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Dryland agriculture and rangeland restoration priorities in Afghanistan

Journal of Arid Land 2015年第3期7卷 391-402页

作者： michael J jacobs Catherine A SCHLOEDER Philip D TANIMOTO Texas Agri Life Research Department of Ecosystem Science & Management2138TAMUCollege StationTX 77843-2138USA Oikos Services LLCFortineMT 59918USA Conservation Imaging Inc.AuburndaleMassachusetts 02466USA

Afghanistan is threatened by rangeland degradation.A quantitative visual analysis of Google Earth Imagery was used to systematically locate,characterize and quantify the current extent of rangelands in Afghanistan degraded as a consequence of dryland *** data were used in conjunction with dryland agriculture locations to establish a climate envelope comprised by temperature and mean annual precipitation to create a geographical mask known to contain dryland *** this mask we created a grid of 100 km2 cells that we analyzed individually to access dryland agriculture *** limits to sustainable dryland agriculture and areas of high restoration priority were also assessed as was the distribution of rain-fed agriculture with respect to the location of traditional migration routes for extensive livestock *** extents of agriculture in Afghanistan,at both upper and lower elevations,correlated most closely with mean annual temperature（MAT） at the upper elevation limits,and with mean annual precipitation（MAP） at the lower elevation *** total,dryland agriculture comprised 38,980 km2 of former native *** was highest in the northwestern,northern and northeastern provinces of Herat,Badghis,Faryab,Jawzjan,Sar-e-Pul,Samangan,Balkh,Baghlan,Kunduz,Takhar and Badakhshan,with the highest percentage of conversion occurring in *** MAP value of 〈400 mm is perceived by farmers as the current climatic limit to sustainable dryland agriculture across the northern regions of the *** this MAP value,approximately 27,677 km2 of converted rangeland met the need for restoration *** projections indicate that Afghanistan will become warmer and drier in the coming *** consequence of this trend is that the MAP threshold of 〈400 mm to sustainable dryland agriculture will become obsolete in the coming *** of currently converted rangelands is needed to restore critical grazing area

关键词： degradation climatic trends extensive livestock production dryland agriculture rangeland restoration

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Small-Scale Mineralogical Heterogeneity from Variations in Phase Assemblages in the Transition Zone and D" Layer Predicted by Convection Modelling

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Journal of Earth Science 2011年第2期22卷 160-168页

作者： Arie P van den Berg David A Yuen michael H G jacobs Maarten V de Hoop Earth Sciences Department Utrecht University Department of Geology and Geophysics and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN 55415USA Institut für Metallurgie TU ClausthalClausthal-ZellerfeldGermany Department of Mathematics and Center of Applied and Computational Mathematics Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA

Small-scale heterogeneity in the deep mantle is concentrated in the upper-mantle transition zone （TZ）, in the depth range 410-660 km and also at the bottom 250 km D＂ region. This encourages a more detailed investigation of the potential for seismic reflectivity imaging by modelling heterogeneous structures in mantle convection models including phase transitions of the TZ and D＂ regions. We applied finite elements with variable spacing near the boundary layers in 2-D cylindrical geometry that allow for sufficient spatial resolution. We investigated several models including an extended Boussinesq （EBA） model, focused on the D＂ region, and a compressible （ALA） model for the TZ region. The results for the D＂ region show typical lens-shaped structures of post-perovskite （PPV） embedded in the perovskite （PV） background mantle, where the thickness of the lenses, at 200-400 km, strongly depends on the Clapeyron slope of the PV-PPV transition. A second phase transition （double crossing） occurs in case the core temperature is higher than the intercept temperature Ti. Our phase-dependent rheology results in contrasting effective viscosity between PV and PPV. Our model results reveal a distinctly clear mechanical weakening of the PPV lenses with about an order of magnitude lower viscosity. The shear wave-speed distributions computed from our convection results are strongly correlated with the heterogeneous distribution of the mineral phase. Gradients in the seismic wave-speed that are the target of seismological reflectivity imaging are clearly revealed. The wave-speed results show a clear resolution of the top and bottom interfaces of the PPV lenses. Our ALA model for the TZ is based on a thermodynamical model for the magnesium end- member of an olivine-pyroxene mantle. The model predicts a much more complex distribution of mineral phases, compared to our D＂ results, in agreement with the greater number of mineral phases involved in the olivine-pyroxene phase diagram for the P

关键词： mantle convection phase transition post-perovskite mineralogical heterogeneity.

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Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia arising from an ectopic pancreas in the small bowel

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2014年第6期13卷 658-661页

作者： Francisco Igor Macedo Deepa Taggarshe Tafadzwa Makarawo Barry Herschman michael J jacobs Department of General Surgery Providence Hospital and Medical Centers Southfield MI 48075 USA Department of General Surgery Providence Hospital and Medical Centers Southfield MI 48075 USA Department of Pathology Providence Hospital and Medical Centers Southfield MI 48075 USA

BACKGROUND： Ectopic pancreatic tissue is relatively uncommon, and is characterized as pancreatic tissue with no contact with the normal pancreas, and with its own ductal system and blood supply. It is usually asymptomatic, and can be incidentally diagnosed by conventional imaging studies. METHOD： A 69-year-old woman with a prior history of bilateral breast carcinoma presented with ectopic pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia （PanIN） that was identified incidentally in the small bowel during an oncological resection of a synchronous primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma. RESULTS： The patient underwent subtotal pancreatectomy with splenectomy, regional lymphadenectomy, radical left nephrectomy, and small bowel resection with primary anastomosis of ectopic PanlN-2. She had an uneventful hospitalization and was discharged home on postoperative day 7. CONCLUSIONS： The occurrence of ectopic PanIN is extremely unusual with only few cases previously reported in the literature. The need for negative margins after surgical resection of ectopic PanIN lesions remains controversial.

关键词： ectopic pancreas pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia PanIN pancreatic adenocarcinoma

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Do Bilateral Investment Treaties Attract Foreign Direct Investment to Developing Countries？ A Review of the Empirical Literature

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International Relations and Diplomacy 2017年第10期5卷 583-593页

作者： michael jacobs Gordon College Massachusetts USA

States have signed over 3,000 bilateral investment treaties （BITs）. BITs stipulate the terms and conditions by which foreign investors from one country must be treated in another. A series of empirical studies have asked the question, do BITs increase foreign direct investment to less developed countries？ This paper reviews the literature. While the studies come to conflicting results, most studies suffer from the same methodological misstep--they fail to account for variation in treaties. The paper concludes that the most productive path forward for future research efforts includes using dyadic research designs that account for variation in BITs.

关键词： bilateral investment treaties BITs foreign direct investment multinational corporations less developedcountries developing countries

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Retroperitoneal High Grade Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma as a Second Metachronous Neoplasm Following Intracranial Meningioma

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Journal of Cancer Therapy 2011年第4期2卷 515-517页

作者： Armin Kamyab michael John jacobs 不详

Introduction: Meningiomas and retroperitoneal sarcomas are two distinct rare tumors, with an incidence of 2 and 0.4 cases per 100,000 respectively. Case Report: We report the case of a 39 year old woman with a history of intracranial meningioma who was found two months later to have a large retroperitoneal sarcoma on CT scan after presenting to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain. Pathologic evaluation was consistent with a high grade undifferentiated sarcoma. Discussion: It is highly unusual for a 39 year old otherwise healthy patient to present with two rare, seemingly unrelated tumors. It is our suspicion that there is a genetic component involved, however to date no association has been described in the literature between intracranial meningiomas and extracranial sarcomas. Conclusion: Besides being the first report of a retroperitoneal sarcoma occurring as a second metachronous neoplasm following an intracranial meningioma, we suspect that there is a genetic component involved. Further studies may indicate a genetic mutational link.

关键词： Meningioma Sarcoma Genetic

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精神动力学咨询与治疗的精要

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作者： (英)michael jacobs

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Clear Cell Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Rare Subtype

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Journal of Cancer Therapy 2011年第5期2卷 683-685页

作者： Armin Kamyab michael J. jacobs 不详

Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is generally divided into clear cell, papillary, and chromophobe subtypes. Clear cell papillary RCC is a recently described subtype. Case report: We report the case of a 42 year old female who was found on computed tomography scan of the abdomen to have a cyst which appeared to involve the right kidney. Pathology of the cyst wall revealed features consistent with a RCC, clear cell papillary type. Discussion: Clear cell papillary RCC are a recently described entity with less than 100 cases reported in the literature. Most cases in the literature have been associated with end-stage renal disease, however more case are being reported in patients without renal disease. Conclusion: Clear cell papillary RCC is a rare distinct entity in the spectrum of renal cell carcinoma. Based on the literature they appear to be clinically indolent tumors;however, more research is required to further characterize and prognosticate these rare tumors.

关键词： Renal Cell Carcinoma Clear Cell Papillary

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Total laparoscopic removal of accessory gallbladder:A case report and review of literature

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世界胃肠外科杂志：英文版（电子版） 2015年第12期7卷 398-402页

作者： Yaniv Cozacov Gokulakkrishna Subhas michael jacobs Janak Parikh Department of Surgery Providence Hospital and Medical Centers

Accessory gallbladder is a rare congenital anomaly occurring in 1 in 4000 births, that is not associated with any specific symptoms. Usually this cannot be diagnosed on ultrasonography and hence they are usually not diagnosed preoperatively. Removal of the accessory gallbladder is necessary to avoid recurrence of symptoms. H-type accessory gallbladder is a rare anomaly. Once identified intra-operatively during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the surgery is usually converted to open. By using the main gallbladder for liver traction and doing a dome down technique for the accessory gallbladder, we were able to perform the double cholecystectomy with intra-operative cholangiogram laparoscopically. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 27-year-old male for biliary colic. Prior imaging with computer tomography-scan and ultrasound did not show a duplicated gallbladder. Intraoperatively after ligation of cystic artery and duct an additional structure was seen on its medial aspect. Intraoperative cholangiogram confirmed the patency of intra-hepatic and extra-hepatic biliary ducts. Subsequent dissection around this structure revealed a second gallbladder with cystic duct(H-type). Pathological analysis confirmed the presence of two gallbladders with features of chronic cholecystitis. It is important to use cholangiogram to identify structural anomalies and avoid complications.

关键词： Gallstones Cholangiogram Laparoscopiccholecystectomy Accessory gallbladder Duplicatedgallbladder

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Hemolysis results in impaired intestinal microcirculation and intestinal epithelial cell injury

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第2期17卷 213-218页

作者： Sebastiaan J Hanssen Tim Lubbers Caroline M Hodin Frits W Prinzen Wim A Buurman michael J jacobs Department of Surgery Maastricht University Medical Center Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht Maastricht University Medical Center European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht Department of Vascular SurgeryUniversity Hospital Aachen Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht Maastricht University Medical Center Department of Physiology Maastricht University Medical Center

AIM:To study the effect of circulating cell-free oxy-hemoglobin(FHb) on intestinal microcirculation and intestinal epithelial injury in a rat model. METHODS:To induce elevated intravascular circulating FHb,male Sprague-Dawley rats received water or FHb *** changes in jejunum,ileum and colon were evaluated using fluorescent *** injury was quantified as plasmatic release of ileal lipid binding protein(iLBP) and verified by histological analysis of the ileum. RESULTS:Water and FHb infusions resulted,when compared with saline infusion,in reduced intestinal microcirculation(after 30 min P<0.05,or better;after 60 min FHb infusion P<0.05 for jejunum and colon) .Circulating FHb levels correlated significantly with release of iLBP(Spearman r=0.72,P=0.0011) .Epithelial cell injury of the villi was histologically observed after water and FHb infusions. CONCLUSION:This study shows that circulating FHb leads to a reduction in intestinal microcirculatory blood flow with marked injury to intestinal epithelial cells. These data support the hypothesis that circulating FHb contributes to the development of intestinal injury.

关键词： Hemoglobin Microcirculation Organ injury Vasoconstriction

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Cecal bascule herniation into the lesser sac

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2014年第12期2卷 903-906页

作者： Tafadzwa Makarawo Francisco Igor Macedo michael J jacobs Department of Surgery Providence Hospital and Medical Centers Southfield MI 48075 United States

Cecal bascule is a rare cause of bowel obstruction in which a mobile cecum folds anteriorly and superiorly over the ascending colon. Herein, we present the first case of internal herniation of a cecal bascule into the lesser sac through the foramen of winslow, aiming at discussing radiological findings, differential diagnosis,and surgical management of this uncommon condition.A 75-year-old female presented to the emergency room with an 18-h history of sudden onset sharp, progressively worsening abdominal pain associated with vomiting. Physical exam revealed abdominal distention and epigastric tenderness while initial laboratory tests were unremarkable. Computed tomography of her abdomen and pelvis showed a loop of distended colon within lesser sac without signs of bowel ischemia or perforation. On exploratory laparotomy, a cecal bascule was found herniating into lesser sac via foramen of *** reduction, the cecum appeared viable therefore a cecopexy was performed without bowel *** cecal volvulus, cecal bascule consists of no axial rotation of the bowel with no mesenteric vascular compromise and therefore ischemia would only occur from intraluminal tension or extraluminal compression from the borders of foramen of winslow. The management of internal herniation of a cecal bascule is always surgical including anatomic resection or cecopexy.

关键词： Cecal Bascule Hernia Internal Foramen Winslow

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