayeh Department of Chemistry Islamic Azad University Firouzabad Branch Iran Department of Chemistry Faculty of Basic Sciences Shiraz University of Technology Shiraz 71555-313 Iran

KF-Melamine formaldehyde resin （KF-MFR） was demonstrated to be a highly efficient heterogenious catalyst for cross-aldol condensation under microwave irradiation. In this synthesis, various aldehydes and ketones were condensed together in the presence of supported KF on melamine-formaldehyde resin to afford different chalcone derivatives in good to excellent yields. KF-MFR proved to have unique termal and chemical resistance and can be reused for many consecutive runs without remarkable loss in catalytic activity.

关键词： KF-MFR ketones aromatic aldehydes aldol reaction microwave chemistry

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