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The effect of total carbon on microscopic soil properties and implications for crop production

Journal of Arid Land 2012年第3期4卷 251-259页

作者： Inma LEBRON milton earl mcgiffen jr Donald Louis SUAREZ Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK Department of Botany and Plant Science University of California Riverside CA 92521-0334 USA U.S. Salinity Laboratory Riverside CA 92521-0334 USA

Soil structure is a dynamic property affected by physical, chemical, and microbiological processes. Addition of organic matter to soils and the use of different management practices have been reported to impact soil structure and crop production. Moderation in soil temperature and increases in microbial activity and soil water retention are often suggested as reasons for the rise in crop yield when organic matter is added to the soil. Less is known about the direct effect of changes in soil structure on crop production. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of summer cover crop and in-season management system on soil structure. The experiment was a nested design with summer cover crop as the main plot and management system as the subplot. Summer cover crop treatments included cowpea （Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.） incorporated into the soil in the fall （CI）, cowpea used as mulch in the fall （CM）, sudangrass （Sorghum vulgare） incorporated into the soil in the fall （S）, and dry fallow or bare ground （B）. Management systems were organic （ORG） and conventional （CNV） systems. Lettuce （Lactuca sativa L.） and cantaloupes （Cucumis melo L.） were cultivated in rotation in the plots for three consecutive years using the same cover crops and management systems for each plot. Disturbed and undisturbed soil cores were collected at the end of the third year and used for laboratory experiments to measure physical, chemical, and hy- draulic properties. Image analysis was used to quantify soil structure properties using a scanning electron micro- scope on thin sections prepared from the undisturbed soil cores. We found that total soil carbon was correlated with porosity, saturation percentage, and pore roughness. Pore roughness was correlated with crop production in gen- eral and with marketable production in particular. We found that the higher the complexity of the pore space, the more water retained in the soil, which may increase soil water residence and reduce plant

关键词： summer cover crop management systems soil structure properties total carbon

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＂Long Live King Albany!＂： The History of King Lear （1608） and the Revolution in Shakespeare Studies

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History Research 2016年第2期6卷 59-69页

作者： John J. Burke, jr. University of Alabama Tuscaloosa USA

A revolution in Shakespeare studies over the past three decades asks that we take earlier quarto versions of his plays as fully independent texts. In no case can such a change in our outlook yield more illuminating results than a serious look at the 1608 Quarto version of Shakespeare＇s King Lear. The 1623 Folio version and the ＂conflated＂ modem editions, which combine the ＂best＂ readings of the Quarto and Folio versions, both anoint his godson Edgar, the earl of Gloucester, as the new king at the end. However, the 1608 Quarto version elevates, not Edgar, but Lear＇s son-in-law, the Duke of Albany, to the kingship at the end. Shakespeare may be telling the same story in texts that seem strikingly similar, but the difference in the endings shifts the center of gravity in both plays, requiring an interpretation that makes sense out this difference. The title page of the 1608 Quarto version of King Lear describes it as a ＂history＂; yet this ＂same＂ King Lear is listed as a ＂tragedy＂ in the 1623 Folio. The difference between those two words is the key to why Shakespeare＇s two versions could have startlingly different outcomes.

关键词： Lear Albany Edgar Quarto conflated history tragedy

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仰卧睡眠婴儿的短头畸形

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（儿科学分册） 2005年第7期1卷 35-35页

作者： Graham jr.J.M. Kreutzman J. earl D. 李丹 Clinical Genetics and Dysmorphology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center 444 South San Vicente Blvd #1001 LosAngelesCA90048United States Dr.

Objectives: Medical dictionaries and anthropologic sources de-fine brachycephaly as a cranial index (CI = width divided by length ×100%) greater than 81%.We examine the impact of supine sleeping on CI and compare orthotic treatment with *** design: We compared the effect of repositioning versus helmet therapy on CI in 193 infants referred for abnormal head ***: Eighty percent of the infants had a pretreatment CI >81%.Their initialmean CI atmean age 5.3 months was 89%, and after treatment, their mean CI was 87%(±2 SE = 0.9%) at mean age 9.0 *** 92 infants with an initial CI at or above 90%, their initial mean CI of 96.1%was reduced to a mean of 91.9%.Conclusions: Post-treatment CI was 86%to 88%, CI in neonates delivered by cesarean section was 80%, and CI in supine-sleeping Asian children was 85%to 91%, versus 78%to 83%for prone-sleeping American *** was less effective than cranial orthotic therapy in correcting severe *** recommend varying the head position when putting infants to sleep.

关键词：短头畸形矫形治疗颅指数美国儿童研究设计

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Abstracts from the 15th International Myopia Conference

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Eye and Vision 2016年第1期3卷 211-221页

作者： Alexandra Benavente-Perez Ann Nour Tobin Ansel Kathleen Abarr Luying Yan Keisha Roden David Troilo Chanyi Lu Miaozhen Pan Min Zheng Jia Qu Xiangtian Zhou Christine F. Wildsoet Fan Lu Jie Chen Jinhua Bao Liang Hu Qinmei Wang Zibing Jin Frances Rucker Stephanie Britton Stephan Hanowsky Molly Spatcher Hui-Ying Kuo Ching-Hsiu Ke I-Hsin Kuo Chien-Chun Peng Han-Yin Sun Ian G. Morgan Jeremy A. Guggenheim Rupal L. Shah Cathy Williams Jinglei Yang Peter S. Reinach Sen Zhang Wenfeng Sun Bo Liu Fen Li Xiaoqing Li Aihua Zhao Tianlu Chen Wei Jia Jun Jiang Haoran Wu Kazuo Tsubota Hiroko Ozawa Hidemasa Torii Shigemasa Takamizawa Toshihide Kurihara Kazuno Negishi Klaus Graef Daniel Rathbun Frank Schaeffel Ladan Ghodsi William K. Stell Machelle T. Pardue Ranjay Chakraborty Han na Park Curran S. Sidhu P. Michael Iuvone Michael J Collins Nethrajeith Srinvasalu Sally A. McFadden Paul N. Baird Pablo Artal Pauline Cho SW Cheung Pei-Chang Wu Quan V. Hoang Duk C. Lee Erica G. Landis Michael A. Bergen Curran Sidhu Samer Hattar Richard A. Stone Ravi Metlapally Ruiqin Li Qinglin Xu Hong Zhong Chenglin Pan Weizhong Lan Xiaoning Li Ling Chen Zhikuan Yang Scott A. Read Seang-Mei Saw Shi-Jun Weng Xiao-Hua Wu Kang-Wei Qian Yun-Yun Li Guo-Zhong Xu Furong Huang Xiong-Li Yang Yong-Mei Zhong earl L Smith, III Baskar Arumugam Li-Fang Hung Lisa A. Ostrin Klaus Trier Monica Jong Brien A. Holden Thomas Chuen Lam Samantha Shan Bing Zuo Dennis Yan-yin Tse Jingfang Bian King-Kit Li Quan Liu Chi-ho To Timothy J. Gawne John T. Siegwart, jr. Alexander H. Ward Thomas T. Norton Yan Zhang Yue Liu Carol Ho Eileen Phan Abraham Hang Emily Eng Christine Wildsoet Department of Biological Sciences SUNY College of Optometry New York NY 10036 USA School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325027 China Center for Eye Disease & Development School of Optometry & Vision Science Program University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-2020 USA Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325027 China Biomedical Science and Disease New England College of Optom Boston MA USA School of Optometry Chung Shan Medical University Taichung City 402 Taiwan Institute of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University Taichung City 402 Taiwan Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra Australia State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China School of Optometry & Vision Sciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol Bristol UK School of and Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325027 China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry Wenzhou Zhejiang 325027 People’s Republic of China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Center for Translational Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital Shanghai 200233 China Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325027 China Department of Ophthalmology Keio University School of Medicine Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160-8582 Japan General Medicine Ichikawa Medical Center Urayasu City Chiba 279-0001 Japan Ophthalmic Research Institute University of Tuebingen 72076 Tuebingen Germany Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Tuebingen 72076 Tuebingen Germany Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience Otfried-Mueller-Straße 25 Tueb

To assess the peripheral refractive changes that occur when eye growth decelerates in *** We measured peripheral refraction and on-axis vitreous chamber depth on a total of 53 marmosets;36 treated monocularly for 12 weeks 9 hrs/day(26 with-5 D contact lenses,10 with+5 D)and 17 untreated *** the 26 marmosets treated with-5 D,10 wore contact lenses 9 hrs/day without interruptions and were mea-sured at the end of 10 weeks of treatment(T10)and after 4 weeks of recovery(R14).Eight had both contact lenses removed for 30 mins twice/day(mid-morning and mid-afternoon)during the first four weeks of treatment(early interruption group)and eight had the lenses removed during the second four weeks of treatment(late interruption group).The two interruption groups were measured after 4,8 and 12 weeks of treatment only(T4,T8,T12).

关键词： removed treatment untreated

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