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The Global Energy and Water Exchanges(GEWEX)Project in Central Asia:The Case for a Regional Hydroclimate Project

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第5期41卷 777-783页

作者： michael brody Maksim KULIKOV Sagynbek ORUNBAEV Peter J.VAN OEVELEN International Agricultural University Tashkent 111200Uzbekistan George Mason University FairfaxVirginia 22030USA University of Central Asia Bishkek 720001Kyrgyz Republic American University of Central Asia Bishkek 720060Kyrgyz Republic International GEWEX project George Mason UniversityFairfaxVirginia 22030USA

Central Asia consists of the former Soviet Republics,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyz Republic,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,and *** region’s climate is continental,mostly semi-arid to *** is a significant part of the region’s *** its nature of intensive water use,agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate *** growth and irrigation development have significantly increased the demand for water in the *** climate change issues include melting glaciers and a shrinking snowpack,which are the foundation of the region’s water resources,and a changing precipitation *** glaciers are located in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan,leading to transboundary water resource *** already has extremely high *** indicate that Central Asia has been warming and precipitation might be *** warming is expected to increase,but its spatial and temporal distribution depends upon specific global *** of future precipitation show significant uncertainties in type,amount,and *** Hydroclimate Projects(RHPs)are an approach to studying these *** steps to develop an RHP began in 2021 with a widely distributed online survey about these climate *** was followed up with an online workshop and then,in 2023,an in-person workshop,held in Tashkent,*** for the Global Energy and Water Exchanges(GEWEX)project for the region include both observations and modeling,as well as development of better and additional precipitation observations,all of which are topics for the next workshop.A well-designed RHP should lead to reductions in critical climate uncertainties in policy-relevant timeframes that can influence decisions on necessary investments in climate adaptation.

关键词： GEWEX Central Asia climate change agriculture

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Human Health Cost of Air Pollution in Kazakhstan

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2013年第8期4卷 869-876页

作者： Ussen Kenessariyev Alexander Golub michael brody Askhat Dosmukhametov Meiram Amrin Aya Erzhanova Dinara Kenessary Department of Environmental Science American University Washington DC USA Department of Public Health Kazakh National Medical University Named after S.D. Asfendiyarov Almaty Department of Public Health Kazakh National Medical University Named after S.D. Asfendiyarov Almaty Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, like other former Soviet Republics, inherited a number of serious environmental problems. Air pollution is one of these serious problems, leading to significant environmental health effects on the population of Kazakhstan. This study provides a baseline analysis of health damages from air pollution, based on readily available information. Mean estimates of mortality risk attributable to air pollution are about 16,000 cases per year with a 95% confidence level of the risk not exceeding 25,500. Even taking into account all the uncertainties related to the collection and processing of primary data, as well as the application of risk analysis methodology, we conclude that air pollution in Kazakhstan constitutes a significant contribution to the environmental burden of diseases. In relative terms, the impact of air pollution on premature mortality in Kazakhstan is notably higher than in Russia and the Ukraine.

关键词： Air Pollution PM Kazakhstan Health Risk Uncertainty

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Risk Assessment Capacity Building Program in Zaporizhzhia Ukraine: Emissions Inventory Construction, Ambient Modeling, and Hazard Results

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2013年第12期4卷 1476-1487页

作者： Jane C. Caldwell Andrei Serdyuk Olena Turos Arina Petrosian Oleg Kartavtsev Simon Avaliani Alexander Golub Elena Strukova michael brody 1Office of the Chief Financial Officer US Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC USA 2American University Washington DC USA. American University Washington DC USA National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development US Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC USA O. M. Marzeiev Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology National Academy of Medical Sciences Kyiv Ukraine Russian Academy of Advanced Medical Studies Center for Risk Assessment Moscow Russia World Bank Washington DC USA

Historically, Ukraine has been a major source of industrial production for the former Soviet Union and the source of pollution associated with an aging industrial infrastructure. The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the Ukrainian Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR) entered into partnership to develop Ukrainian expertise and capacity in risk assessment so that Ukraine could more effectively use its National and Regional Environmental Protection Funds and set priorities for cleanup and regulation. Ukrainian scientists, local officials, and EPA consultants conducted a pilot study in the heavily industrialized Zaporizhzhia Oblast so that the process, analytical tools, and approach for a risk assessment could be developed for and tailored to Ukrainian needs. As a first step, site-specific information was obtained from multiple sources of air pollution and an emissions inventory of air pollution developed. Efforts by local officials were critical for emissions inventory construction. After refinements were made to the inventory, Ukrainian scientists then performed exposure modeling using this information so that ambient concentrations of pollutants could be estimated. 11 industry types (i.e., enterprises) were identified as a major emission source. Results of the modeling effort demonstrated that emissions estimates of particulate matter (as measured by particles of less than 10 micron diameter or “PM10”) and a number of carcinogens were consistent with those from other cities with high concentrations of metallurgical industries in former Soviet Union countries, and were above safety standards. Hazard information was gathered from international databases for each of the estimated pollutants. Using such data, prioritization and identification of potential health concerns can be made, but most importantly, the expertise and experience gained from the pilot allowed for continued support of risk assessment capacity building in the Ukraine and s

关键词： Air Pollution Exposure Modeling Ukraine Risk Assessment

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Objective screening for olfactory and gustatory dysfunction during the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective study in healthcare workers using self-administered testing

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2022年第3期8卷 249-256页

作者： Austin C.Cao Zachary M.Nimmo Natasha Mirza Noam A.Cohen Robert M.brody Richard L.Doty Perelman School of Medicine University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA Corporal michael J.Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center PhiladelphiaPAUSA Monell Chemical Senses Center PhiladelphiaPAUSA

Background: Smell and taste loss are highly prevalent symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), although few studies have employed objective measures to quantify these symptoms, especially dysgeusia. Reports of unrecognized anosmia in COVID-19 patients suggests that self-reported measures are insufficient for capturing patients with chemosensory ***: The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact of recent COVID-19 infection on chemosensory function and demonstrate the use of at-home objective smell and taste testing in an at-risk population of healthcare ***: Two hundred and fifty healthcare workers were screened for possible loss of smell and taste using online surveys. Self-administered smell and taste tests were mailed to respondents meeting criteria for elevated risk of infection, and one-month follow-up surveys were ***: Among subjects with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, 73% reported symptoms of olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction. Self-reported smell and taste loss were both strong predictors of COVID-19 positivity. Subjects with evidence of recent SARS-CoV-2 infection (<45 days) had significantly lower olfactory scores but equivalent gustatory scores compared to other subjects. There was a time-dependent increase in smell scores but not in taste scores among subjects with prior infection and chemosensory symptoms. The overall infection rate was 4.4%, with 2.5% reported by PCR ***: Healthcare workers with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection had reduced olfaction and normal gustation on self-administered objective testing compared to those without infection. Rates of infection and chemosensory symptoms in our cohort of healthcare workers reflect those of the general public.

关键词： Anosmia Brief Smell Identification Test Chemosensory dysfunction COVID-19 Dysgeusia Gustation Healthcare workers Objective testing Olfaction Screening University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test

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A Prospective, Open-Label, 12 Week Trial of S-adenosylmethionine in the Symptomatic Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

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Neuroscience & Medicine 2011年第3期2卷 222-225页

作者： Maja L. Rudolph michael Rabinoff Bruce L. Kagan 不详

Objective: To determine if treatment with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e) might lead to cognitive and behavioral improvement in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Interventions: We conducted a prospective, open-label study of six subjects who were given oral SAM-e over 12 weeks and measured the effects on cognition and behavior. Outcome measures: Outcome measures of cognition and behavior included the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Behave-AD, Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), informant version, Blessed Dementia Scale to assess activities of daily living (ADL), the Physical Self-Maintainance Scale (PSMS), and the Lawton-brody IADL Scale to measure instrumental activities of daily living. Results: At study completion, two subjects were “moderately improved” and 4 were “minimally improved” on the CGI. Five subjects improved on the ADAS-Cog by an average of 20%. No significant side effects were reported. Conclusions: In this small open label study, SAM-e appeared to have a beneficial effect in patients with AD, but the small subject number didn’t provide enough power to show statistical significance. Controlled trials with adequate statistical power to investigate its utility in AD are warranted.

关键词： S-adenosylmethionine Treatment Alzheimer’s Disease

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