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Neurogenesis in the adult peripheral nervous system

Neural Regeneration Research 2012年第14期7卷 1047-1054页

作者： Krzysztof Czaja michele fornaro Stefano Geuna Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy Pharmacology and Physiology (VCAPP) College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WA 99163-6520 USA Department of Anatomy Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine (CCOM) Midwestern University Downers Grove IL 60515 USA Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO) & Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano 10043 Italy

Most researchers believe that neurogenesis in mature mammals is restricted only to the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle in the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, neurogenesis is thought to be active only during prenatal development, with the exception of the olfactory neuroepithelium. However, sensory ganglia in the adult peripheral nervous system have been reported to contain precursor cells that can proliferate in vitro and be induced to differentiate into neurons. The occurrence of insult-induced neurogenesis, which has been reported by several investigators in the brain, is limited to a few recent reports for the peripheral nervous system. These reports suggest that damage to the adult nervous system induces mechanisms similar to those that control the generation of new neurons during prenatal development. Understanding conditions under which neurogenesis can be induced in physiologically non-neurogenic regions in adults is one of the major challenges for developing therapeutic strategies to repair neurological damage. However, the induced neurogenesis in the peripheral nervous system is still largely unexplored. This review presents the history of research on adult neurogenesis in the peripheral nervous system, which dates back more than 100 years and reveals the evidence on the under estimated potential for generation of new neurons in the adult peripheral nervous system.

关键词： adult neurogenesis peripheral nervous system dorsal root ganglia autonomic ganglia stem cells mammals

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Hippocampal plasticity after a vagus nerve injury in the rat

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Neural Regeneration Research 2012年第14期7卷 1055-1063页

作者： Giulia Ronchi Vitaly Ryu michele fornaro Krzysztof Czaja Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Turin 10043 Italy Neuroscience Institute of the "Cavalieri Ottolenghi" Foundation (NICO) University of Turin Turin 10043 Italy Programs in Neuroscience and Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy Pharmacology and Physiology College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA Department of Anatomy Midwestern University Downers Grove IL60515 USA

Stimulation of the vagus nerve has been previously reported to promote neural plasticity and neurogenesis in the brain. Several studies also revealed plastic changes in the spinal cord after injuries to somatosensory nerves originating from both the brachial and lumbo-sacral plexuses. However, the neurogenic responses of the brain to the injury of the viscerosensory innervation are not as yet well understood. In the present study, we investigated whether cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus respond to a chemical and physical damage to the vagus nerve in the adult rat. Intraperitoneal capsaicin administration was used to damage non-myelinated vagal afferents while subdiaphragmatic vagotomy was used to damage both the myelinated and non-myelinated vagal afferents. The 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine （BrdU） incorporation together with cell-specific markers was used to study neural proliferation in subgranular zone, granule cell layer, molecular layer and hilus of the dentate gyrus. Microglia activation was determined by quantifying changes in the intensity of fluorescent staining with a primary antibody against ionizing calcium adapter-binding molecule 1. Results revealed that vagotomy decreased BrdU incorporation in the hilus 15 days after injury compared to the capsaicin group. Capsaicin administration decreased BrdU incorporation in the granular cell layer 60 days after the treatment. Capsaicin decreased the number of doublecortin-expressing cells in the dentate gyrus, whereas vagotomy did not alter the expression of doublecortin in the hippocampus. Both the capsaicin- and the vagotomy-induced damage to the vagus nerve decreased microglia activation in the hippocampus at 15 days after the injury. At 30 days post injury, capsaicin-treated and vagotomized rats revealed significantly more activated microglia. Our findings show that damage to the subdiaphragmatic vagus in adult rats is followed by microglia activation and long-lasting changes in the dentate gyrus, leadi

关键词： vagus injury hippocampus vagotomy capsaicin vagal afferents microglia rat

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Effects of chemical and physical cues in enhancing neuritogenesis and peripheral nerve regeneration

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Neural Regeneration Research 2016年第2期11卷 220-221页

作者： CaseyD. Sigerson Christopher J. Dipollina michele fornaro Department of Anatomy Midwestern University-Chicago College of Osteopathic MedicineDowners GroveILUSA Department of Biomedical Sciences Midwestern UniversityCollege of Health SciencesDowners GroveILUSA

Peripheral nerve injuries are most often a consequence of axonal damage leading to functional losses that may vary from lack of sensitivity distal to the site of injury to complete loss of motor *** consequences of such injuries are immense because of the high cost of health care,limited ability to work and emotional trauma that follows the *** spontaneous regrowth that the peripheral nervous system（PNS）.

关键词： neuritogenesis enhancing chemical

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Role of neurotrophic factors in enhancing linear axonal growth of ganglionic sensory neurons in vitro

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第9期15卷 1732-1739页

作者： michele fornaro Alessia Giovannelli Angelica Foggetti Luisa Muratori Stefano Geuna Giorgia Novajra Isabelle Perroteau Department of Anatomy College of Graduates Studies(CGS)Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine(CCOM)Midwestern UniversityDowners GroveILUSA Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of TurinTorinoItaly Institute of Physiology Christian-Albrechts-University KielKielGermany Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi(NICO) TorinoItaly Department of Applied Science and Technology Politecnico di TorinoTorinoItaly

Neurotrophins play a major role in the regulation of neuronal growth such as neurite sprouting or regeneration in response to nerve injuries. The role of nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in maintaining the survival of peripheral neurons remains poorly understood. In regenerative medicine, different modalities have been investigated for the delivery of growth factors to the injured neurons, in search of a suitable system for clinical applications. This study was to investigate the influence of nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor on the growth of neurites using two in vitro models of dorsal root ganglia explants and dorsal root ganglia-derived primary cell dissociated cultures. Quantitative data showed that the total neurite length and tortuosity were differently influenced by trophic factors. Nerve growth factor and, indirectly, brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulate the tortuous growth of sensory fibers and the formation of cell clusters. Neurotrophin-3, however, enhances neurite growth in terms of length and linearity allowing for a more organized and directed axonal elongation towards a peripheral target compared to the other growth factors. These findings could be of considerable importance for any clinical application of neurotrophic factors in peripheral nerve regeneration. Ethical approval was obtained from the Regione Piemonte Animal Ethics Committee ASLTO1(file # 864/2016-PR) on September 14, 2016.

关键词： brain-derived neurotrophic factor directionality dorsal root ganglia explant nerve growth factor nerve regeneration neurite growth enhancement neurotrophic factors neurotrophin-3 sensory neurons tortuosity

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Psychological perspective of medication adherence in transplantation

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World Journal of Transplantation 2016年第4期6卷 736-742页

作者： Concetta De Pasquale Massimiliano Veroux michele fornaro Nunzia Sinagra Giusi Basile Cecilia Gozzo Roberta Santini Alessandra Costa Maria Luisa Pistorio Vascular Surgery and Organ Transplant Unit Department of Medical Surgery Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia" University of Catania

AIM To identify the risk factors and the post-transplant psychological symptoms that affect adherence to therapy in a population of kidney transplant recipients. METHODS The study examined the psychological variables likely responsible for the non-adherent behavior using a psychological-psychiatric assessment, evaluation of the perception of patients' health status, and an interview regarding the anti-rejection drug therapy assumption. The study included 74 kidney transplant recipients. RESULTS Individuals with a higher level of education and more years since transplantation showed better mental balance. Regarding gender, women appeared to be less adherent to therapy. Further, the years since transplantation adversely affected the proper pharmacological assumption. Adherence to therapy did not significantly change with the mental health index. CONCLUSION The biopsychosocial illness model provides a conceptualframe of reference in which biological, psychological, and social aspects take on the same importance in the adherence to treatment protocols. For effective management, it is necessary to understand the patients' personal experiences, their assumptions about the disease, health status perception, and mood, and to identify any "barriers" that could cause them to become noncompliant.

关键词： Transplantation Adherence Mental health Psychological assessment Psychiatric assessment

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Psychopathological aspects of kidney transplantation: Efficacy of a multidisciplinary team

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World Journal of Transplantation 2014年第4期4卷 267-275页

作者： Concetta De Pasquale Massimiliano Veroux Luisa Indelicato Nunzia Sinagra Alessia Giaquinta michele fornaro Pierfrancesco Veroux Maria L Pistorio Vascular Surgery and Organ Transplant Unit Department of Surgery Transplantation and Advanced Technologies University Hospital of Catania 95124 Catania Italy Department of Formative Sciences University of Catania 95124 Catania Italy

Renal transplantation is a well established treatment for end-stage renal disease, allowing most patients to return to a satisfactory quality of life. Studies have identified many problems that may affect adaptation to the transplanted condition and postoperative compliance. The psychological implications of transplantation have important consequences even on strictly physical aspects. Organ transplantation is very challenging for the patient and acts as an intense stressor stimulus to which the patient reacts with neurotransmitter and endocrine-metabolic changes. Transplantation can result in a psychosomatic crisis that requires the patient to mobilize all bio-psychosocial resources during the process of adaptation to the new foreign organ which may result in an alteration in self-representation and identity, with possible psychopathologic repercussions. These reactions are feasible in mental disorders, e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, adjustment disorder, and psychosomatic disorders. In organ transplantation, the fruitful collaboration between professionals with diverse scientific expertise, calls for both a guarantee for mental health and greater effectiveness in challenging treatments for a viable association between patients, family members and doctors. Integrated and multidisciplinary care should include uniform criteria and procedures for standard assessments, for patient autonomy, adherence to therapy, new coping strategies and the adoption of more appropriate lifestyles.

关键词： Psychiatric consultation Psychological care Kidney transplantation Therapeutic compliance Social and family support

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