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A primitive confuciusornithid bird from China and its implications for early avian flight

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Science China Earth Sciences 2008年第5期51卷 625-639页

作者： michael j. BENTON Department of Earth Sciences University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1RJ UK

Confuciusornithids, lived from 120–125 million years ago, form a basal bird group and include the oldest birds with horny beaks. Here we describe Eoconfuciusornis zhengi, gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Dabeigou Formatio (131 Ma) in Fengning, Hebei Province, northern China. It represents a new and, more primitive than other known, member of this group and extends the lifespan of this family to 11 Ma, the longest of any known Early Cretaceous avian lineages. Furthermore, Eoconfuciusornis and its relatives present many osteological transformations, such as the size increase of the deltopectoral crest of the humerus and the keel of the sternum, apparently an adaptation toward improved flight in the evolution of the Confuciusornithidae.

关键词： Birds Early Cretaceous confuciusornithids flight

Knowing your enemies： Integrating molecular and ecological methods to assess the impact of arthropod predators on crop pests

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Insect Science 2015年第1期22卷 6-19页

作者： michael j. Furlong School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland 4072 Austrafia

The importance of natural enemies as the foundation of integrated pest management （IPM） is widely accepted, but few studies conduct the manipulative field experiments necessary to directly quantify their impact on pest populations in this context. This is particularly true for predators. Studying arthropod predator-prey interactions is inherently difficult： prey items are often completely consumed, individual predator-prey interactions are ephemeral （rendering their detection difficult） and the typically fluid or soft-bodied meals cannot be easily identified visually within predator guts. Serological techniques have long been used in arthropod predator gut-contents analysis, and current enzyme linked immunosorbent assays （ELISA） are highly specific and sensitive. Recently, poly- merase chain reaction （PCR） methods for gut-contents analysis have developed rapidly and they now dominate the diagnostic methods used for gut-contents analysis in field-based research. This work has identified trophic linkages within food webs, determined predator diet breadth and preference, demonstrated the importance of cannibalism and intraguild predation within and between certain taxa, and confirmed the benefits （predator persis- tence） and potential disadvantages （reduced feeding on pest species） of the availability of alternative nonpest prey. Despite considerable efforts to calibrate gut-contents assays, these methods remain qualitative. Available techniques for predator gut-contents analysis can provide rapid, accurate, cost-effective identification of predation events. As such, they perfectly compliment the ecological methods developed to directly assess predator im- pacts on prey populations but which are imperfect at identifying the key predators. These diagnostic methods for gut-contents analysis are underexploited in agricultural research and they are almost never applied in unison with the critical field experiments to measure predator impact. This paper stresses the need fo

关键词： conservation biological control enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) gut-contents analysis immunomarking integrated pest management (IPM) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Reevaluating the conceptual framework for applied research on host-plant resistance

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Insect Science 2013年第3期20卷 263-272页

作者： michael j. Stout Department of Entomology Louisiana State University Agricultural Center 404 Life Sciences Building Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA

Applied research on host-plant resistance to arthropod pests has been guided over the past 60 years by a framework originally developed by Reginald Painter in his 1951 book, Insect Resistance in Crop Plants. Painter divided the ＂phenomena＂ of resistance into three ＂mechanisms,＂ nonpreference （later renamed antixenosis）, antibiosis, and tolerance. The weaknesses of this framework are discussed. In particular, this trichotomous framework does not encompass all known mechanisms of resistance, and the antixenosis and antibiosis categories are ambiguous and inseparable in practice. These features have perhaps led to a simplistic approach to understanding arthropod resistance in crop plants. A dichotomous scheme is proposed as a replacement, with a maj.r division between resistance （plant traits that limit inj.ry to the plant） and tolerance （plant traits that reduce amount of yield loss per unit inj.ry）, and the resistance category subdivided into constitutive/inducible and direct/indirect subcategories. The most important benefits of adopting this dichotomous scheme are to more closely align the basic and applied literatures on plant resistance and to encourage a more mechanistic approach to studying plant resistance in crop plants. A more mechanistic approach will be needed to develop novel approaches for integrating plant resistance into pest management programs.

关键词： antibiosis antixenosis host-plant resistance integrated pest management,plant-insect interactions tolerance

Quantitative Conservation of Vertebrates 1

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Modern fracturing : enhancing natural gas production

2009年

作者： michael j. Conroy j.hn P. Carroll

ISBN: (数字)9781444303155

ISBN: (纸本)9781405190985

This book provides a hands-on introduction to the construction and application of models to studies of vertebrate distribution, abundance, and habitat. The book is aimed at field biologists, conservation planners, and advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students who are involved with planning and analyzing conservation studies, and applying the results to conservation decisions. The book also acts as a bridge to more advanced and mathematically challenging coverage in the wider literature. Part I provides a basic background in population and community modeling. It introduces statistical models, and familiarizes the reader with important concepts in the design of monitoring and research programs. These programs provide the essential data that guide conservation decision making. Part II covers the principal methods used to estimate abundance, occupancy, demographic parameters, and community parameters, including occupancy sampling, sample counts, distance sampling, and capture-mark-recapture (for both closed and open populations). Emphasis is placed on practical aspects of designing and implementing field studies, and the proper analysis of data. Part III introduces structured decision making and adaptive management, in which predictive models are used to inform conservation decision makers on appropriate decisions in the face of uncertainty—with the goal of reducing uncertainty through monitoring and research. A detailed case study is used to illustrate each of these themes. Numerous worked examples and accompanying electronic material (on a website - http://***/conroy - and accompanying CD) provide the details of model construction and application, and data analysis.

关键词： Vertebrate populationsMathematical models.Conservation biologyMathematical models.

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2007年

作者： michael j. Economides Tony Martin [editors].

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Marketing 14th ed.

Effects and mechanisms of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxins for mosquito larvae

2007年

作者： michael j. Etzel William j.Stanton. Bruce j. Walker

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Insect Science 2017年第5期24卷 714-729页

作者： Qi Zhang Gang Hua michael j. Adang College of Plant Protection Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang China Department of Entomology University of GeorgiaAthens GA USA Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Georgia Athens GA USA

Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that produces insecticidal crystalline inclusions during sporulation phases of the mother cell. The vir- ulence factor, known as parasporal crystals, is composed of Cry and Cyt toxins. Most Cry toxins display a common 3-domain topology. Cry toxins exert intoxication through toxin activation, receptor binding and pore formation in a suitable larval gut environment. The mosquitocidal toxins of Bt subsp, israelensis （Bti） were found to be highly active against mosquito larvae and are widely used for vector control. Bt subsp, j.gathesan is another strain which possesses high potency against broad range of mosquito larvae. The present review summarizes characterized receptors for Cry toxins in mosquito larvae, and will also discuss the diversity and effects of 3-D mosquitocidal Cry toxin and the ongo- ing research for Cry toxin mechanisms generated from investigations of lepidopteran and dipteran larvae.

关键词： Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins mode of action mosquito receptors

Effect of the postfeeding interval on olfactory responses of thrips to herbivore-induced cotton plants

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Insect Science 2016年第6期23卷 881-892页

作者： Rehan Silva Gimme H. Walter Lewis j. Wilson michael j. Furlong School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Cotton Research Unit CSIRO Agriculture Flagship Narrabri NSW 2390 Austrafia

We investigated the responses of 3 thrips species, Frankliniella schultzei Tryborn, E occidentalis Pergrande, and Thrips tabaci Lindeman （Thysanoptera： Thripidae） to herbivore-damaged and undamaged cotton seedlings （Gossypium hirsutum L. [Malvales： Malvaceae]） at a range of time intervals following damage by adult Tetranychus urticae （Koch）, adult T. ludeni （Zacher）（Acari： Tetranychidae） or Helicoverpa armigera （Hubner）（Lepidoptera： Noctuidae） larvae in olfactometer assays. The intensity/frequency of the response of thrips to herbivore-induced plants decreased with time and ultimately disappeared in all cases; however, the rate at which the response declined was related to the herbivore species that inflicted the damage. All 3 species of thrips were attracted to plants damaged by T. urticae for longer than they were to plants damaged by T. ludeni. The duration for which damaged plants remained attractive was also affected by the degree of damage inflicted on cotton seedlings. For example, E schultzei was attracted to plants damaged by a higher density of two-spotted spider mites （100/plant） for much longer than to plants damaged by a lower density of these mites （50/plant）. The results reinforce previous studies that demonstrate that arrangement of variables influences the responses of thrips to their herbivore-induced cotton host plants. Results also show that these responses are variable in time following herbivore damage to cotton plants, which further demonstrates how difficult it is to generalize about the functional significance of these interactions.

关键词： attraction cotton duration induced responses olfactometer Thysanoptera

Effects of single and dual species herbivory on the behavioral responses of three thrips species to cotton seedlings

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Insect Science 2017年第4期24卷 684-698页

作者： Rehan Silva Gimme H. Walter Lewis j. Wilson michael j. Furlong School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia Cotton Research Unit CSIRO Agriculture Flagship Locked Bag 59 Narrabri NSW 2390 Australia

This study investigated the olfactory responses of 3 thrips species [Frankliniella schultzei Trybom, E occidentalis Pergrande and Thrips tabaci Lindeman （Thysanoptera： Thripidae）] to cotton seedlings [Gossypium hirsutum L. （Malvales： Malvaceae）] simulta- neously damaged by different combinations of herbivores. Cotton seedlings were damaged by foliar feeding Tetranychus urticae Koch （Trombidiforms： Tetranychidae）, Helicoverpa armigera Hibner （Lepidoptera： Noctuidae）, Aphis＇ gossypii Glover （Hemiptera： Aphidi- dae） or root feeding Tenebrio molitor L. （Coleoptera： Tenebrionidae）. Thrips responses to plants simultaneously damaged by 2 species of herbivore were additive and equivalent to the sum of the responses of thrips to plants damaged by single herbivore species feeding alone. For example, E occidentalis was attracted to T. urticae damaged plants but more attracted to undamaged plants than to plants damaged by H. armigera. Plants simultane- ously damaged by low densities of T. urticae and H. armigera repelled E occidentalis but as T. urticae density increased relative to H. armigera density, E occidentalis attraction to coinfested plants increased proportionally. Thrips tabaci did not discriminate between un- damaged plants and plants damaged by H. armigera but were attracted to plants damaged by T. urticae alone or simultaneously damaged by T. urticae and H. armigera. Olfactometer assays showed that simultaneous feeding by 2 herbivores on a plant can affect predator- prey interactions. Attraction of F. occidentalis to plants damaged by its T. urticae prey was reduced when the plant was simultaneously damaged by H. armigera, T. molitor, or A. gossypii and F. schultzei was more attracted to plants simultaneously damaged by T. urticae and H. armigera than to plants damaged by T. urticae alone. We conclude that plant responses to feeding by I species of herbivore are affected by responses to feeding by other herbivores. These plant-mediated interactions between herbivo

关键词： attraction dual-herbivory Frankliniella occidentalis Frankliniella schultzei induced responses predictability simultaneous damage Thrips tabaci