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Water Quality Evaluation of Chapurson Valley in Hunza Nagar, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan, Based on Statistical Analysis and Water Quality Index

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Health 2023年第5期15卷 379-396页

作者： Syeda Urooj Fatima moazzam ali Khan Aamir Alamgir Nasir Sulman Tariq Masood ali Khan Faisal Ahmed Khan Muhammad Azhar Khan Institute of Environmental Studies University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan

Water borne ailments are of serious public health concern in Gilgit Baltistan’s (GB) region of Pakistan. The pollution load on the glacio-fluvial streams and surface water resources of the Chapurson Valley in the Hunza Nagar area of the GB is increasing as a result of anthropogenic activities and tourism. The present study focuses on the public health quality of drinking water of Chapurson valley. The study addressed the fundamental drinking water quality criteria in order to understand the state of the public health in the valley. To ascertain the current status of physico-chemical, metals, and bacteriological parameters, 25 water samples were collected through deterministic sampling strategy and examined accordingly. The physico-chemical parameters of the water samples collected from the valley were found to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines of drinking water. The water samples showed a pattern of mean metal concentrations in order of Arsenic (As) > Lead (Pb) > Iron (Fe) > Zinc (Zn) > Copper (Cu) > Magnesium (Mg) > Calcium (Ca). As, Cu, Zn, Ca and Mg concentration were under the WHO guidelines range. However, results showed that Pb and Fe are present at much higher concentrations than recommended WHO guidelines. Similarly, the results of the bacteriological analysis indicate that the water samples are heavily contaminated with the organisms of public health importance (including total coliforms (TCC), total faecal coliforms (TFC) and total fecal streptococci (TFS) are more than 3 MPN/100mL). Three principal components, accounting for 48.44% of the total variance, were revealed using principal component analysis (PCA). Bacteriological parameters were shown to be the main determinants of the water quality as depicted by the PCA analysis. The dendrogram of Cluster analysis using the Ward’s method validated the same traits of the sampling locations that were found to be contaminated during geospatial analysis using the Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) m

关键词： Chapurson Valley Water Quality Physico-Chemical Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Inverse Distance Weight (IDW)

Geo-Spatial Assessment of Water Quality in Shigar Valley, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan

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Health 2022年第5期14卷 535-552页

作者： Syeda Urooj Fatima moazzam ali Khan Syed Shahid Shaukat Aamir Alamgir Farhan Siddiqui Nasir Sulman Institute of Environmental Studies University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan Department of Computer Science University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan Department of Special Education University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan

The current study attempted to evaluate the water quality in terms of physico-chemical properties, metals, and bacteriological characteristics of the surface water available in Shigar Valley located along Shigar River in sub-district Shigar of district Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Pakistan. A total of 17 water samples were collected during 2020 and analysed to perform multivariate analysis through principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). Spatial distribution using inverse distance weight (IDW) interpolation was also utilised to determine the water quality in the valley to elucidate public health concerns. The study reveals that physico-chemical characteristics are the most important that affect water quality, followed by metals and bacteriological variables, according to a PCA application based on multivariate analysis. Examinations found that some of the metals including arsenic (As), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo) and all bacteriological parameters enlisting total coliform count (TCC), total faecal coliform (TFC), and total faecal streptococci (TFS) are not following the WHO guidelines that could be hazardous from the public health viewpoint. The IDW-based spatial distribution indicates that water samples have an intermittent and unusual distribution of observed parameters. Having considerable community settlements, people in the valley have limited options and have no choice except to consume the available water as no alternate source is available. People hardly question the water quality and rarely examine the water potability. The study also demonstrated that combining PCA with IDW would be a powerful method for assessing water quality. It is suggested that the sources of contamination be investigated further in detail to reduce the pollution load of the surface water in the valley, which could aid in the development of sustainable ecotourism.

关键词： Shigar Valley Physico-Chemical Metals Microbial PCA IDW

Speech Spoofing Detection in Voice Based Biometric System

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Speech Spoofing Detection in Voice Based Biometric System

作者： moazzam ali Bhutto 华南理工大学

学位级别：硕士

Tracking multiple passwords,PINs,memorable dates,and other authentication details requires remote access to one of the less attractive challenges of *** voice-based verification as a biometric technology for both children and adults can be a good alternative to old memory-based *** voice for authentication may be useful in many application domains,including security,protection,education,communication-based services,and Webbased ***,voice-based biometrics applications are subject to different types of spoofing *** easiest and affordable subversion for a voice spoofing attack is a replay *** a pre-recorded speech sample,replay attack offers a real risk for automatic speaker verification *** countermeasures have been developed *** efforts focus on finding more distinctive features and many new features have been *** types of features namely Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients（MFCC）,Linear Frequency Cepstral Coefficients（LFCCs）,inverted Mel Frequency Cepstral coefficients（IMFCCs）,Constant Q Cepstral Coefficients（CQCCs）,and bottleneck feature were analyzed with the public data sets ASV spoof 2017 and BTAS *** experimental results show that MFCCs and bottleneck features give similar *** of them significantly outperform others（including recently proposed CQCCs）.However,the number of filters and Cepstral bins are essential to the success of *** we used recurrent neural networks for automatic replay spoofing attack detection,we focused on recurrent neural networks with better recurrent units that involve gating mechanism,such as a Long Short Term Memory（LSTM）unit and Gated Recurrent Unit（GRU）.Our results shows that neural networks performed better then GMM on ASV Spoof 2017 and on BTAS 2016 we got best results of GRU models.

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Mortar-Pestle and Microwave Assisted Regioselective Nitration of Aromatic Compounds in Presence of Certain Group V and VI Metal Salts under Solvent Free Conditions

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International Journal of Organic Chemistry 2012年第3期2卷 233-247页

作者： Sariah Sana Kancharla Rajendar Reddy Kamatala Chinna Rajanna Marri Venkateswarlu Mir moazzam ali Department of Chemistry Osmania University Hyderabad India

Solvent – free Mortar-pestle (grinding) and microwave-assisted nitration reactions (MWANR’s) underwent smoothly in the presence of group V and VI metal salts with high regio-selectivity for anilides, moderately- and non-activated aro-matic compounds. The reactions were conducted under solvent-free conditions, which afforded good to excellent yields. The observed reaction times in MW assisted conditions are in the range of only few minutes.

关键词： Nitration Mortar-Pestle Microwave-Assisted Nitration Ammonium Molybdate Potassium Chromate So-dium Tungstate Bismuth Nitrate Sodium Bismuthate

巴基斯坦国立现代语言大学中文系和孔子学院的调查报告

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巴基斯坦国立现代语言大学中文系和孔子学院的调查报告

作者：穆阿祖（moazzam ali Khan）中山大学

学位级别：硕士

为了推动在巴基斯坦汉语教学的发展和中国文化的传播,中国国家汉语国际推广领导小组办公室,简称国家汉办,于2004年在巴基斯坦国立现代语言大学成立了孔子学院,截止到2016年已经有12年的历史,同时,巴基斯坦国立现代语言大学的中文系,为... 详细信息

为了推动在巴基斯坦汉语教学的发展和中国文化的传播,中国国家汉语国际推广领导小组办公室,简称国家汉办,于2004年在巴基斯坦国立现代语言大学成立了孔子学院,截止到2016年已经有12年的历史,同时,巴基斯坦国立现代语言大学的中文系,为巴基斯坦的汉语教学和中国文化的传播已经做出了46年的贡献。本论文的调查和研究,就是基于巴基斯坦国立语言大学的孔子学院和中文系两个教学机构,通过对两个汉语教学机构的调查与分析,了解他们的现状,两个不同的教育机构在汉语教学当中所起到的作用,同时了解他们学生的特点与需求,这样,就可以找出他们在汉语语言教学上存在的问题,并对他们两个机构的汉语教学提出意见和建议。本论文主要采用问卷调查法、访谈和观察分析的研究方式与方法,根据论文的目的,设计调查问卷,通过对教师与学生的调查,在详细的报告和事实数据的基础上,将研究的重点放在以下几个方面:两个教育机构的现状,教师情况,学生情况和教学环境等。本论文的第一章介绍了选题的缘由和意义,同时对相关文献进行研究综述的论证,明确研究对象与研究方法,同时提出了创新点。第二章,分别介绍国立语言大学的中文系与孔子学院的概况,第三章,语言大学中文系与孔子学院问卷调查,通过对数据的分析,对比和研究两个教育机构的相同点和不同点。在调查问卷总结与分析的基础上,本论文最后一章,提出了研究的结果和由此而得出来的结论,帮助巴基斯坦人民能够更好地学好汉语。

关键词：国立现代语言大学中文系伊斯兰堡孔子学院汉语教学在巴基斯坦

Setting Research Priorities for Cervical Cancer Prevalence, Prevention and Treatment in WHO Africa Region

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Advances in Reproductive Sciences 2021年第1期9卷 41-49页

作者： Leopold Ouedraogo Triphonie Nkurunziza Assumpta Muriithi Chilanga Asmani Hayfa Elamin Souleymane Zan Bigirimana Françoise Mihretu Belete Gbenou Dina Dadji Kwami Kim Caron Rahn ali moazzam Tolu Lemi Blami Dao Issiaka Sombie Okech Mollent Reproductive Maternal Health and Ageing WHO Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville Congo Department of Reproductive Health and Research World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland JHPIEGO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso West Africa Health Organization Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Peak Moments Global HR Solutions Nairobi Kenya

Background: Cervical cancer has been ranked among the leading causes of deaths among women in Africa. Despite this, priority setting mechanisms used in planning for programmes and interventions that respond to sexual and reproductive health and rights services particularly in cervical cancer prevalence, prevention and treatment have not adequately taken into account research based evidence to respond appropriately. Methods: We adapted the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative method. A wide range of stakeholders identified potential research areas in an online survey. A technical working group comprising of 67 participants reviewed the questions for modification and removal of out scope questions. Finally, scoring and ranking was done to provide the top ten priorities questions. Results: “Cost-benefit analysis of systematic human papillomavirus vaccination compared to the current cost of cervical cancer in public health care systems” scored 27. This was followed by two research questions ranked at 24 points: “assessment of women’s and girls’ knowledge on the importance of early cervical cancer screening,” and “human papilloma virus vaccination and contributions of new technologies to the supply and storage of vaccines, including human papillomavirus vaccine”. Conclusion: The study identified 10 priority research questions that can guide the agenda for cervical cancer prevalence, prevention and treatment in the WHO Africa region. The identified priorities will be of use to policy makers, researchers and programmers and other stakeholders who can invest in areas that greatly affect cervical cancer prevalence, prevention and treatment.

关键词： Cervical Cancer Screening Secondary Prevention HPV Vaccination Sexual and Reproductive Health

Setting Regional Research Priorities for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Services in Humanitarian Settings

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Advances in Reproductive Sciences 2021年第1期9卷 60-68页

作者： Leopold Ouedraogo Triphonie Nkurunziza Assumpta Muriithi Chilanga Asmani Hayfa Elamin Bigirimana Françoise Souleymane Zan Gbenou Dina Mihretu Belete Dadji Kwami Kim Caron Rahn ali moazzam Tolu Lemi Blami Dao Issiaka Sombie Okech Mollent Reproductive Maternal Health and Ageing WHO Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville Congo Department of Reproductive Health and Research World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland JHPIEGO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso West Africa Health Organization Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Peak Moments Global HR Solutions Nairobi Kenya

Background: Despite increased recognition of the need for sexual and reproductive health and rights in humanitarian settings, evidence focusing on mainstreaming reproductive health services such as maternal, neonatal mortality, human immunodeficiency virus transmission and unsafe abortion still remains inadequate. The ability to understand the magnitude of the needs and highlight existing gaps is supported by improved data which is critical to informing effective policies, programming and funding decisions. The purpose of this report is to present the results of a research prioritization exercise on sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings for the WHO Africa region for the next three years. Methods: We adapted the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative method in three phases. Experts from the region participated in an online survey to identify key areas for research in sexual and reproductive health and rights. To identify potential areas for research, the experts ensured answerability, effectiveness, deliverability, equity and potential impact of the questions. The research areas they identified were reviewed by World Health Organization technical team from headquarters. In a meeting of 67 participants, the questions were subjected to further review and analysis. Using a modified for scoring criteria, the questions were scored and ranked to provide the top ten priority questions to address sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings. Results: A list of 21 priority research questions on sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings were scored and ranked. Top ten priorities research questions were identified. Those that scored highly by scoring 30 points out of the possible maximum of 30 include: “determining the prevalence and associated factors of unwanted pregnancies and abortions performed in emergency and hu

关键词： Humanitarian Conflicts Crisis Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights

Research Priorities for Preventing Unsafe Abortions in the WHO Africa Region

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Advances in Reproductive Sciences 2021年第1期9卷 24-32页

作者： Leopold Ouedraogo Triphonie Nkurunziza Assumpta Muriithi Chilanga Asmani Hayfa Elamin Souleymane Zan Mihretu Belete Gbenou Dina Theopista Kabuteni John Bigirimana Françoise Dadji Kwami Kim Caron Rahn ali moazzam Tolu Lemi Blami Dao Issiaka Sombie Okech Mollent Reproductive Maternal Health and Ageing WHO Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville Congo Department of Reproductive Health and Research World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland JHPIEGO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso West Africa Health Organization Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Peak Moments Global HR Solutions Nairobi Kenya

Background: Unsafe abortion is a commonly neglected sexual and reproductive health and rights issue despite the serious health problems it causes to women and girls in their reproductive ages. It is classified as a main cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. This paper has considered questions that have the greatest potential to successfully reduce unsafe abortions in the resource poor settings. Methods: We adapted the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) to identify and prioritize many competing sexual and reproductive health and rights research ideas that impact the health of the populations. The implementation was done in three phases which included generation and collection of research ideas from various experts virtually in August 2019 consolidation of the potential questions through thematic analysis conducted in September 2019. Finally, scoring and ranking of the research questions was done in a workshop of experts. Results: Out of a list of 45 priority research questions, two questions were ranked the highest scoring 28 out of the possible 30. The research priorities include: “The effectiveness of interventions (e.g. counseling or incentives or home visits) to increase post abortion uptake and continuance”, “Reducing repeat abortion on improving maternal health outcomes” and “Evaluation of community-based awareness programs to reduce unwanted pregnancies and encourage women to seek help early”. Conclusions: Ten key research priorities in preventing unsafe abortion were identified. The priority list covers areas of focus that could effectively impact preventing unsafe abortions while also acting as a knowledge base for researchers, policy makers and other interested stakeholders who would want to invest in this area.

关键词： Unsafe Abortion Post-Abortion Contraception Sexual and Reproductive Health Unplanned Abortion

Research Priorities for Addressing Gender Based Violence in the WHO Africa Region

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Advances in Reproductive Sciences 2021年第1期9卷 50-59页

作者： Leopold Ouedraogo Triphonie Nkurunziza Assumpta Muriithi Bigirimana Françoise Chilanga Asmani Hayfa Elamin Souleymane Zan Mihretu Belete Gbenou Dina Dadji Kwami Theopista Kabuteni John Kim Caron Rahn ali moazzam Tolu Lemi Blami Dao Issiaka Sombie Okech Mollent Reproductive Maternal Health and Ageing WHO Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville Congo Department of Reproductive Health and Research World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland JHPIEGO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso West Africa Health Organization Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Peak Moments Global HR Solutions Nairobi Kenya

Background: There is an increasing emphasis on conducting research to identify gender based violence issues to enable development of appropriate programs and interventions. However, these efforts are mixed in quality and often raise ethical questions. The increased pressure on policy makers to move to a more evidence-based approach in addressing gender based issues creates the need for this research prioritization activity. Inadequate evaluative evidence in this area poses a challenge in the planning for responsive interventions especially in resource limited settings. The purpose of this paper is to present gender based violence research priority areas for the WHO Africa Region. Methods: We utilized a modified version of the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative approach to reach consensus on research priorities on the thematic area of gender based violence. In three phases, we first conducted an online survey with sexual and reproductive health and rights experts in academia, ministries of health, non-governmental organizations and other health actors with a wide range of experiences. These questions were consolidated by three experts from World Health Organization headquarters into themes. Secondly, experts were invited in a meeting in Cape Town South Africa to analyze and generate relevant areas of research based on the themes. Finally, a smaller group of experts prioritized research areas based on agreed criteria. Results: A list of 10 priority research questions for addressing gender based violence were scored and ranked. Four priority research questions scored 30 points out of the possible 30 points and were thus ranked as the highest priority. These included questions that “engage young adolescents in behavioral interventions to influence gender roles”, “determinants of gender based violence analysis”, “both long and short term complications of gender based violence on survivors” and “assessment of

关键词： Gender-Based Violence Gender Human Rights Sexual and Reproductive Health Violence