Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a predominant life-threatening cancer,with liver and peritoneal metastases as the primary causes of *** inflammation,a known CRC risk factor,nurtures a local inflammatory environment enriched...
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Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a predominant life-threatening cancer,with liver and peritoneal metastases as the primary causes of *** inflammation,a known CRC risk factor,nurtures a local inflammatory environment enriched with tumor cells,endothelial cells,immune cells,cancer-associated fibroblasts,immunosuppressive cells,and secretory growth *** complex interactions of aberrantly expressed cytokines,chemokines,growth factors,and matrix-remodeling enzymes promote CRC pathogenesis and evoke systemic responses that affect disease *** evidence suggests that these cytokines and chemokines play a role in the progression of CRC through immunosuppression and modulation of the tumor microenvironment,which is partly achieved by the recruitment of immunosuppressive *** cells impart features such as cancer stem cell-like properties,drug resistance,invasion,and formation of the premetastatic niche in distant organs,promoting metastasis and aggressive CRC growth.A deeper understanding of the cytokineand chemokine-mediated signaling networks that link tumor progression and metastasis will provide insights into the mechanistic details of disease aggressiveness and facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for ***,we summarized the current knowledge of cytokine-and chemokine-mediated crosstalk in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment,which drives immunosuppression,resistance to therapeutics,and metastasis during CRC *** also outlined the potential of this crosstalk as a novel therapeutic target for *** major cytokine/chemokine pathways involved in cancer immunotherapy are also discussed in this review.
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