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Science China(Life Sciences) 2010年第8期53卷 981-991页

作者： scott ROZELLE Carl PRAY Food Security and the Environment Program Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford University School of Environmental and Biological Sciences Rutgers the State University of New Jersey

The objective of this study is to examine whether or not the gains from reduced spraying for bollworms are being sustained more than one decade after the initial adoption in 2007. Based on farm-level data collected by the authors in 1999–2007 in 16 villages from 4 provinces, this study shows that insecticides applied for controlling bollworms have declined. This analysis supports Chinese policy makers’ decision to not require refuges of non-Bt cotton fields. It also suggests that past studies may have underestimated the benefits from adopting Bt technology.

关键词： biotechnology Bt cotton insecticide sustainability externalities China

Unsupervised learning of load signatures to estimate energy-related building features using surrogate modelling techniques

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Building Simulation 2023年第7期16卷 1273-1286页

作者： Shane Ferreira Burak Gunay Araz Ashouri scott Shillinglaw Carleton University OttawaK1S 5B6Canada National Research Council Canada OttawaK1A 0R6Canada

Characterization of an existing building’s energy-related features is critical to inform maintenance and retrofit ***,existing field-scale characterization methods tend to be labour intensive,invasive,and require high fidelity longitudinal data gathered through tightly regulated *** highlights the need for a low cost,scalable,and efficient screening *** paper puts forward a surrogate model-based approach to rapidly estimate energy-related building *** this end,EnergyPlus models for 12 midrise office archetypes,all with a rectangular footprint,are *** thousand variants of each archetype are generated by altering envelope,causal heat gain,and heating,ventilation,and air conditioning operation features.A unique load signature is derived for each variant’s heating and cooling energy *** parameters of the load signatures are clustered,then each cluster is associated with a set of plausible energy-related *** accuracy of the results was evaluated using five test buildings not seen by the *** method could effectively identify building features with reasonable accuracy and no significant degradation in performance across all 12 archetypes.

关键词： remote characterization energy-related building features surrogate modelling cluster analysis

Calibration of the Albian/Cenomanian Boundary by Ammonite Biostratigraphy:*** Interior

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2007年第6期81卷 940-948页

作者： Robert W.scott University of Tulsa and Precision Stratigraphy Associates

Calibration of numerical ages to the geological time scale is a long scientific pursuit that requires the integration of multiple data sets. A case study of the Albian/Cenomanian stage boundary, also the Lower/Upper Cretaceous series boundary, illustrates the calibration process. The numerical age of this boundary has shifted from 96 Ma to 99 Ma over a time span of nearly fifty years. Recalibration resulted first from improvements in radiometric dating, and later from inferences about ammonite phylogeny, and most recently from radiometric dates of newly discovered volcanic beds interbedded with diagnostic guide fossils. However, the calibration process continues with study of cosmopolitan dinoflagellates.

关键词： Albian/Cenomanian ammonite biostratigraphy age calibration

Understanding metabolic flexibility: a potential key to unlocking metabolic therapies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第9期15卷 1654-1655页

作者： scott P.Allen Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience University of Sheffield

The role of metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS):ALS,is a predominantly sporadic,neurological disorder resulting in degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons,resulting in the progressive failure of the neuromuscular *** lifetime risk factor for developing ALS sits between 1 in 300 and 1 in ***,due to the speed of the disease course(2–3 years post-diagnosis)and the lack of effective therapies,ALS is still classified as a rare disease.

关键词： metabolism amyotrophic degeneration

Natural refuge crops, buildup of resistance, and zero-refuge strategy for Bt cotton in China

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2010年第10期53卷 1227-1238页

作者： ROZELLE scott WILEN James Food Security and the Environment Program Freeman Spogli Institute of International Studies Stanford University Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics University of California Davis One Shields Avenue

In the context of genetically modified crops expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin, a ‘refuge’ refers to a crop of the same or a related species that is planted nearby to enable growth and reproduction of the target pest without the selection pres- sure imposed by the Bt toxin. The goal of this study is to discuss the role of natural refuge crops in slowing down the buildup of resistance of cotton bollworm (CBW), and to evaluate China’s no-refuge policy for Bt cotton. We describe in detail the dif- ferent factors that China should consider in relation to the refuge policy. Drawing on a review of scientific data, economic analyses of other cases, and a simulation exercise using a bio-economic model, we show that in the case of Bt cotton in China, the no-refuge policy is defensible.

关键词： Bt cotton resistance natural refuge crops China

Purinergic signaling systems across comparative models of spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第3期17卷 2391-2398页

作者： Eva E.Stefanova Angela L.scott Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine McMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada

Within the last several decades,the scientific community has made substantial progress in elucidating the complex pathophysiology underlying spinal cord ***,despite the many advances using conventional mammalian models,both cellular and axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury have remained out of *** this sense,turning to non-mammalian,regenerative species presents a unique opportunity to identify pro-regenerative cues and chara cterize a spinal cord microenvironment permissive to *** the signaling pathways hypothesized to be dysregulated during spinal cord injury is the purinergic signaling *** addition to its well-known role as energy currency in cells,ATP and its metabolites are small molecule neurotransmitte rs that mediate many diverse cellular processes within the central nervous *** our unde rstanding of the roles of the purinergic system following spinal cord injury is limited,this signaling pathway has been implicated in all injury-induced secondary processes,including cellular death,inflammation,reactive gliosis,and neural *** that the purinergic system is also evolutionarily conserved between mammalian and non-mammalian species,comparisons of these roles may provide important insights into conditions responsible for recovery ***,we compare the secondary processes between key model species and the influence of purinergic signaling in each *** our understanding of this signaling system and pro-regenerative conditions continues to evolve,so does the potential for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for spinal cord injury.

关键词： cell death differenriation glia inflammation neurogenesis proliferation purinergic signaling reactive gliosis regeneration spinal cord injury teleost

Fate of Particulate Matter from Cruise-Ship Emissions in Glacier Bay during the 2008 Tourist Season

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2014年第12期5卷 1235-1254页

作者： michael Pirhalla scott Gende Nicole Molders Department of Atmospheric Sciences Geophysical Institute and College of Natural Science and MathematicsUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAKUSA National Park Service Glacier Bay Field StationJuneauAKUSA

Simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, inline coupled with chemistry, were used to examine the fate of particulate matter with diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) in Glacier Bay, Alaska during the 2008 tourist season. The simulations demonstrated that mesoscale and synoptic scale weather systems affect the residence time of PM10, the magnitude of concentrations, and its transport in and out of Glacier Bay. Strong inversions exceeding 2 K (100 m)-1 cause notable trapping of pollutants from cruise-ship emissions, increasing PM10 concentrations up to 43% compared to days with cruise-ship visits without the presence of an inversion. Inversions occurred locally in Glacier Bay on 42% of the 124-day tourist season with an average lifetime of 9 h. Pollutants occasionally originated from outside the National Park when southerly winds advected pollutants from ship traffic in Icy Strait. Occasionally, orographically forced lifting over the Fairweather Mountains transported pollutants from the Gulf of Alaska into Glacier Bay. While hourly (daily) PM10 concentrations reached ~44 μg·m-3 (22 μg·m-3) in some areas of Glacier Bay, overall seasonal average PM10 concentrations were below 2 μg·m-3. Despite up to two cruise-ship visits per day, Glacier Bay still has pristine air quality. Surface and upper air meteorological state variables were evaluated through an extensive network of surface and radiosonde observations, which demonstrated that the model was able to capture the meteorological conditions well.

关键词： Cruise-Ship Emissions Temperature Inversions Particulate Matter Glacier Bay National Park Pristine Air WRF/Chem

Quantitative Convergence for Cerebral Processing of Information within the Geomagnetic Environment

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Journal of Signal and Information Processing 2013年第3期4卷 282-287页

作者： Mandy A. scott michael A. Persinger 不详

Human cerebral systems are immersed in the earth’s magnetic field. To be consistent with the results of several correlational studies, we found that the most accurate detection of information at 50 m occurred when the geomagnetic activity was ~5 nT. The corresponding magnetic energy within the cerebral volume is equivalent to approximately 3 million bits of Landauer Limit quantum which is equivalent to low resolution photographs. Non-linear analyses indicated that the induced electric fields from the typical time variation of geomagnetic intensity converged with the Adey voltages for the threshold for background entropy. The relevance of signal/noise ratios and the recent evidence indicate that imagery and cognition may actually reflect fields of biophotons within a fixed volume, which indicates that a natural processing system may be occurring under very specific conditions that involves detection of recondite information at a distance.

关键词： Geomagnetic Activity Landauer Limit Adey Voltages Cerebral Energies Magnetic Energy Bit Equivalents

Climate refugia along Lake Superior’s shores:disjunct arctic-alpine plants rely on cool shoreline temperatures but are restricted to highly exposed habitat under climate warming

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2024年第4期17卷 23-41页

作者： Ashley Hillman scott E.Nielsen Department of Renewable Resources University of AlbertaEdmontonAB T6G 2R3Canada

Climate refugia can serve as a remnant habitat or stepping stones for species dispersal under climate *** largest freshwater lake by surface area,Lake Superior,USA and Canada,serves as a model system for understanding cooling-mediated local refugia,as its cool water temperatures and wave action have maintained shoreline habitats suitable for southern disjunct populations of arctic-alpine plants since ***,we seek to explain spatial patterns and environmental drivers of arctic-alpine plant refugia along Lake Superior’s shores,and assess future risk to refugia under moderate(+3.5℃)and warmest(+5.7℃)climate warming ***,we examined how the interactive effects of summer surface water temperatures and wind affected onshore temperatures,resulting in areas of cooler ***,we developed an ecological niche model for the presence of disjunct arctic-alpine refugia(pooling 1253 occurrences from 58 species)along the lake’s ***,we fit species distribution models for 20 of the most common arctic-alpine disjunct species and predicted presence to identify refugia ***,we used the two climate warming scenarios to predict changes in the presence of refugia and disjunct *** type,elevation above water,inland distance,July land surface temperature from MODIS/Terra satellite and near-shore depth of water were the best predictors of disjunct ***,we predicted 2236 km of the shoreline(51%)as disjunct refugia habitat for at least one species under current conditions,but this was reduced to 20% and 7% with moderate(894 km)and warmest(313 km)climate change projections.

关键词： climate refugia disjunct populations lake effect Lake Superior species distribution models

Annual-perennial plant relationships and species selection for desert restoration

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Journal of Arid Land 2013年第3期5卷 298-309页

作者： scott R ABELLA Stanley D SMITH Department of Environmental and Occupational Health University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevada 89154-3064USA School of Life Sciences University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevada 89154-4004USA

Exotic plant invasion is a growing concern in the conservation and management of indigenous arid land ecosystems. By creating areas of ameliorated microclimates and fertile soil below their canopies, perennial plants might influence exotic annual plant invasions. We conducted a quantitative literature review of studies that compared exotic annual plant abundance among native perennial plant species and interspace （open areas） microsites in North America＇s Mojave Desert, where exotic plant invasion has corresponded with increasing extent of wildfire and broad-scale ecosystem transformation. Ten studies compared exotic annual plant abundance between inter- spaces and below a total of 36 native perennial species. These studies revealed that：（1） With few exceptions, most native perennial species supported a greater abundance of exotic annuals than interspaces, indicating overall facilitation of exotic species by native perennials. （2） Exotic species abundance varied by orders of magnitude among native perennial species, with some perennial species harboring amounts of exotics similar to interspaces. （3） Distributions of dominant exotic species varied, where Bromus rubens displayed a greater affinity for below-perennial microsites than did Schismus spp. and Erodium cicutarium that often were most abundant in interspaces. Results suggest that the degree of facilitation of exotic plants warrants consideration when selecting native perennial species for revegetation and restoration projects.

关键词： Bromus rubens exotic fertile island invasive nurse plant positive plant interaction Schismus