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Inter-signal interaction and uncertain information in anuran multimodal signals

Current Zoology 2011年第2期57卷 153-161页

作者： ryan C. TAYLOR Barrett A. KLEIN michael j. ryan Department of Biological Sciences Salisbury University Salisbury MD 21801 USA Section of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute P.O. Box 0843-03092 Balboa Ancon Republic of Panama

Disentangling the influence of multiple signal components on receivers and elucidating general processes influencing complex signal evolution are difficult tasks. In this study we test mate preferences of female squirrel treefrogs Hyla squirella and female tungara frogs Physalaemus pustulosus for similar combinations of acoustic and visual components of their multimodal courtship signals. In a two-choice playback experiment with squirrel treefrogs, the visual stimulus of a male model significantly increased the attractivness of a relatively unattractive slow call rate. A previous study demonstrated that faster call rates are more attractive to female squirrel treefrogs, and all else being equal, models of male frogs with large body stripes are more attractive. In a similar experiment with female tungara frogs, the visual stimulus of a robotic frog failed to increase the attractiveness of a relatively unattractive call. Females also showed no preference for the distinct stripe on the robot that males commonly bear on their throat. Thus, features of conspicuous signal components such as body stripes are not universally important and signal function is likely to differ even among species with similar ecologies and communication systems. Finally, we discuss the putative information content of anuran signals and suggest that the categorization of redundant versus multiple messages may not be sufficient as a general explanation for the evolution of multimodal signaling. Instead of relying on untested assumptions concerning the information content of signals, we discuss the value of initially collecting comparative empirical data sets related to receiver responses.

关键词： Inter-signal interaction Multimodal signaling Signal detection Signal weighting Squirrel treefrog Hyla squirella Tfingara frog Physalaemus pustulosus Vocal sac

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载货电梯为何使用垂直滑动门

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中国电梯 2015年第23期26卷 43-43,72页

作者： michael j. ryan The Peelle Company Middle Island NY 11953 USA

人们在建筑设计阶段考虑大楼内最有效的货物垂直运输问题时，往往会考虑电梯的用途、需要运输的物品以及未来电梯的运载能力和尺寸等因素。在美国，商场和工业建筑内的载货电梯较多采用垂直滑动门，特别是垂直中分式滑动门，因为这种门... 详细信息

人们在建筑设计阶段考虑大楼内最有效的货物垂直运输问题时，往往会考虑电梯的用途、需要运输的物品以及未来电梯的运载能力和尺寸等因素。在美国，商场和工业建筑内的载货电梯较多采用垂直滑动门，特别是垂直中分式滑动门，因为这种门系统的优越性已被实践所证实。垂直中分开门方式可以获得最大限度的净开门宽度，

关键词：载货电梯滑动门垂直运输问题工业建筑设计阶段运载能力门系统

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Robotic Foregut Surgery: One Surgeon’s Experience with Nissen Fundoplication, Esophagomyotomy, and Hiatal Hernia Repair

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Surgical Science 2012年第1期3卷 1-9页

作者： Franziska Huettner Robin A. Alley j.mie L. Doubet michael j. ryan Danuta I. Dynda David L. Crawford Department of Radiology University of Michigan Hospital Ann Arbor USA Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery Department of Surgery College of Medicine University of Illinois at Peoria Illinois Medical Center Peoria USA Division of Plastic Surgery Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham UK

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to review a single surgeon, seven-year experience, using the Da Vinci Telerobotic system performing 124 foregut operations. Methods: Data review from 2002-2009 including 71 Nissen fundoplications, 26 esophagomyotomies, and 27 hiatal hernia repairs was performed. Parameters collected included gender, age, body mass index (BMI), estimated blood loss (EBL), port set up time (PST), robot operating time (ROT), total case time (TCT), length of stay (LOS), complications, conversions, and resident involvement. Statistical analysis was con-ducted. Results: 124 foregut operations: 45 males, 79 females, mean age of 54.8 ± 16.7 (18 - 85) years, mean TCT 174.4 ± 45.0 (102 - 321) min. Nissen fundoplication: mean BMI of 30.8 ± 3.9 (22.4 - 46.8) kg/m2, EBL 30.2 ± 21.8 (5 - 100) ml, PST 32.3 ± 9 (14 - 63) min, ROT 111.4 ± 37.3 (51 - 229) min, TCT 175.0 ± 46.4 (102 - 321) min, median LOS 1 (0 - 9) day, complication rate 7.0% (5/71), conversion rate 5.6%, resident involvement 69.0% (49/71). Esophagomyotomy: mean BMI of 26.5 ± 6.1 (15.4 - 36.6) kg/m2, EBL 39.1 ± 41.7 (10 - 200) ml, PST 28.0 ± 8.6 (16 - 47) min, ROT 122.9 ± 45 (31 - 217) min, and TCT 178.0 ± 40.5 (105 - 262) min, median LOS 1 (0 - 6) day, complication rate 15.4% (4/26), conversion rate 0%, resident involvement 69.2% (18/26). Hiatal hernia repair: mean BMI of 28.4 ± 4.2 (21.9 - 36.8) kg/m2, EBL 38.4 ± 32.7 (10 - 150) ml, PST 28.8 ± 8.0 (17 - 52) min, ROT 109.0 ± 44.5 (49 - 250) min, and TCT 169.2 ± 46.5 (102 - 299) min, median LOS 1 (1 - 14) day, complication rate 11.1% (3/27), conversion rate 3.7%, resident involvement 66.7% (18/27). Conclusion: Robotic-assisted foregut surgery is safe and effective. This series compares favorably with other robotic studies in length of hospital stay, total case time, and complication and conver-sion rates. Foregut surgery is an excellent robotic training ground for residents.

关键词： Robot Foregut Nissen Fundoplication Hiatal Hernia Esophagomyotomy

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SIMULTANEOUS SAXS/WAXS/DSC STUDIES ON MICROSTRUCTURE OF CONVENTIONAL AND METALLOCENE-BASED ETHYLENE-BUTENE COPOLYMERS

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Chinese j.urnal of Polymer Science 2004年第3期22卷 279-287页

作者：徐君庭 Anthony j. ryan Department of Polymer Science & Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China Chemistry Department The University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF UK

The fractions of one metallocene-based (mPE) and one conventional (znPE) ethylene-butene copolymer eluted at from temperature rising elution fractionation were selected for DSC and time-resolved small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) characterization. The DSC and WAXS results show that two crystal structures exist in both mPE and znPE: structure A with higher melting temperature and structure B with lower melting temperature. It was found that original znPE (s-znPE) contains more highly ordered structure A than original mPE (s-mPE) in spite of the higher comonomer content of znPE. Another structure C is also identified because of higher crystallinity measured by WAXS than by DSC and is attributed to the interfacial region. The SAXS data were analyzed with correlation function and two maxima were observed in s-mPE and s-znPE, in agreement with the conclusion of two crystal populations drawn from DSC and WAXS results. These two crystal populations have close long periods in s-mPE, but very different long periods in s-znPE. In contrast, freshly crystallized mPE and znPE (f-mPE and f-znPE) contain only a single crystal population with a broader distribution of long period

关键词： SAXS WAXS Microstructure Metallocene Ethylene-butene copolymer

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Female mate choice and the potential for ornament evolution in túngara frogs Physalaemus pustulosus

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Current Zoology 2010年第3期56卷 343-357页

作者： michael j.ryan Ximena E.BERNAL A.Stanley RAND Section of Integrative Biology C0930 University of Texas Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution Department of Biological Science Texas Tech University Srnithsonian Tropical Research Institution

The potential for ornament evolution in response to sexual selection rests on the interaction between the permissive- ness or selectivity of female preferences and the constraints on male development of signaling related traits. We investigate the former by determining how latent female preferences either exaggerate the magnitude of current traits （i.e. elaborations） or favor novel traits （i.e. innovations）. In tt^ngara frogs, females prefer complex mating calls （whine-chucks） to simple calls （whine only）. The whine is critical for mate recognition while the chuck further enhances the attractiveness of the call. Here we use a combina- tion of synthetic and natural stimuli to examine latent female preferences. Our results show that a diversity of stimuli, including conspecific and heterospecific calls as well as predator-produced and human-made sounds, increase the attractiveness of a call when added to a whine. These stimuli do not make simple calls more attractive than a whine-chuck, however. In rare cases we found stimuli that added to the whine decrease the attractiveness of the call. Overall, females show strong preferences for both elaborations and innovations of the chuck. We argue that the emancipation of these acoustic adornments from mate recognition allows such female permissiveness, and that male constraints on signal evolution are probably more important in explaining why males evolved their specific adornment. Experimentally probing latent female preferences for stimuli out of the species＇ range is a useful means to gain insights about the potential of female choice to influence signal evolution and thus the astounding diversity in male sexually-selected traits [Current Zoology 56 （3）： 343-357, 2010].

关键词： Mate choice Ornament evolution Tfingara frogs Physalaemus pustulosus

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Behavioral and neural auditory thresholds in a frog

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Current Zoology 2019年第3期65卷 333-341页

作者： ryan C.TAYLOR Karin AKRE Walter WILCZYNSKI michael j.ryan Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA Department of Biological Sciences Salisbury University Salisbury MD USA Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience Georgia State University Atlanta GA USA

Vocalizations play a critical role in mate recognition and mate choice in a number of taxa, especially, but not limited to, orthopterans, frogs, and birds. But receivers can only recognize and prefer sounds that they can hear. Thus a fundamental question linking neurobiology and sexual selection asks-what is the threshold for detecting acoustic sexual displays? In this study, we use 3 methods to assess such thresholds in tdngara frogs: behavioral responses, auditory brainstem responsesz and multi unit electrophysiological recordi ngs from the *** show that thresholds are lowest for multiunit recordings (ca. 45 dB SPL), and then for behavioral responses (ca. 61 dB SPL), with auditory brainstem responses exhibiting the highest thresholds (ca. 71 dB SPL). We discuss why these estimates differ and why, as with other studies, it is unlikely that they should be the same. Although all of these studies estimate thresholds they are not measuring the same thresholds;behavioral thresholds are based on signal salienee whereas the 2 neural assays estimate physiological thresholds. All 3 estimates, however, make it clear that to have an appreciation for detection and salienee of acoustic signals we must listen to those signals through the ears of the receivers.

关键词： anurans auditory brainstem responses auditory thresholds mate choice Physalaemus pustulosus signal recog nition thresholds sexual selection tungara frogs vocalizations

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Does sexual dimorphism vary by population? Laryngeal and ear anatomy in cricket frogs

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Current Zoology 2019年第3期65卷 343-352页

作者： Blinda E.MCCLELLAND michael j.ryan Walter WILCZYNSKI Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience Georgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA

Acoustic communication in many anuran species can show the effects of both natural and sexual selection. This is reflected in the sexually dimorphic an atomy of the lary nx and ear structures, as well as the allometric relationship of these morphological traits to head or body size. In this study, we examined laryngeal and ear structures of cricket frogs Acris crepitans not only as sexually dimorphic characteristics, but also as they differ across populations in environmentally different habitats. We used 2-way ANOVA to determine whether the volumetric or linear measurements of these structures differed by sex and population. Females have significantly larger body, head, and ear sizes, but significantly smaller larynges than males. Furthermore, females as well as males show larger body and head sizes, ears, and larynges in a dryer open habitat. An ANCOVA analysis shows that males, but not females, differ in laryngeal size across populations beyond the allometric changes attributable to head size alone indicating that males have a greater degree of laryngeal population variation. In contrast, our covariate analysis found that in both sexes many of the ear differences are non-sigrdficant once head size is accounted for, suggesting that most of the population-level ear variation is due to allometric effects of body size. We conclude that although both sexes show size differences in the larynx related to selection for larger body size in dry, open habitats, selection on males for larger larynx size related to the production of lower frequency calls in those habitats does not result in correlated changes in the female larynx. The results suggest that in anurans, selection for changes in body and head size affects both sexes equally, male calls and the vocal structures responsible for them can further diversify without concordant changes in females.

关键词： acoustic communication allometry amphibians population variation sex differences

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Structural brain volume differences between cognitively intact ApoE4 carriers and non-carriers across the lifespan

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Neural Regeneration Research 2018年第8期13卷 1309-1312页

作者： ryan j.Piers Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University

Apolipoprotein E4（ApoE4） is a prominent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer＇s disease. The purpose of this review is to explore differences in structural brain volume detected by magnetic resonance imaging between cognitively intact ApoE4 carriers and non-carriers across the lifespan（i.e., older adults, middle-aged adults, young adults, children and adolescents, and neonates）. Consistent findings are found throughout various developmental stages. This area of research may elucidate the mechanisms by which ApoE4 influences risk of developing Alzheimer＇s disease. It could also inform potential treatment strategies and interventions for carriers of the ApoE4 allele.

关键词： MRI healthy aging genetic risk factor biomarker Alzheimer's disease

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Estimating potential harvestable biomass for bioenergy from sustainably managed private native forests in Southeast Queensland, Australia

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Forest Ecosystems 2018年第1期5卷 62-76页

作者： michael r.ngugi victor j.neldner sean ryan tom lewis j.aorong li phillip norman michelle mogilski department of environment and sciencequeensland herbariumMt Coot-tha RoadToowongQld 4066Australia private forestry service queensland 8 Fraser RdGympieQld 4570Australa department of agriculture and fisheries university of sunshine coastSippy DownsQld 4556Australia department of environment and science soil and land resources41 Boggo RoadDutton ParkQld 4102Australia university of queensland St LuciaQld 4072Australia

Background： Australia＇s energy future is at the crossroads and the role of renewable sources is in focus. Biomass from sustainably managed forests provide a significant opportunity for electricity and heat generation and production of liquid fuels. Australia has extensive native forests of which a significant proportion are on private land. However, there is limited knowledge on the potential capacity of this resource to contribute to the expansion of a biomass for bioenergy industry. In addition, there are concerns on how to reconcile biomass harvesting with environmental protection. Methods： We used regional ecosystem vegetation mapping for Queensland to stratify harvestable forests within the 1.8 m hectares of private native forests present in the Southeast Queensland bioregion in 2014. We used a dataset of 52,620 individual tree measurements from 541 forest inventory plots collected over the last 10 years. Tree biomass was estimated using current biomass allometric equations for Australia. Biomass potentially available from selective sawlog harvesting and silvicultural treatment across the bioregion was calculated and mapped. Results： Current sawlog harvesting extracts 41.4% of the standing tree biomass and a biomass for bioenergy harvest would retain on average 36% of felled tree biomass on site for the protection of environmental and fauna habitat values. The estimated area extent of harvestable private native forests in the bioregion in 2013 was 888,000 ha and estimated available biomass for bioenergy in living trees was 13.6 million tonnes （t）. The spotted gum （Corymbio citriodora subsp, variegata） forests were the most extensive, covering an area of 379,823 ha and with a biomass for bioenergy yield of 14.2 t-ha-1 （with approximately 11.2 ***-1 of the biomass harvested from silvicultural thinning and 3 ***-1 recovered from sawlog harvest residual）. Conclusions： Silvicultural treatment of private native forests in the Southeast Queensland bioregion, has the

关键词： Renewable energy Forest biomass Woody biomass Native forests Silvicultural management Biomassretention Biobased

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Endoscopic Management of Pediatric Cholesteatoma

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j.urnal of Otology 2020年第1期15卷 17-26页

作者： Peter j.ryan Nirmal P.Patel Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Royal North Shore HospitalSt LeonardsNSWAustralia Kolling Deafness Research Centre Macquarie University and University of SydneyNSWAustralia

Pediatric cholesteatoma occurs in one of two forms:congenital cholesteatoma,developing from embryonic epidermal cell rests or acquired cholesteatoma,associated with a focal defect in the tympanic *** disease has been traditionally managed with the operating microscope,often requiring mastoidectomy for adequate visualization of and access to the middle ear and mastoid ***,advances in endoscopic equipment have enabled otologists to manage most cases of pediatric cholesteatoma via a minimally-invasive,transcanal endoscopic *** review discusses the current literature relating to the etiopathogenesis,assessment and endoscopic management of pediatric *** outcomes of endoscopic treatment,emerging trends and technologies are also reviewed.

关键词： Cholesteatoma Pediatric Endoscopic Minimally-invasive Middle ear Mastoid

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