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Global Wheat Head Detection Challenges:Winning Models and Application for Head Counting

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Plant Phenomics 2023年第3期5卷 460-473页

作者： Etienne David Franklin Ogidi Daniel smith scott Chapman Benoit de Solan Wei Guo Frederic Baret Ian Stavness UMR 1114 EMMAH INRAEAvignonFrance Arvalis–Institut du Végétal ParisFrance Department of Computer Science University of SaskatchewanSaskatoonCanada School of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of TokyoTokyoJapan

Data competitions have become a popular approach to crowdsource new data analysis methods for general and specialized data science *** competitions have a rich history in plant phenotyping,and new outdoor field datasets have the potential to embrace solutions across research and commercial *** developed the Global Wheat Challenge as a generalization competition in 2020 and 2021 to find more robust solutions for wheat head detection using field images from different *** analyze the winning challenge solutions in terms of their robustness when applied to new *** found that the design of the competition had an influence on the selection of winning solutions and provide recommendations for future competitions to encourage the selection of more robust solutions.

关键词： Wheat specialized competition

Estimates of voluntary activation in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:Effects of type of stimulator,number of stimuli,and quantification technique

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2022年第1期11卷 85-93页

作者： Steven A.Garcia Kazandra M.Rodriguez scott R.Brown Riann M.Palmieri-smith Chandramouli Krishnan School of Kinesiology University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA Neuromuscular and Rehabilitation Robotics Laboratory(NeuRRo Lab) Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48108USA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Michigan MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA Robotics Institute University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA

Background:Accurate quantification of voluntary activation is important for understanding the extent of quadriceps dysfunction in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(ACLR).Voluntary activation has been quantified using both percent activation derived from the interpolated twitch technique and central activation ratio(CAR)derived from the burst superimposition technique,as well as by using different types of electrical stimulators and pulse train ***,it is unclear how these parameters affect voluntary activation estimates in individuals with *** study was performed to fill this important knowledge gap in the anterior cruciate ligament ***:Quadriceps strength and voluntary activation were examined in 18 ACLR participants(12 quadriceps/patellartendon graft,6 hamstring tendon graft;time since ACLR:1.06±0.82 years,mean±SD)at 90°of knee flexion using 2 stimulators(Digitimer and Grass)and pulse train conditions(3-pulse and 10-pulse).Voluntary activation was quantified by calculating both CAR and percent ***:Results indicated that voluntary activation was significantly overestimated by CAR when compared with percent activation(p0.05);however,the Digitimer evoked greater torque at rest than the Grass(p<0.001).Conclusion:These results indicate that percent activation derived from the interpolated twitch technique provides superior estimates of voluntary activation than CAR derived from burst superimposition and is less affected by pulse train conditions or stimulators in individuals with ACLR.

关键词： Anterior cruciate ligament Central activation Inhibition Knee strength Triplet Twitch interpolation

Annual-perennial plant relationships and species selection for desert restoration

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Journal of Arid Land 2013年第3期5卷 298-309页

作者： scott R ABELLA Stanley D smith Department of Environmental and Occupational Health University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevada 89154-3064USA School of Life Sciences University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevada 89154-4004USA

Exotic plant invasion is a growing concern in the conservation and management of indigenous arid land ecosystems. By creating areas of ameliorated microclimates and fertile soil below their canopies, perennial plants might influence exotic annual plant invasions. We conducted a quantitative literature review of studies that compared exotic annual plant abundance among native perennial plant species and interspace （open areas） microsites in North America＇s Mojave Desert, where exotic plant invasion has corresponded with increasing extent of wildfire and broad-scale ecosystem transformation. Ten studies compared exotic annual plant abundance between inter- spaces and below a total of 36 native perennial species. These studies revealed that：（1） With few exceptions, most native perennial species supported a greater abundance of exotic annuals than interspaces, indicating overall facilitation of exotic species by native perennials. （2） Exotic species abundance varied by orders of magnitude among native perennial species, with some perennial species harboring amounts of exotics similar to interspaces. （3） Distributions of dominant exotic species varied, where Bromus rubens displayed a greater affinity for below-perennial microsites than did Schismus spp. and Erodium cicutarium that often were most abundant in interspaces. Results suggest that the degree of facilitation of exotic plants warrants consideration when selecting native perennial species for revegetation and restoration projects.

关键词： Bromus rubens exotic fertile island invasive nurse plant positive plant interaction Schismus

Targeting whole body metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics in the drug development for Alzheimer’s disease

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2022年第2期12卷 511-531页

作者： Steven N.Austad scott Ballinger Thomas W.Buford Christy S.Carter Daniel L.smith Jr Victor Darley-Usmar Jianhua Zhang Department of Biology University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL 35294USA Department of Pathology University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL 35294USA Department of Medicine University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL 35294USA Department of Nutrition Sciences University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL 35294USA

Aging is by far the most prominent risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease(AD),and both aging and AD are associated with apparent metabolic *** developing effective therapeutic interventions to treat AD is clearly in urgent need,the impact of modulating whole-body and intracellular metabolism in preclinical models and in human patients,on disease pathogenesis,have been *** is also an increasing awareness of differential risk and potential targeting strategies related to biological sex,microbiome,and circadian *** a major part of intracellular metabolism,mitochondrial bioenergetics,mitochondrial quality-control mechanisms,and mitochondria-linked inflammatory responses have been considered for AD therapeutic *** review summarizes and highlights these efforts.

关键词： Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial electron transport chain Mitochondrial quality control Reactive species DAMPs Hexokinase biosynthesis pathway Diabetes Circadian regulation Microbiome

Experimental Analysis of Atypically Long Finned Oscillating Heat Pipe for Ventilation Waste Heat Recovery Application

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Journal of Thermal Science 2020年第3期29卷 667-675页

作者： MAHAJAN Govinda CHO Heejin smith Aaron THOMPSON scott M. Rheem Manufacturing MontgomeryAL 36109USA Department of Mechanical Engineering Mississippi State UniversityMsissippi StateMS 39762USA Department of Mechanical Engineering Auburn UniversityAubumnAL 36849USA

Oscillating heat pipes(OHP)which are constructed from a serpentine-arranged capillary tube possess a desirable aerodynamic form factor and provide for relatively high heat transfer rates via cyclic evaporation and condensation of an encapsulated working fluid with no internal wicking structure *** last two decades,OHP has been extensively investigated for its potential application in thermal management of various *** study presents an experimental investigation on the heat transfer performance of an atypically long finned *** heat transfer performance of the proposed OHP was analyzed and compared with a bare tube OHP with similar overall *** show that a unit row of finned OHP filled with n-pentane with fill ratio of 70%can recover up to(400±40)W of heat from a typical waste exhaust air *** additional pressure drop due to fins was estimated to be(6.8±2)Pa resulting in an increase of 1–2 W of fan power *** average heat recovery rate via finned OHP was found to be almost 80%more than bare tube OHP filled with same working fluid with same fill ratio.

关键词： oscillating heat pipe waste heat recovery ventilation

Fused structures for safer and more economical constructions

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2020年第1期14卷 1-9页

作者： Yu-Fei WU Ying-Wu ZHOU Biao HU Xiaoxu HUANG scott smith School of Engineering RMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC 3001Australia Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518061China School of Civil Environmental and Mining EngineeringThe University of AdelaideSouth Australia 5005Australia

Safety margin and construction costs are two conflicting goals for a *** providing a fuse in a structure that is triggered at a certain level of over-loading,further increase of loading is prohibited and failure of the structure is changed to a safer *** overloading is controlled and a safer failure mode is enforced,a fused structure requires a smaller safety factor thus leading to more economical construction without compromising *** use of a fuse will also facilitate safer use of advanced construction materials such as fiber-reinforced polymer(FRP)*** this case,a fuse can transfer the sudden and dangerous failure mode associated with brittle FRP debonding or rupture to a safe and ductile failure mode at the fuse *** paper introduces a new type of fused structure as well as an associated design philosophy and approach,in addition to examples of engineering applications.

关键词： fused structures structural fuse fiber-reinforced polymer concrete

Cross-neutralization and cross-protection among SARS-CoV-2 viruses bearing different variant spikes

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2022年第9期7卷 3202-3205页

作者： Yang Liu Jianying Liu Jing Zou Birte Kalveram Rafael R.G.Machado Ping Ren Sina Tureli Derek J.smith scott C.Weaver Xuping Xie Pei-Yong Shi Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA Institute of Infectious Diseases Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA Department of Pathology University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA Center for Pathogen Evolution Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK Sealy Institute for Drug Discovery University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA Sealy Center for Structural Biology&Molecular Biophysics University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA

Dear Editor The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 mandates a better under-standing of cross-neutralization and cross-protection among *** information is essential to guide vaccine strategy and public *** examine the cross-protection among different variant spikes,we initially prepared four chimeric SARS-CoV-2 viruses(Fig.1a),each bearing the spike gene from Alpha,Beta,Gamma,or Epsilon in the backbone of USA-WA1/2020[isolated in January 2020 and defned as wild-type(WT)].

关键词： vaccine cross backbone

Forecasting tropical cyclone tornadoes and impacts:Report from IWTC-X

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Tropical Cyclone Research and Review 2023年第2期12卷 123-135页

作者： Dereka Carroll-smith Benjamin W.Green Roger Edwards Lanqiang Bai A.J.Litta Xianxiang Huang Lauren Pattie scott Overpeck Eugene W.McCaul Jr University of Maryland College ParkMDUSA Jackson State University JacksonUSA Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of ColoradoBoulderUSA NOAA Global Systems Laboratory BoulderUSA NOAA/NWS/Storm Prediction Center NormanUSA Foshan Tornado Research Center China Meteorological Administration Tornado Key LaboratoryGuangzhouChina Weathernews Inc. ChibaJapan Environmental Prediction Services Australian Bureau of MeteorologyBrisbaneAustralia NOAA/NWS/Weather Forecast Office AlbuquerqueUSA Science and Technology Institute Universities Space Research AssociationHuntsvilleUSA

This report synthesizes global tropical cyclone(TC)tornado research and operational practices to *** are one of the secondary(and lesser researched)hazards contributing to the devastation TCs leave in their *** gale-force winds and storm surge produce the majority of damage and fatalities globally,TC tornadoes also pose a fatal threat,complicating evacuation plans and protective actions as the storm moves *** studies characterize TC-spawned tornadoes as usually weak and short-lived,primarily originating from miniature supercells in the outer *** tornadic features pose challenges to forecasting and radar ***,TC tornadoes can pose a threat to communities 12 h prior to and beyond 48 h after a TC makes ***,both basic and operational,has increased globally over the last few years in efforts to move from a climatological to ingredientsbased approach to detect and forecast TC *** the United States has led the charge,given the increased exposure to tornadoes year round,other nations such as China,Japan,and Australia have increased their efforts to record and detect TC *** these advancements,more work needs to be done globally to understand the TC environment conducive for tornadic *** for future forecasting and research for TC tornadoes include i)develop a comprehensive global tornado database to improve research and forecasting efforts;ii)apply innovative technology to detect tornadoes;and iii)conduct field campaigns to thoroughly sample TC tornado environments,particularly along coastlines.

关键词： Tropical cyclone Tornado Typhoon Forecasting

Dense core response to forced acoustic fields in oxygen-hydrogen rocket flames

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Propulsion and Power Research 2020年第3期9卷 197-215页

作者： Youhi Morii scott Beinke Justin Hardi Taro Shimizu Hideto Kawashima michael Oschwald Research and Development Directorate JAXASagamihara.252-5210Japan Institute of Fluid Science.Tohoku University Sendai980-8577Japan Institute of Space Propulsion DLRLampoldshausen74239Germany Research and Development Directorate JAXATsukuba305-0047Japan Institute of Jet Propulsion and Turbomachinery RWTH.Aachen52062Germany

Oscillatory combustion representative of thermo-acoustic instability in liquid rockets is simulated by experiment and LES calculation to investigate the flame behavior in *** particular,we focus on how the velocity and pressure fluctuations affect the behavior of the dense oxygen jet,or‘LOx core’.The test case investigated is a high pressure,multiinjector,oxygen-hydrogen combustor with a siren for acoustic ***,the LES calculation is validated by the resonant frequencies and average flame topology.A precise frequency correction is conducted to compare experiment with *** an unforced case,a pressure fluctuation case,and a velocity fluctuation case are *** can quantitatively reproduce the LOx core shortening and flattening that occurs under transverse velocity excitation as it is observed in the *** the other hand,the core behavior under pressure excitation is almost equal to the unforced case,and little shortening of the core *** LOx core flattening is explained by the pressure drop around an elliptical cylinder using the unsteady Bemoulli ***,it is shown that the shortening of the LOx core occurs because theflattening enhances combustion by mixing and increase of the flame surface area.

关键词： Liquid rocket engine Combustion instability Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) Large eddy simulation(LES) Supercritical fluid