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地方立法研究 2019年第4期4卷 102-150页

作者：约叔华·A.克鲁尔[美] 乔安娜·休伊索伦·巴洛卡斯爱德华·W.菲尔顿乔尔·R.瑞登伯格大卫·G.罗宾逊哈兰·余沈伟伟(译) 薛迪(译) 普林斯顿大学信息技术政策研究中心普林斯顿大学普林斯顿大学计算机科学与公共政策福特汉姆大学法学院耶鲁大学法学院信息社会研究中心斯坦福大学法学院互联网与社会研究中心中国政法大学法学院清华大学法学院

许多传统上由人做出的重要决策,现在都是由计算机做出的。算法统计选票、批准贷款和信用卡申请、指定公民或社区进行警务审查、选择纳税人进行税务审计、批准或拒绝移民签证等。然而,监管此类决策流程的问责机制和法律标准,尚未跟上技... 详细信息

许多传统上由人做出的重要决策,现在都是由计算机做出的。算法统计选票、批准贷款和信用卡申请、指定公民或社区进行警务审查、选择纳税人进行税务审计、批准或拒绝移民签证等。然而,监管此类决策流程的问责机制和法律标准,尚未跟上技术的步伐。目前,可供决策者、立法者和法院使用的工具,是为监督人类决策而设计的,当把它们应用于监督计算机决策时,通常会失灵。例如,如何判断一个软件的意图?由于自动化决策系统可能会输出不正确、不合理或不公平的结果,因此,我们需要采取其他手段,以使此类算法具有可问责性和可操控性。本文提出了一套新的技术措施,它能够以法律公平为准绳,来验证自动化决策。法学界的主流文献认为,算法透明可以解决这些问题。本文对这一主流观点提出挑战。通常而言,源代码的公开,既不必要(由于计算机科学中的替代技术),也不足以证明决策流程的公平性(由于分析代码时所存在的问题)。此外,算法透明也可能是不可取的,例如,它可能会披露个人信息,也可能会帮助不法分子或恐怖分子与税务审计或安全检查的系统进行周旋。真正的核心问题是:如何使自动化决策更具可问责性,以确保公民个体和整个社会的利益?本文认为,技术正在创造新的机会——以比算法完全透明更巧妙、更灵活的方式,来设计自动化决策的算法,使其更好地顺应法律和政策的目标。这样做不仅可以改善当前对自动化决策的治理,而且在某些情况下,还可以改善普通决策的治理。人类决策者的内在(或外在)偏见,很难被发现和根除,但我们却可以窥视算法的“大脑”:计算过程和目的规范可以在事前声明,并在事后验证。本文介绍的技术可以得到广泛应用。它们可以用来设计私营机构和公共部门的决策流程,并可根据决策者、监管者或公众的需要进行定制,用以验证不同的特性。通过更加仔细地权衡决策规则的影响,它们也会激活政策讨论,以及更细致的法律标准审查。因此,这些工具在整个法律制度和社会制度中,将有深远的影响。文章分四部分。第一部分简单介绍了相关基础计算机科学技术。这些技术可用于检验和证明自动化决策是否符合法律公平,而无须公开决策的关键属性或做出决策的整个过程。接下来,第二部分阐述了这些技术如何确保决策具有程序规制性(proceduralregularity)这一关键治理属性,即决策是根据在每个案例中统一适用的、既定的规则做出的。我们介绍了如何使用这种手段,来重新设计和解决签证抽签的问题。在第三部分,我们进一步探讨了其他计算技术如何确保自动化决策对实质性法律和政策选择的忠实程度。我们论证了如何使用这些工具,来确保避免某些不公正歧视,以及自动化决策的过程如何顺应管理决策的社会标准或法律标准。我们还论证了自动化决策如何使现有的差别对待和差别影响的理论变得更为复杂。除此之外,我们还讨论了,计算机科学——尤其是在大数据和机器学习的背景下——近期在监督和消除算法歧视方面的努力。最后,在第四部分,我们提议进一步加强计算机科学、法律和政策之间的协作,以推进问责制自动化决策流程的设计。

关键词：自动化决策可问责性算法透明算法审计程序规制性

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Search for two-neutrino double-beta decay of^(136)Xe to the 0^(+)_(1)excited state of 136Ba with the complete EXO-200 dataset

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Chinese Physics C 2023年第10期47卷 1-9页

作者： S.Al Kharusi G.Anton I.Badhrees P.S.Barbeau D.Beck V.Belov T.Bhatta M.Breidenbach T.Brunner G.F.Cao W.R.Cen C.Chambers B.Cleveland M.Coon A.Craycraft T.Daniels L.Darroch S.J.Daugherty J.Davis S.Delaquis A.Der Mesrobian-Kabakian R.DeVoe J.Dilling A.Dolgolenko M.J.Dolinski J.Echevers W.Fairbank Jr. D.Fairbank J.Farine S.Feyzbakhsh P.Fierlinger Y.S.Fu D.Fudenberg P.Gautam R.Gornea G.Gratta C.Hall E.V.Hansen J.Hoessl P.Hufschmidt M.Hughes A.Iverson A.Jamil C.Jessiman M.J.Jewell A.Johnson A.Karelin L.J.Kaufman T.Koffas R.Krücken A.Kuchenkov K.S.Kumar Y.Lan A.Larson B.G.Lenardo D.S.Leonard G.S.Li S.Li Z.Li C.Licciardi Y.H.Lin R.MacLellan T.McElroy T.Michel B.Mong D.C.Moore K.Murray O.Njoya O.Nusair A.Odian I.Ostrovskiy A.Perna A.Piepke A.Pocar F.Retière A.L.robinson P.C.Rowson J.Runge S.Schmidt D.Sinclair K.Skarpaas A.K.Soma V.Stekhanov M.Tarka S.Thibado J.Todd T.Tolba T.I.Totev R.Tsang B.Veenstra V.Veeraraghavan P.Vogel J.-L.Vuilleumier M.Wagenpfeil J.Watkins M.Weber L.J.Wen U.Wichoski G.Wrede S.X.Wu Q.Xia D.R.Yahne L.Yang Y.-R.Yen O.Ya.Zeldovich T.Ziegler 无 Physics Department McGill UniversityMontrealQuebec H3A 2T8Canada Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics(ECAP) Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen 91058Germany Physics Department Carleton UniversityOttawaOntario K1S 5B6Canada Department of Physics Duke Universityand Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory(TUNL)DurhamNorth Carolina 27708USA Physics Department University of IllinoisUrbana-ChampaignIllinois 61801USA Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics named by A.I.Alikhanov of National Research Centre“Kurchatov Institute” Moscow 117218Russia Department of Physics University of South DakotaVermillionSouth Dakota 57069USA SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo ParkCalifornia 94025USA TRIUMF VancouverBritish Columbia V6T 2A3Canada Institute of High Energy Physics Beijing 100049China Department of Physics Laurentian UniversitySudburyOntario P3E 2C6Canada Physics Department Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado 80523USA Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography University of North Carolina at WilmingtonWilmingtonNC 28403USA Physics Department and CEEM Indiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana 47405USA Physics Department Stanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305USA Department of Physics Drexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania 19104USA Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department University of MassachusettsAmherstMA 01003USA Technische Universität München Physikdepartment and Excellence Cluster UniverseGarching 80805Germany Physics Department University of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland 20742USA Department of Physics and Astronomy University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabama 35487USA Wright Laboratory Department of PhysicsYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut 06511USA IBS Center for Underground Physics Daejeon 34126Korea Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook UniversitySUNYStony BrookNew York 11794USA Kellogg Lab CaltechPasadenaCalifornia 91125USA LHEP Albert Einstein CenterUniversi

A new search for two-neutrino double-beta(2νββ)decay of^(136)Xe to the 0+1 excited state of 136Ba is performed with the full EXO-200 dataset.A deep learning-based convolutional neural network is used to discriminate signal from background *** detection efficiency is increased relative to previous searches by EXO-200 by more than a factor of *** the addition of the Phase II dataset taken with an upgraded detector,the median 90%confidence level half-life sensitivity of 2νββdecay to the 0+1 state of 136Ba is 2.9×10^(24)yr using a total^(136)Xe exposure of 234.1 kg *** statistically significant evidence for 2νββdecay to the 0^(+)_(1)state is observed,leading to a lower limit of T2ν1/2(0^(+)→0^(+)_(1))>1.4×10^(24)yr at 90%confidence level,improved by 70%relative to the current world's best constraint.

关键词： EXO-200 experiment neutrinoless double beta decay excited state

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Search for two-neutrino double-beta decay of 136Xe to the 01+excited state of136Ba with the complete EXO-200 dataset

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Chinese Physics C 2023年第10期47卷 5-13页

作者： S.Al Kharusi G.Anton I.Badhrees P.S.Barbeau D.Beck V.Belov T.Bhatta M.Breidenbach T.Brunner G.F.Cao W.R.Cen C.Chambers B.Cleveland M.Coon A.Craycraft T.Daniels L.Darroch S.J.Daugherty J.Davis S.Delaquis A.Der Mesrobian-Kabakian R.De Voe J.Dilling A.Dolgolenko M.J.Dolinski J.Echevers W.Fairbank Jr. D.Fairbank J.Farine S.Feyzbakhsh P.Fierlinger Y.S.Fu D.Fudenberg P.Gautam R.Gornea G.Gratta C.Hall E.V.Hansen J.Hoessl P.Hufschmidt M.Hughes A.Iverson A.Jamil C.Jessiman M.J.Jewell A.Johnson A.Karelin L.J.Kaufman T.Koffas R.Krücken A.Kuchenkov K.S.Kumar Y.Lan A.Larson B.G.Lenardo D.S.Leonard G.S.Li S.Li Z.Li C.Licciardi Y.H.Lin R.Mac Lellan T.Mc Elroy T.Michel B.Mong D.C.Moore K.Murray O.Njoya O.Nusair A.Odian I.Ostrovskiy A.Perna A.Piepke A.Pocar F.Retière A.L.robinson P.C.Rowson J.Runge S.Schmidt D.Sinclair K.Skarpaas A.K.Soma V.Stekhanov M.Tarka S.Thibado J.Todd T.Tolba T.I.Totev R.Tsang B.Veenstra V.Veeraraghavan P.Vogel J.-L.Vuilleumier M.Wagenpfeil J.Watkins M.Weber L.J.Wen U.Wichoski G.Wrede S.X.Wu Q.Xia D.R.Yahne L.Yang Y.-R.Yen O.Ya.Zeldovich T.Ziegler EXO-200 Collaboration Physics Department McGill University Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP) Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg Physics Department Carleton University King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Department of Physics Duke University and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL) Physics Department University of Illinois Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics named by A.I.Alikhanov of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute” a division of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute” Department of Physics University of South Dakota Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Kentucky SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory TRIUMF Institute of High Energy Physics Witmem Technology Co. Ltd. Department of Physics Laurentian University Also at SNOLAB Physics Department Colorado State University Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography University of North Carolina at Wilmington Physics Department and CEEM Indiana University Carleton University Commissariat àl’Energie Atomique et auxénergies alternatives Physics Department Stanford University Department of Physics Drexel University University of California Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department University of Massachusetts Technische Universit?t München Physikdepartment and Excellence Cluster Universe Qventus Department of Physics University of Virginia Physics Department University of Maryland Department of Physics at the University of California Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Alabama Wright Laboratory Department of Physics Yale University Department of Physics Princeton University IBS Center for Underground Physics Physics Department University of California SNOLAB Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University SUNY SCIPP University of California Institute for Experimental Physics Hamburg University Department of Physics and Astronomy Iowa State University Kellogg Lab Caltech LHEP Albert Einstein Center University of Ber

A new search for two-neutrino double-beta(2vββ) decay of136Xe to the 01+excited state of136Ba is performed with the full EXO-200 dataset.A deep learning-based convolutional neural network is used to discriminate signal from background *** detection efficiency is increased relative to previous searches by EXO-200 by more than a factor of *** the addition of the Phase Ⅱ dataset taken with an upgraded detector,the median 90%confidence level half-life sensitivity of 2vββ decay to the 01+state of136Ba is 2.9 × 1024yr using a total136Xe exposure of 234.1 kg *** statistically significant evidence for 2vββ decay to the 01+state is observed,leading to a lower limit of T1/22v(0+→01+)>1.4×1024yr at 90% confidence level,improved by 70% relative to the current world’s best constraint.

关键词： EXO-200 experiment neutrinoless double beta decay excited state

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Performance and calibration of quark/gluon-jet taggers using 140 fb^(-1) of pp collisions at √s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

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Chinese Physics C 2024年第2期48卷 1-25页

作者： G. Aad B. Abbott K. Abeling N.J. Abicht S.H. Abidi A. Aboulhorma H. Abramowicz H. Abreu Y. Abulaiti B.S. Acharya C. Adam Bourdarios L. Adamczyk S.V. Addepalli M.J. Addison J. Adelman A. Adiguzel T. Adye A.A. Affolder Y. Afik M.N. Agaras J. Agarwala A. Aggarwal C. Agheorghiesei A. Ahmad F. Ahmadov W.S. Ahmed S. Ahuja X. Ai G. Aielli A. Aikot M. Ait Tamlihat B. Aitbenchikh I. Aizenberg M. Akbiyik T.P.A. Åkesson A.V. Akimov D. Akiyama N.N. Akolkar K. Al Khoury G.L. Alberghi J. Albert P. Albicocco G.L. Albouy S. Alderweireldt M. Aleksa I.N. Aleksandrov C. Alexa T. Alexopoulos F. Alfonsi M. Algren M. Alhroob B. Ali H.M.J. Ali S. Ali S.W. Alibocus M. Aliev G. Alimonti W. Alkakhi C. Allaire B.M.M. Allbrooke J.F. Allen C.A. Allendes Flores P.P. Allport A. Aloisio F. Alonso C. Alpigiani M. Alvarez Estevez A. Alvarez Fernandez M. Alves Cardoso M.G. Alviggi M. Aly Y. Amaral Coutinho A. Ambler C. Amelung M. Amerl C.G. Ames D. Amidei S.P. Amor Dos Santos K.R. Amos V. Ananiev C. Anastopoulos T. Andeen J.K. Anders S.Y. Andrean A. Andreazza S. Angelidakis A. Angerami A.V. Anisenkov A. Annovi C. Antel M.T. Anthony E. Antipov M. Antonelli F. Anulli M. Aoki T. Aoki J.A. Aparisi Pozo M.A. Aparo L. Aperio Bella C. Appelt A. Apyan N. Aranzabal S.J. Arbiol Val C. Arcangeletti A.T.H. Arce E. Arena J-F. Arguin S. Argyropoulos J.-H. Arling O. Arnaez H. Arnold G. Artoni H. Asada K. Asai S. Asai N.A. Asbah J. Assahsah K. Assamagan R. Astalos S. Atashi R.J. Atkin M. Atkinson H. Atmani P.A. Atmasiddha K. Augsten S. Auricchio A.D. Auriol V.A. Austrup G. Avolio K. Axiotis G. Azuelos D. Babal H. Bachacou K. Bachas A. Bachiu F. Backman A. Badea P. Bagnaia M. Bahmani A.J. Bailey V.R. Bailey J.T. Baines L. Baines O.K. Baker E. Bakos D. Bakshi Gupta V. Balakrishnan R. Balasubramanian E.M. Baldin P. Balek E. Ballabene F. Balli L.M. Baltes W.K. Balunas J. Balz E. Banas M. Bandieramonte A. Bandyopadhyay S. Bansal L. Barak M. Barakat E.L. Barberio D. Barberis M. Barbero M.Z. Barel K.N. Barends T. Barillari M-S. Barisits T. Barklow P. Baron D.A. Baron Mo The ATLAS Collaboration

The identification of jets originating from quarks and gluons,often referred to as quark/gluon tagging,plays an important role in various analyses performed at the Large Hadron Collider,as Standard Model measurements and searches for new particles decaying to quarks often rely on suppressing a large gluon-induced *** paper describes the measurement of the efficiencies of quark/gluon taggers developed within the ATLAS Collaboration,using √s=13 TeV proton–proton collision data with an integrated luminosity of 140 fb^(-1) collected by the ATLAS *** taggers with high performances in rejecting jets from gluon over jets from quarks are studied:one tagger is based on requirements on the number of inner-detector tracks associated with the jet,and the other combines several jet substructure observables using a boosted decision tree.A method is established to determine the quark/gluon fraction in data,by using quark/gluon-enriched subsamples defined by the jet *** in tagging efficiency between data and simulation are provided for jets with transverse momentum between 500 GeV and 2 TeV and for multiple tagger working points.

关键词： ATLAS JET QUARK GLUON TAGGING

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