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Treatment trends of muscle invasive bladder cancer: Evidence from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, 1988 to 2013

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Asian Journal of Urology 2023年第1期10卷 9-18页

作者： Victor Chalfant michael l.blute jr.peter silberstein Urology at CHI Health Creighton University Medical Center Omaha NEUSA Hematology Oncology at CHI Health Creighton University Medical Center Omaha NEUSA

Objective:Guidelines for muscle-invasive bladder cancer(MIBC)recommend that patients receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radical cystectomy as treatment over radical cystectomy *** trends and practice patterns of MIBC have been defined using the National Cancer Database,data using the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)program have been poorly ***:Using the SEER database,we collected data of MIBC according to the American Joint Commission on *** considered differences in patient demographics and tumor charac-teristics based on three treatment groups:chemotherapy(both adjuvant and neoadjuvant)with radical cystectomy,radical cystectomy,and *** logistic regression was performed to compare likelihood *** trends were included for each treatment ***-Meier curves were performed to compare cause-specific sur-vival.A Cox proportional-hazards model was utilized to describe predictors of ***:Of 16728 patients,10468 patients received radical cystectomy alone,3236 received chemotherapy with radical cystectomy,and 3024 received *** who received chemoradiotherapy over radical cystectomy were older and more likely to be African American;stage III patients tended to be *** who received chemotherapy with radical cystectomy tended to be males;stage II patients were less likely to be Asian than *** III patients were less likely to receive chemoradiotherapy as a treatment op-tion than stage *** with radical cystectomy and chemoradiotherapy are both un-derutilized treatment options,though increasingly ***-Meier survival curves showed significant differences between stage II and III tumors at each interval.A Cox proportional-hazards model showed differences in gender,tumor stage,treatment modality,age,andmarital ***:Radical cystectomy alone is still the most commonly used treatment for muscle-invasive

关键词： Muscle-invasive bladdercancer Bladder-preservation therapy Chemoradiotherapy Transurethral resectionof bladder tumor Surveillance Epidemiology,and EndResultsProgram Patient demographics Practicetrends Kaplan-Meier survival curves

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Derived, still living cockroach genus Cariblattoides （Blattida： Blattellidae） from the Eocene sediments of Green River in Colorado, USA

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Insect Science 2012年第2期19卷 143-152页

作者： peter Vrsansky l＇ubomir Vidlicka Fedor Ciampor jr Finnegan Marsh Geological Institute SlovakAcademy of Sciences BraUslava Slovakia Paleontological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia Institute of Zoology Slovak Academy of Sciences Department of Biology Faculty of Education Comenius University Bratislava Slovakia Department of Paleobiology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA

Cariblattoides labandeirai sp.n. from the Eocene sediments of Green River in Colorado, USA bear only two plesiomorphies, but also several significant autapomorphies within the advanced and highly derived living cockroach genus. Thus, Cariblattoides with extant occurrence in the Caribbean and South America was historically common in the Nearctic, and represents important evidence for the occurrence of derived living genera of cockroaches -50 Ma ago. Generally, the vast majority of living genera were absent during the Palaeocene, thus the diversification of most living cockroach lineages near the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary must have been extremely rapid. Females of living C. suave, the type species, have identical （sophisticated） coloration ofpronotum, but the most related living taxa are C. piraiensis and *** from Brazil （supported by phylogenetical analysis）.

关键词： Blattida -- Blattaria = Blattodea Cariblattoides Eocene fossil insects,Green River Tertiary cockroaches

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The HIF-1α/PlOD2 axis integrates extracellular matrix organization and cell metabolism leading to aberrant musculoskeletal repair

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Bone Research 2024年第2期12卷 289-301页

作者： Heeseog Kang Amy l.Strong Yuxiao Sun lei Guo Conan Juan Alec C.Bancroft Ji Hae Choi Chase A.Pagani Aysel A.Fernandes michael Woodard Juhoon lee Sowmya Ramesh Aaron W.James David Hudson Kevin N.Dalby lin Xu Robert J.Tower Benjamin levi Center for Organogenesis Regeneration and TraumaDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of Texas SouthwesternDallasTX 75390USA Section of Plastic Surgery Department of SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA Quantitative Biomedical Research Center Peter O’Donnell Jr.School of Public HealthUniversity of Texas SouthwesternDallasTX 75390USA Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry College of PharmacyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTX 78712USA Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD 21218USA

While hypoxic signaling has been shown to play a role in many cellular processes,its role in metabolism-linked extracellular matrix(ECM)organization and downstream processes of cell fate after musculoskeletal injury remains to be ***(HO)is a debilitating condition where abnormal bone formation occurs within extra-skeletal *** andhypoxia-inducible factor 1α(HIF-1α)activation have been shown to promote ***,the underlying molecular mechanisms bywhich the HIF-1αpathway in mesenchymal progenitor cells(MPCs)contributes to pathologic bone formation remain to ***,we used a proven mouse injury-induced HO model to investigate the role of HIF-1αon aberrant cell ***-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)and spatial transcriptomics analyses of the HO site,we found that collagen ECM organizationis the most highly up-regulated biological process in *** mesenchymal cell-specific deletion of Hif1α(Hoxa11-CreER^(T2);Hif1a^(fl/fl))significantly mitigated HO in ***-seq analysis of these Hoxa11-CreER^(T2);Hif1a^(fl/fl)mice identified the PlOD2/lOXpathway for collagen cross-linking as downstream of the HIF-1αregulation of ***,our scRNA-seq data and mechanisticstudies further uncovered that glucose metabolism in MPCs is most highly impacted by HIF-1α*** a translational aspect,a pan-lOX inhibitor significantly decreased HO.A newly screened compound revealed that the inhibition of PlOD2 activity in MPCssignificantly decreased osteogenic differentiation and glycolytic *** suggests that the HIF-1α/PlOD2/lOX axis linked tometabolism regulates HO-forming MPC *** results suggest that the HIF-1α/PlOD2/lOX pathway represents a promisingstrategy to mitigate HO formation.

关键词： metabolism skeletal aberrant

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Early Mesoproterozoic evolution of midcontinental laurentia: Defining the geon 14 Baraboo orogeny

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Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第5期12卷 37-53页

作者： l.Gordon Medaris jr Brad S.Singer Brian R.Jicha David H.Malone Joshua J.Schwartz Esther K.Stewart Amanda Van lankvelt michael l.Williams peter W.Reiners Department of Geoscience University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Department of Geography Geology&EnvironmentIllinois State UniversityNormalIL 61790USA Department of Geological Sciences California State University-NorthridgeNorthridgeCA 91330USA Wisconsin Geological&Natural History Survey MadisonWI 53705USA Cameca Instruments 5470 Nobel Dr.MadisonWI 54711USA Department of Geosciences University of Massachusetts-AmherstAmherstMA 01003USA Department of Geosciences University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85721USA

New geochronologic data from midcontinental laurentia demonstrate that emplacement of the 1476-1470 Ma Wolf River granitic batholith was not an isolated igneous event,but was accompanied by regional metamorphism,deformation,and *** for such metamorphism and deformation is best seen in siliciclastic sedimentary rocks of the Baraboo Interval,which were deposited closely following the 1.65-1.63 Ga Mazatzal *** Baraboo Interval strata,muscovite parallel to slatey cleavage,in hydrothermal veins,in quartzite breccia,and in metamorphosed paleosol yielded ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar plateau ages of 1493-1465 *** addition,U-Th-total Pb dating of neoblastic overgrowths on detrital monazite gave an age of 1488±20 Ma,and recrystallized hematite in folded metapelite gave a mean U/Th-He age of 1411±39 ***-Baraboo,arkosic polymictic conglomerate,which contains detrital zircon with a minimum peak age of 1493 Ma,was intruded by a 1470 Ma granite porphyry at the northeastern margin of the Wolf River *** episode of magmatism,regional deformation and metamorphism,and sedimentation,which is designated herein as the Baraboo orogeny,provides a midcontinental link between the Picuris orogeny to the southwest and the Pinware orogeny to the northeast,completing the extent of early Mesoproterozoic(Calymmian)orogenesis for 5000 km along the southern margin of *** transcontinental orogen is unique among Precambrian orogenies for its great width(-1600 km),the predominance of ferroan granites derived from partial melting of lower continental crust,and the prevalence of regional high T-P metamorphism related to advective heating by granitic magmas emplaced in the middle to upper crust.

关键词： Mesoproterozoic orogeny Ferroan granite Detrital zircon ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar geochronology U-Th-total Pb geochronology U/Th-He geochronology

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Twelve weeks of dance exergaming in overweight and obese adolescent girls:Transfer effects on physical activity,screen time,and self-efficacy

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2017年第1期6卷 4-10,127页

作者： Amanda E.Staiano Robbie A.Beyl Daniel S.Hsia peter T.Katzmarzyk Robert l.Newton jr Pennington Biomedical Research Center Baton RougeLA 70808USA

Background: Given the low levels of physical activity(PA) among adolescent girls in the US, there is a need to identify tools to motivate increased PA. Although there is limited evidence that adolescents transfer PA from one context to another, exergames(i.e., video games that require gross motor activity) may act as a gateway to promote overall PA outside game play. The purpose of this study was to examine potential transfer effects(i.e., influences on external behaviors and psychological constructs) of a 12-week exergaming intervention on adolescent girls' PA, screen time,and self-efficacy toward PA, as well as the intrinsic motivation of ***: Participants were 37 girls aged 14–18 years(65% African American, 35% white) who were overweight or obese(body mass index ≥ 85 th percentile) and were recruited from the community via school, physicians, news media, and social media websites. Adolescents were randomly assigned to a 12-week group exergaming intervention(thirty-six 60 min sessions of group-based dance exergaming in a research laboratory using Kinect for Xbox360(Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA)) or to a no-treatment control group. Outcome variables included objectively measured PA(total) and self-reported leisure-time PA(discretionary time only) 1 week before vs. 1 week after the intervention; selected type and intensity of PA when placed in a gym setting for 30 min("cardio free choice"); screen time; self-efficacy toward PA; and intrinsic motivation toward ***: Attendance at the exergaming sessions was high(80%). Compared with the control group, the intervention group self-reported an increase in PA(p = 0.035) and fewer hours watching television or videos(p = 0.01) after the intervention, but there were no significant differences in sedentary, light, moderate, or vigorous PA measured by accelerometry. The intervention group significantly improved self-efficacy toward PA(p = 0.028). The intervention group highly rated intri

关键词： Active video games leisure activity Motivation Screen time Self-efficacy Television

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Counting stripes:revision of the lipinia vittigera complex(Reptilia, Squamata, Scincidae) with description of two new species from Indochina

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Zoological Research 2019年第5期40卷 358-393页

作者： Nikolay A. Poyarkov jr. peter Geissler Vladislav A. Gorin Evgeniy A. Dunayev Timo Hartmann Chatmongkon Suwannapoom Department of Vertebrate Zoology Biological Faculty Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119991 Russia Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center Nghia Do Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam Museum Natur und Mensch Freiburg 79098 Germany Zoological Museum Moscow State University Moscow 125009 Russia Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig Bonn 53113 Germany School of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Phayao Phayao 56000 Thailand

We provide an integrative taxonomic analysis of the lipinia vittigera species complex from mainland Southeast Asia. Based on examination of external morphology, color pattern, and 681 base pairs of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial gene, we demonstrate the presence of four morphologically distinct lineages of lipinia in Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Malaysia, showing a sequence divergence ranging 15.5%–20.4%. All discovered lineages are discretely diagnosable from one another by a combination of scalation traits and color patterns. A review of the published distribution data and a re-examination of available type material revealed the following results:(1) distribution of l. vittigera (Boulenger, 1894) sensu stricto is restricted to Sundaland and the Thai-Malay Peninsula south of the Isthmus of Kra;(2) l. microcercus (Boettger, 1901) stat. nov. is elevated to full species rank;the species has a wide distribution from central and southern Vietnam across Cambodia to eastern Thailand;we regard lygosoma vittigerum kronfanum Smith, 1922 and leiolopisma pranensis Cochran, 1930 as its junior synonyms;(3) lipinia trivittata sp. nov. occurs in hilly areas of southern Vietnam, Cambodia, and eastern Thailand;and (4) lipinia vassilievi sp. nov. is currently known only from a narrow area along the Vietnamese-Cambodian border in the foothills of the central Annamite Mountain Range. We further provide an identification key for lipinia occurring in mainland Southeast Asia.

关键词： lipinia microcercus stat. nov. lipinia trivittata sp. nov. lipinia vassilievi sp. nov. Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia Biogeography mtDNA COI-barcoding

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第4期15卷 676-681页

作者： Yan Cheng Mandy Pereira Neha P.Raukar John l.Reagan Mathew Quesenberry laura Goldberg Theodor Borgovan W Curt laFrance jr Mark Dooner Maria Deregibus Giovanni Camussi Bharat Ramratnam peter Quesenberry Department of Medicine Division of Hematology/OncologyRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA Department of Emergency Medicine Mayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA Department of Psychiatry and Neurology Rhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA Department of Medicine Division of Infectious DiseasesRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA Department of Medical Sciences University of TurinTorino TOItaly

At present,there is no reliable biomarker for the diagnosis of traumatic brain injury(TBI).Studies have shown that extracellular vesicles released by damaged cells into biological fluids can be used as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of TBI and evaluation of TBI *** hypothesize that the genetic profile of salivary extracellular vesicles in patients with head trauma differs from that in uninjured *** from this hypothesis would help investigate the severity of *** study included 19 subjects,consisting of seven healthy controls who denied history of head trauma,six patients diagnosed with concussion injury from an outpatient concussion clinic,and six patients with TBI who received treatment in the emergency department within 24 hours after ***-time PCR analysis of salivary extracellular vesicles in participants was performed using TaqMan Human Inflammation *** expression analysis revealed nine upregulated genes in emergency department patients(lOX5,ANXA3,CASP1,Il2RG,ITGAM,ITGB2,lTA4H,MAPK14,and TNFRSF1A)and 13 upregulated genes in concussion clinic patients compared with healthy participants(ADRB1,ADRB2,BDKRB1,HRH1,HRH2,lTB4R2,lTB4R,PTAFR,CYSlTR1,CES1,KlK1,MC2R,and PTGER3).Each patient group had a unique *** between groups showed that 15 inflammation-related genes had significant expression *** results indicate that inflammation biomarkers can be used for diagnosis of TBI and evaluation of disease *** study was approved by the Institutional Review Board on December 18,2015(approval No.0078-12)and on June 9,2016(approval No.4093-16).

关键词： chronic traumatic encephalopathy emergency department extracellular vesicles inflammation outpatient concussion clinic real-time PCR analysis saliva traumatic brain injury

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Effect of melatonin on the severity of l-arginine-induced experimental acute pancreatitis in rats

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第2期12卷 251-258页

作者： Annamaria Szabolcs Russel J Reiter Tamas letoha peter Hegyi Gabor Papai Ilona Varga Katalin Jarmay Jozsef Kaszaki Reka Sari Zoltan Rakonczay jr Janos lonovics Tamas Takacs st Department of Medicine University of SzegedHungary Department of Cellular and Structural Biology University of TexasHealth Science CentreSan AntonioTexasUnited States Institute of Chemistry University of SzegedHungary Biological Research Centre Hungarian Academy of SciencesSzegedHungary Biological Isotope laboratory University of SzegedHungary Institute of Experimental Surgery University of SzegedHungary

AIM： To determine the effect of melatonin pre- and post-treatment on the severity of l-arginine （l-Arg） -induced experimental pancreatitis in rats. METHODS： Male Wistar rats （25） were divided into five groups. Those in group A received two injections of 3.2 g/kg body weight l-Arg i.p. at an interval of 1 h. In group MA, the rats were treated with 50 mg/kg body weight melatonin i.p. 30 min prior to l-Arg administration. In group AM, the rats received the same dose of melatonin 1 h after l-Arg was given. In group M, a single dose of melatonin was administered as described previously. In group C the control animals received physiological saline injections i.p. All rats were exsanguinated 24 h after the second l-Arg injection. RESUlTS： l-Arg administration caused severe necrotizing pancreatitis confirmed by the significant elevations in the serum amylase level, the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio （pw/bw）, the pancreatic Il-6 content and the myeloperoxidase activity, relative to the control values. Elevation of the serum amylase level was significantly reduced in rats given melatonin following l-Arg compared to rats injected with l-Arg only. The activities of the pancreatic antioxidant enzymes （Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase （CulZn-SOD） and catalase （CAT）） were significantly increased 24 h after pancreatitis induction. Melatonin given in advance of l-Arg significantly reduced the pancreatic CAT activity relative to that in the rats treated with l-Arg alone. In the liver, l-Arg significantly increased the lipid peroxidation level, and the glutathione peroxidase and Cu/Zn-SOD activities, whereas the Mn-SOD activity was reduced as compared to the control rats. Melatonin pre-treatment prevented these changes. CONClUSION： Melatonin is an antioxidant that is able to counteract some of the l-Arg-induced changes during acute pancreatitis, and may therefore be helpful in the supportive therapy of patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis.

关键词： Acute pancreatitis Melatonin Scavengers

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Kynurenine is an endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced during inflammation

Kynurenine is an endothelium-derived relaxing factor produce...

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中国生理学会第23届全国会员代表大会暨生理学学术大会

作者： Gavin McKenzie Paul K Witting Johannes-peter Stasch michael Hahn Dechaboon Changsirivathanathamrong Helen J Ball Shane R Thomas Vimal Kapoor David S Celermajer Andrew l Mellor John F Keaney,jr Nicholas H Hunt Roland Stocker School of Medical Sciences University of New South WalesNSW 2052Australia School of Medical Sciences(Pathology)and Bosch Institute Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SydneyNSW 2006Australia Cardiovascular Research Bayer HealthCare WuppertalGermany Medicinal Chemistry Bayer HealthCareWuppertalGermany Centre for Vascular Research School of Medical Sciences(Pathology)and Bosch InstituteFaculty of MedicineUniversity of SydneyNSW 2006Australia Centre for Vascular Research University of New South WalesNSW 2052Australia School of Medicine and Pharmacology University of Western AustraliaPerth WA 6009Australia Royal Prince Alfred Hospital University of SydneyNSW 2006Australia Immunotherapy Center Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta GA 30912U.S.A

＜正＞Control of blood vessel tone is central to vascular *** we show that metabolism of tryptophan to kynurenine by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase（Ido） expressed in endothelial cells contributes to arterial vessel relaxation and the control of blood *** of mice with malarial parasites（Plasmodium berghei） or induction of endotoxemia in mice led to endothelial expression of Ido,decreased plasma tryptophan concentration, increased kynurenine concentration and *** inhibition of Ido increased blood pressure in systemically inflamed mice but not in mice deficient in Ido or interferon-γ,which is required for Ido *** tryptophan and kynurenine dilated preconstricted porcine coronary arteries;the dilating effect of tryptophan required the presence of active Ido and an intact endothelium,whereas the effect of kynurenine was endothelium *** arterial relaxation induced by kynurenine was mediated by activation of the adenylate and soluble guanylate cyclase *** administration decreased blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner in spontaneously hypertensive *** results identify tryptophan metabolism by Ido as a new pathway contributing to the regulation of vascular tone.

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The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection(GRAND):Science and design

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2020年第1期63卷 1-43页

作者： Jaime Alvarez-Muniz Rafael Alves Batista Aswathi Balagopal V. Julien Bolmont Mauricio Bustamante Washington Carvalho jr. Didier Charrier Ismael Cognard Valentin Decoene peter B.Denton Sijbrand De Jong Krijn D.De Vries Ralph Engel Ke Fang Chad Finley Stefano Gabici Quan Bu Gou Jun Hua Gu Claire Guépin Hong Bo Hu Yan Huang Kumiko Kotera Sandra le Coz Jean-Philippe lenain Guo liang léü Olivier Martineau-Huynh Miguel Mostafá Fabrice Mottez Kohta Murase Valentin Niess Foteini Oikonomou Tanguy Pierog Xiang li Qian Bo Qin Duan Ran Nicolas Renault-Tinacci Markus Roth Frank G.Schroder Fabian Schüssler Cyril Tasse Charles Timmerman Matías Tueros Xiang Ping Wu Philippe Zarka Andreas Zech B.Theodore Zhang Jian li Zhang Yi Zhang Qian Zheng Anne Zilles Departamento de Fisica de Particulas&lnstituto Galego de Fisica de Altas Enerxias Universidad de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela 15782Spain Instituto de Astronomia Geofisica e Ciencias AtmosfericasUniversidade de Sao PauloSao Paulo-SP 05508-090Brazil Department of Physics-Astrophysics University of OxfordDWBOxford 0X13RHUK Institute of Experimental Particle Physics(ETP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology(KIT)Karlsru he D-76021Germany laboratoire de Physique Nucleeaire et de Hautes Energies(lPNHE) Sorbonne UniversiteUniversite Paris DiderotSorbonne Paris CiteCNRS place Jussieu F-75252Paris Cedex 5France Niels Bohr International Academy and DARK Niels Bohr InstituteCopenhagen 2100Denmark Discovery Center Niels Bohr InstituteCopenhagen 2100Denmark Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics(CCA.PP)&Department of Physics Ohio State UniversityColumbus OH 43210USA Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela 15782Spain 0SUBATECH Institut Mines-Telecom Atlantique-CNRS/IN2P3-Universite de NantesNantes 44300France laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de KEnvironnement et de VEspace lPC2E CNRS-Universite d'Orleans Orleans F-45071France Station de Radioastronomie de Nancay Observatoire de ParisCNRS/INSU F-18330 NangayFrance Sorbonne Universite UMR 7095Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris98 bis bd AragoParis 75014France Institute for Mathematics Astrophysics and Particle Physics(IMAPP)Radboud UniversiteitNijmegen 6500Netherlands Nationaal Instituut voor Kemfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica(NIKHEF) Amsterdam NL-1009Netherlands IIHE/ElEM Vrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels 1050Belgium Institute for Nuclear Physics(IKP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology(KIT)Karlsruhe D-76021Germany Einstein Fellow Stanford UniversityStanford CA 94305USA Department of Astronomy University of MarylandCollege Park MD 20742-2421USA Joint Space-Science Institute College Park MD 20742-2421USA Oskar Klein Centre Stockholm UniversityStockholm SE-10691Sweden Department of Phy

The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection(GRAND)is a planned large-scale observatory of ultra-high-energy(UHE)cosmic particles,with energies exceeding 10~8 Ge *** goal is to solve the long-standing mystery of the origin of UHE cosmic *** do this,GRAND will detect an unprecedented number of UHE cosmic rays and search for the undiscovered UHE neutrinos and gamma rays associated to them with unmatched *** will use large arrays of antennas to detect the radio emission coming from extensive air showers initiated by UHE particles in the *** design is modular:20 separate,independent sub-arrays,each of 10000 radio antennas deployed over 10000 km^2.A staged construction plan will validate key detection techniques while achieving important science goals *** we present the science goals,detection strategy,preliminary design,performance goals,and construction plans for GRAND.

关键词： radio telescopes neutrinos in astronomical observations cosmic rays in astronomical observations radiowave radiation:sources galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays:galactic and extragalactic

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