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Role of conspecifics and personal experience on behavioral avoidance of contaminated flowers by bumblebees

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Current Zoology 2019年第4期65卷 447-455页

作者： Bertrand Fouks Emily g. Robb h. michael g. Lattorff lnstitut fur Biologie Molekulare Okologie Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg Hoher Weg Halle (Saale) Germany Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) Department of Biosciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway Microbes and Pathogens Biology The Institute for Global Food Security School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast United Kingdom lnternational Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) Nairobi Kenya german Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) halle-Jena-Leipzig Deutscher Platz Leipzig Germany

Pollinators use multiple cues whilst foraging in eluding direct cues from flowers and in direct cues from other pollinators. The use of indirect social cues is common in social in sects, such as honeybees and bumblebees, where a social environment facilitates the ability to use such cues. Bumblebees use cues to forage on flowers according to previous foraging experiences. Flowers are an essential food source for pollinators but also pose a high risk of parasite infection through the shared use of flowers leading to parasite spillover. Nevertheless, bumblebees have evolved behavioral defense mechanisms to limit parasite infection by avoiding contaminated flowers. Mechanisms underlying the avoidance of contaminated flowers by bumblebees are poorly understood. Bumblebees were recorded having the choice to forage on non-contaminated flowers and flowers contaminated by a trypan osome gut parasite, Crithidia bombi. The use of different treatments with presence or absence of con specifics on both con taminated and non-contami nated flowers allowed to investigate the role of social visual cues on their pathogen avoidance behavior. Bumblebees are expected to use social visual cues to avoid contaminated flowers. Our study reveals that the presence of a con specific on flowers either con taminated or not does not help bumblebee foragers avoiding contaminated flowers. Nevertheless, bumblebees whereas gaining experie nee tend to avoid their con specific when placed on contami nated flower and copy it whe n on the non-contami nated flower. Our experime nt suggests a detrime ntal impact of floral see nt on disease avoidanee behavior.

关键词： host-parasite in teractions social learning pollinators inadvertent social information behavioral immunity copying behavior

Resident immune responses to spinal cord injury:role of astrocytes and microglia

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第8期19卷 1678-1685页

作者： Sydney Brockie Cindy Zhou michael g.Fehlings Division of genetics and Development Krembil Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada Institute of Medical Science University of TorontoTorontoONCanada Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada

Spinal cord injury can be traumatic or non-traumatic in origin,with the latter rising in incidence and prevalence with the aging demographics of our society.Moreove r,as the global population ages,individuals with co-existent degenerative spinal pathology comprise a growing number of traumatic spinal cord injury cases,especially involving the cervical spinal cord.This makes recovery and treatment approaches particula rly challenging as age and comorbidities may limit regenerative capacity.For these reasons,it is critical to better understand the complex milieu of spinal cord injury lesion pathobiology and the ensuing inflammatory response.This review discusses microglia-specific purinergic and cytokine signaling pathways,as well as microglial modulation of synaptic stability and plasticity after injury.Further,we evaluate the role of astrocytes in neurotransmission and calcium signaling,as well as their border-forming response to neural lesions.Both the inflammatory and reparative roles of these cells have eluded our complete understanding and remain key therapeutic targets due to their extensive structural and functional roles in the nervous system.Recent advances have shed light on the roles of glia in neurotransmission and reparative injury responses that will change how interventions are directed.Understanding key processes and existing knowledge gaps will allow future research to effectively target these cells and harness their regenerative potential.

关键词： astrocytes glial signaling microglia spinal cord injury synaptic transmission

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成人呼吸道合胞病毒感染

英国医学杂志中文版 2020年第6期23卷 331-343页

作者： hannah h Nam michael g Ison 于明子(译者) 梁志欣(审校者) Division of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL 60611USA 解放军总医院第一医学中心呼吸与危重症医学科

人类呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)属于最近被定义的肺病毒科家族正肺病毒属。这是一种负单链RNA病毒,可导致呼吸道感染的流行,通常在温带气候的冬季和热带气候的雨季呈高峰。尽管会有区域差异,但该病毒的两种基因型(A型和B型)中的一种通常在一... 详细信息

人类呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)属于最近被定义的肺病毒科家族正肺病毒属。这是一种负单链RNA病毒,可导致呼吸道感染的流行,通常在温带气候的冬季和热带气候的雨季呈高峰。尽管会有区域差异,但该病毒的两种基因型(A型和B型)中的一种通常在一个季节中占主导,每年交替发生。RSV是儿童、老年人和免疫功能低下患者发病和死亡的原因,它对成人住院患者的临床影响已经通过广泛使用多种多样的分子检测被阐明。在成年人中,RSV会产生多种临床症状,包括上呼吸道感染、严重的下呼吸道感染和基础疾病的加重。在这里,我们讨论了关于成年人中与RSV相关疾病负担的最新证据,尤其是在那些免疫功能低下或有其他合并症的人。我们综述了当前的治疗和预防选择及相关研究进展。

关键词：下呼吸道感染疾病负担呼吸道合胞病毒感染临床影响热带气候温带气候上呼吸道感染免疫功能低下

Liquid crystal-based structural color actuators

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Light(Science & Applications) 2022年第9期11卷 1994-2017页

作者： Pei Zhang Laurens T.de haan michael g.Debije Albert P.h.J.Schenning Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O.Box 5135600 MB EindhovenThe Netherlands Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of TechnologyDen Dolech 25600 MB EindhovenThe Netherlands SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials(DIRM) National Center for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou 510006China

Animals can modify their body shape and/or color for protection,camouflage and communication.This adaptability has inspired fabrication of actuators with structural color changes to endow soft robots with additional functionalities.Using liquid crystal-based materials for actuators with structural color changes is a promising approach.In this review,we discuss the current state of liquid crystal-based actuators with structural color changes and the potential applications of these structural color actuators in soft robotic devices.

关键词： structural crystal approach.

Identification of a decedent in a 103-year-old homicide case using forensic anthropology and genetic genealogy

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Forensic Sciences Research 2022年第3期7卷 412-426页

作者： Amy R.michael Samantha h.Blatt Mariyam Isa Anthony Redgrave Douglas h.Ubelaker Department of Anthropology University of New HampshireDurhamNCUSA Department of Anthropology Idaho State UniversityPocatelloIDUSA Department of Anthropology Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA Redgrave Research Forensic Services OrangeCAUSA Department of Anthropology National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDCUS

Anthropologists are often the custodians of long-term unidentified human remains though their positions as curators of university or museum skeletal collections.Various factors decrease the solvability of these legacy cases including the passage of time,the loss of provenience for specific cases,and lack of documentation or case records.While anthropologists can contribute important information toward identification,it is often necessary to explore novel and cross-disciplinary strategies to resolve difficult cold cases.In long cold cases,the postmortem interval,in particular,may be difficult to estimate leading to further challenges in achieving identification.Modern advances in radiocarbon bomb pulse dating,isotope analysis,and actualistic studies have contributed to positive identification of unidentified human remains in some legacy cases,but may not be available to all forensic practitioners and law enforcement from resource-poor agencies.Pooling resources,as well as collaborating with professionals outside of forensic anthropology,is a useful strategy to pursue when anthropological methods are exhausted.The case study presented here demonstrates a collaborative approach between forensic anthropologists,forensic genetic genealogists,and law enforcement in a century-old homicide.The dismembered and mummified parts of a male body were recovered in a remote cave in 1979 and again in 1991.Despite forensic anthropologists creating and updating the biological profile over the decades from recovery to present,no identification was made until the application of forensic genetic genealogy(Fgg)to the case in 2019.New interpretations of bone microstructure and trauma analysis are presented for the case,alongside the historical documentation and“proof of life”evidence used by the genealogy team.A review of the Fgg methods underscores the challenges in this case(e.***.significant endogamy,multiple aliases used by the victim)and the steps taken toward resolution.Ultimately,a combined anthropology and genealogy approach resul

关键词： Forensic sciences forensic anthropology forensic genetic genealogy human identification cold case investigative genetic genealogy postmortem interval skeletal trauma

Trading in your spindles for blebs： the amoeboid tumor cell phenotype in prostate cancer

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第4期16卷 530-535页

作者： Samantha Morley Martin h hager Sara g Poilan Beatrice Knudsen Dolores Di Vizio michael R Freeman Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Departments of Surgery Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and The Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles CA Urological Diseases Research Center Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School Boston MA Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles CA USA.

Prostate cancer （PCa） remains a principal cause ofmortalityin developed countries.Because no clinical interventions overcome resistance to androgen ablation therapy, management of castration resistance and metastatic disease remains largely untreatable. Metastasis is a multistep process in which tumor cells lose cell-cell contacts, egress from the primary tumor, intravasate, survive shear stress within the vasculature and extravasate into tissues to colonize ectopic sites. Tumor ceils reestablish migratory behaviors employed during nonneoplastic processes such as embryonic development, leukocyte trafficking and wound healing. While mesenchymal motility is an established paradigm of dissemination, an alternate, ＇amoeboid＇ phenotype is increasingly appreciated as relevant to human cancer.

关键词： SIgNALINg COOPERATE RhO gTPASES INVASION MOTILITY MIgRATION TRANSITION PLASTICITY ROCK METASTASIS ACTIVATION

Programmable endonuclease combined with isothermal polymerase amplification to selectively enrich for rare mutant allele fractions

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2022年第8期33卷 4126-4132页

作者： Junman Chen Tian Qiu michael g.Mauk Zheng Su Yaguang Fan Dennis J.Yuan Qinghua Zhou Youlin Qiao haim h.Bau Jianming Ying Jinzhao Song Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics(Ministry of Education) College of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016China The Cancer hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Zhejiang Cancer hospital) Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC)Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhou 310022China Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104United States Department of Pathology National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021China Center for global health School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100730China Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment Tianjin Lung Cancer InstituteTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin 300052China Sichuan Lung Cancer Institute Sichuan Lung Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu 610041China

Liquid biopsy is a highly promising method for non-invasive detection of tumor-associated nucleic acid fragments in body fluids but is challenged by the low abundance of nucleic acids of clinical interest and their sequence homology with the vast background of nucleic acids from healthy cells.Recently,programmable endonucleases such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)associated protein(Cas)and prokaryotic Argonautes have been successfully used to remove background nucleic acids and enrich mutant allele fractions,enabling their detection with deep next generation sequencing(NgS).however,the enrichment level achievable with these assays is limited by futile binding events and off-target cleavage.To overcome these shortcomings,we conceived a new assay(Programmable Enzyme-Assisted Selective Exponential Amplification,PASEA)that combines the cleavage of wild type alleles with concurrent polymerase amplification.While PASEA increases the numbers of both wild type and mutant alleles,the numbers of mutant alleles increase at much greater rates,allowing PASEA to achieve an unprecedented level of selective enrichment of targeted alleles.By combining CRISPR-Cas9 based cleavage with recombinase polymerase amplification,we converted samples with0.01%somatic mutant allele fractions(MAFs)to products with 70%MAFs in a single step within 20 min,enabling inexpensive,rapid genotyping with such as Sanger sequencers.Furthermore,PASEA's extraordinary efficiency facilitates sensitive real-time detection of somatic mutant alleles at the point of care with custom designed Exo-RPA probes.Real-time PASEA'performance was proved equivalent to clinical amplification refractory mutation system(ARMS)-PCR and NgS when testing over hundred cancer patients'samples.This strategy has the potential to reduce the cost and time of cancer screening and genotyping,and to enable targeted therapies in resource-limited settings.

关键词： Mutant allele enrichment Programmable endonuclease Liquid biopsy Mutation detection Point-of-care testing CRISPR-Cas9 Recombinase polymerase amplification Nucleic acid diagnostics

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Small-Scale Mineralogical heterogeneity from Variations in Phase Assemblages in the Transition Zone and D" Layer Predicted by Convection Modelling

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Journal of Earth Science 2011年第2期22卷 160-168页

作者： Arie P van den Berg David A Yuen michael h g Jacobs Maarten V de hoop Earth Sciences Department Utrecht University Department of geology and geophysics and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN 55415USA Institut für Metallurgie TU ClausthalClausthal-ZellerfeldGermany Department of Mathematics and Center of Applied and Computational Mathematics Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA

Small-scale heterogeneity in the deep mantle is concentrated in the upper-mantle transition zone （TZ）, in the depth range 410-660 km and also at the bottom 250 km D＂ region. This encourages a more detailed investigation of the potential for seismic reflectivity imaging by modelling heterogeneous structures in mantle convection models including phase transitions of the TZ and D＂ regions. We applied finite elements with variable spacing near the boundary layers in 2-D cylindrical geometry that allow for sufficient spatial resolution. We investigated several models including an extended Boussinesq （EBA） model, focused on the D＂ region, and a compressible （ALA） model for the TZ region. The results for the D＂ region show typical lens-shaped structures of post-perovskite （PPV） embedded in the perovskite （PV） background mantle, where the thickness of the lenses, at 200-400 km, strongly depends on the Clapeyron slope of the PV-PPV transition. A second phase transition （double crossing） occurs in case the core temperature is higher than the intercept temperature Ti. Our phase-dependent rheology results in contrasting effective viscosity between PV and PPV. Our model results reveal a distinctly clear mechanical weakening of the PPV lenses with about an order of magnitude lower viscosity. The shear wave-speed distributions computed from our convection results are strongly correlated with the heterogeneous distribution of the mineral phase. gradients in the seismic wave-speed that are the target of seismological reflectivity imaging are clearly revealed. The wave-speed results show a clear resolution of the top and bottom interfaces of the PPV lenses. Our ALA model for the TZ is based on a thermodynamical model for the magnesium end- member of an olivine-pyroxene mantle. The model predicts a much more complex distribution of mineral phases, compared to our D＂ results, in agreement with the greater number of mineral phases involved in the olivine-pyroxene phase diagram for the P, T conditions of the transition zone. Near cold

关键词： mantle convection phase transition post-perovskite mineralogical heterogeneity.

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Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA Mutants Implicate gAUT genes in the Biosynthesis of Pectin and Xylan in Cell Walls and Seed Testa

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Molecular Plant 2009年第5期2卷 1000-1014页

作者： Kerry h. Caffall Sivakumar Pattathil Sarah E. Phillips michael g. hahn Debra Mohnen Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA Complex Carbohydrate Research Center BioEnergy Science Center 315 Riverbend Road University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA Department of Plant Biology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA

galacturonosyltransferase 1 （gAUT1） is an α1,4-D-galacturonosyltransferase that transfers galacturonic acid from uridine 5＇-diphosphogalacturonic acid onto the pectic polysaccharide homogalacturonan （Sterling et al., 2006）. The 25-member Arabidopsis thaliana gAUT1-related gene family encodes 15 gAUT and 10 gAUT-like （gATL） proteins with, respectively, 56-84 and 42-53% amino acid sequence similarity to gAUT1. Previous phylogenetic analyses of AtgAUTs indicated three clades： A through C. A comparative phylogenetic analysis of the Arabidopsis, poplar and rice gAUT families has sub-classified the gAUTs into seven clades： clade A-1 （gAUTs 1 to 3）; A-2 （gAUT4）; A-3 （gAUTs 5 and 6）; A-4 （gAUT7）; B-1 （gAUTs 8 and 9）; B-2 （gAUTs 10 and 11）; and clade C （gAUTs 12 to 15）. The Arabidopsis gAUTs have a distribution comparable to the poplar orthologs, with the exception of gAUT2, which is absent in poplar. Rice, however, has no orthologs of gAUTs 2 and 12 and has multiple apparent orthologs of gAUTs 1, 4, and 7 compared with eitherArabidopsis or poplar. The cell wall glycosyl residue compositions of 26 homozygous T-DNA insertion mutants for 13 of 15 Arabidopsis gAUTgenes reveal significantly and reproducibly different cell walls in specific tissues of gaut mutants 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 from that of wild-type Arabidopsis walls. Pectin and xylan polysaccharides are affected by the loss of gAUT function, as demonstrated by the altered galacturonic acid, xylose, rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose composition of distinct gaut mutant walls. The wall glycosyl residue compositional phenotypes observed among the gaut mutants suggest that at least six different biosynthetic linkages in pectins and/or xylans are affected by the lesions in these gAUTgenes. Evidence is also presented to support a role for gAUT11 in seed mucilage expansion and in seed wall and mucilage composition.

关键词： Carbohydrate metabolism cell walls Arabidopsis biosynthesis mutant pectin mucilage