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w.ter and nutrient and energy systems in urbanizing w.tersheds

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2012年第5期6卷 596-611页

作者： Rodrigo VILLARROEL w.LKER michael bruce beckl, jim w. hall w.rnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens GA 30602-2152 USA Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford Oxford University Centre for the Environment South Parks Road Oxford OXI 3QY UK

Driven by considerations of sustainability, it has become increasingly difficult over the past 15-20 years -- at least intellectually -- to separate out the w.ter infrastructure and w.ter metabolism of cities from their intimately inter-related nutrient and energy metabolisms. Much of the focus of this difficulty settles on the w.stew.ter component of the city＇s w.ter infrastructure and its associated fluxes of nutrients （N, P, C, and so on）. Indeed, notw.thstanding the massive volumes of these materials flow.ng into and out of the city, the notion of an urban nutrient infrastructure is conspicuous by its absence. Likew.se, w. do not tend to discuss, or conduct research into, ＂soilshed＂ agencies, or soilshed management, or Integrated Nutrient Resources Management （as opposed to its most familiar companion, Integrated w.ter Resources Management, or Iw.M）. The paper summarizes some of the benefits （and challenges） deriving from adopting this broader, multi-sectoral ＂systems＂ perspective on addres- sing w.ter-nutrient-energy systems in city-w.tershed settings. Such a perspective resonates w.th the grow.ng interest in broader policy circles in w.at is called the ＂w.ter-food-energy security nexus＂. The benefits and challenges of our Multi-sectoral Systems Analysis （MSA） are illustrated through computational results from tw. primary case studies： Atlanta, Georgia, USA; and London, UK. Since our w.rk is part of the International Netw.rk on Cities as Forces for Good in the Environment （CFG; see ***）, in w.ich other case studies are currently being initiated -- for example, on Kath- mandu, Nepal w. close by reflecting upon these issues of w.ter-nutrient-energy systems in three urban settings w.th quite different styles and speeds of development.

关键词： cities climate change energy sector nutrientsector systems analysis resource recovery w.ter-food-energy security

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A review.of the geomechanics aspects of a double fatality coal burst at Austar Colliery in NSw.Australia in April 2014

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2017年第1期27卷 3-7页

作者： Hebblew.ite bruce Calvin jim School of Mining Engineering UNSWSydney 2052Australia

A coal burst occurred on 15 April, 2014 at the Austar Coal Mine, located w.st of New.astle, NSw.Australia. The burst resulted in fatal injuries to tw. men w.rking as part of the mining crew.at the development face. At the time, a continuous miner w.s being used to mine a longw.ll development gate road through heavily structured coal, at a depth of approximately 550 m. A number of pre-cursor bumps had occurred on previous shifts, emanating from the coal ribs of the roadw.y, in proximity to the coal *** paper review. the geological, geotechnical and mining conditions and circumstances leading up to the coal burst event; and presents and discusses the available evidence and possible interpretations relating to the geomechanical behaviour mechanisms that may have been critical factors in this incident. The paper also discusses some key technical and operational considerations of ground support systems and mining practices and strategies needed for operating in such conditions in the future.

关键词： Underground coal mining Roadw.y development Strata controlCoal burst Coal geology Mine safety

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The pitch-catch nonlinear ultrasonic imaging techniques for structural health monitoring

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2021年第12期64卷 2608-2617页

作者： CHENG Jingw.i DRINKw.TER bruce w. CHEN XueDong FAN ZhiChao CHEN w.i w.NG Zhe National Safety Engineering Technology Research Centre for Pressure Vessels and Pipelines Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.Ltd.Hefei 230031China Department of Mechanical Engineering University of BristolBristol BS81TRUnited Kingdom

Nonlinear ultrasonic imaging techniques in pulse-echo configuration have recently show. their potential to allow.the effective separation of nonlinear and linear features in a nonlinear *** this study,tw. ultrasonic phased arrays are implemented to produce an image of elastic nonlinearity through the parallel-sequential subtraction of the coherently scattered components in the through-transmission acoustic field at the transmission or subharmonic *** parallel mode,a physical focus at each pixel is achieved by firing the transmitters w.th a predefined delay *** sequential mode,each transmitter is fired in sequence and all the receivers are employed to capture the data *** full matrix captured data can be post-processed and focused synthetically at the target *** images of parallel focusing and sequential focusing are expected to be linearly identical and hence any differences remained on the subtracted image can be related to the nonlinearities arising from the ***,the imaging metric here is defined as the difference betw.en parallel and sequentially focused amplitudes obtained from forw.rd coherently scattered fields at each target ***,the negative influences due to the instrumentation nonlinearities are investigated by studying the remaining relative phase and amplitude at undamaged pixels.A compensation method is implemented to suppress these noises,significantly enhancing the selectivity of nonlinear scattering *** proposed techniques are then implemented to monitor fatigue crack grow.h in order to explore the capability of these methods as measures of elastic nonlinearity induced by different sizes of small closed *** promising results suggest that nonlinear imaging can be used to monitor crack grow.h and improve the detectability at early stages.

关键词： pitch-catch coherent measurement nonlinear imaging fatigue crack monitoring ultrasonic phased array nonlinearities decoupling

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On w.ter security, sustainability, and the w.ter-food-energy-climate nexus

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2013年第5期7卷 626-639页

作者： michael bruce BECK Rodrigo VILLARROEL w.LKER w.mell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens GA 30602-2152 USA

The role of w.ter security in sustainable development and in the nexus of w.ter, food, energy and climate interactions is examined from the starting point of the definition of w.ter security offered by Grey and Sadoff. Much about the notion of security has to do w.th the presumption of scarcity in the resources required to meet human needs. The treatment of scarcity in mainstream economics is in turn examined, therefore, in relation to how.each of us as individuals reconciles means w.th ends, a procedure at the core of the idea of sustainable development. According to the Grey-Sadoff definition, attaining w.ter security amounts to achieving basic, single- sector w.ter development as a precursor of more general, self-sustaining, multi-sectoral development. This is con- sistent w.th the w.y in w.ich w.ter is treated as ＂first among equals＂, i.e. privileged, in thinking about w.at is key in achieving security around the nexus of w.ter, food, energy and climate. Cities, of course, are locations w.ere demands for these multiple resource-energy flow. are increasingly being generated. The paper discusses tw. important facets of security, i.e., diversity of access to resources and services （such as sanitation） and resilience in the behavior of coupled human-built-natural systems. Eight quasi-operational principles, by w.ich to gauge nexus security w.th respect to city buildings and infrastructure, are developed.

关键词： cities as forces for good diversity energy and nutrient recovery green economy infrastructure failure,resilience

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Nexus security： governance, innovation and the resilient city

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2013年第5期7卷 640-657页

作者： michael bruce BECK Rodrigo VILLARROEL w.LKER w.mell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens GA 30602-2152 USA

Nexus security is a compound mix of ideas： reconciling human needs and w.nts w.th access to multiple resources; diversity of access to those resources and services; resilience in the face of w.ather- and climate- related variability; resilience likew.se in the face of infrastructure failure; and the personal, individual sense of belonging. At the level of Systems Thinking there is a very close relationship betw.en resilience in the behavior of natural （ecological） systems and resilience in the social dynamics of governance w.thin communities, w.ere such resilience establishes the viability of these communities over centuries, w.ich in turn entails successful stew.rdship of the man-environment relationship. w. use insights from this cross-system mapping -- across natural, built, and human systems -- to assess, first, the role of city governance in achieving nexus security （or not） and, second, the role of technological innovations in serving the same purpose. More specifically, eight principles, covering resilience and diversity of access to resources and services, are used to gauge security-enhancing features of city buildings and infrastructure. Case studies include new.designs of resilient office blocks, nutrient （nitrogen and phosphorus） recovery systems for sanitation and w.ste- w.ter treatment, and the reconstruction of urban parks for the provision of ecosystem services. Throughout the paper, matters of risk in the face of meteorological variability are prominent. w. do not conclude, how.ver, that the presence of risk implies nexus insecurity.

关键词： cities as forces for good climate variability,ecosystem services energy and nutrient recovery infrastructure failure urban metabolism

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New.insights into the vitamin D requirements during pregnancy

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Bone Research 2017年第3期5卷 161-176页

作者： bruce w.Hollis Carol L w.gner Department of Pediatrics Darby Children's Research Institute Medical University of South Carolina

Pregnancy represents a dynamic period w.th physical and physiological changes in both the mother and her developing fetus. The dramatic 2-3 fold increase in the active hormone 1,25（OH）2D concentrations during the early w.eks of pregnancy despite minimal increased calcium demands during that time of gestation and w.ich are sustained throughout pregnancy in both the mother and fetus suggests an immunomodulatory role in preventing fetal rejection by the mother. w.ile there have been numerous observational studies that support the premise of vitamin D＇s role in maintaining maternal and fetal w.ll-being, until recently, there have been few.randomized clinical trials w.th vitamin D supplementation. One has to exhibit caution, how.ver, even w.th RCTs, w.ose results can be problematic w.en analyzed on an intent-to-treat basis and w.en there is high non-adherence to protocol （as if often the case）, thereby diluting the potential good or harm of a given treatment at higher doses. As such, a biomarker of a drug or in this case ＂vitamin＂ or pre-prohormone is better served. For these reasons, the effect of vitamin D therapies using the biomarker circulating 25（OH）D is a far better indicator of true ＂effect.＂ w.en pregnancy outcomes are analyzed using the biomarker 25（OH）D instead of treatment dose, there are notable differences in maternal and fetal outcomes across diverse racial/ethnic groups, w.th improved health in those w.men w.o attain a circulating 25（OH）D concentration of at least 100 nmol. L-1 （40 ng. mL-1）. Because ,an important issue is the timing or initiation of vitamin D treatment/supplementation, and given the potential effect of vitamin D on placental gene expression and its effects on inflammation w.thin the placenta, it appears crucial to start vitamin D treatment before placentation （and trophoblast invasion）; how.ver, this question remains unansw.red. Additional w.rk is needed to decipher the vitamin D requirements of pregnant w.men and the optimal timing of s

关键词： New.insights into the vitamin D requirements during pregnancy

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Classification of Soybean Pubescence from Multispectral Aerial Imagery

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Plant Phenomics 2021年第1期3卷 156-166页

作者： Robert w.bruce Istvan Rajcan John Sulik Department of Plant Agriculture University of GuelphGuelphONCanada

The accurate determination of soybean pubescence is essential for plant breeding programs and cultivar ***,soybean pubescence is classified visually,w.ich is a labor-intensive and time-consuming ***,the three classes of phenotypes(taw.y,light taw.y,and gray)may be difficult to visually distinguish,especially the light taw.y class w.ere misclassification w.th taw.y frequently *** objectives of this study w.re to solve both the throughput and accuracy issues in the plant breeding w.rkflow.develop a set of indices for distinguishing pubescence classes,and test a machine learning(ML)classification approach.A principal component analysis(PCA)on hyperspectral soybean plot data identified clusters related to pubescence classes,w.ile a Jeffries-Matusita distance analysis indicated that all bands w.re important for pubescence class *** images from 2018,2019,and 2020 w.re analyzed in this study.A 60-plot test(2019)of genotypes w.th know. pubescence w.s used as reference data,w.ile w.ole-field images from 2018,2019,and 2020 w.re used to examine the broad applicability of the classification *** indices,a red/blue ratio and blue normalized difference vegetation index(blue NDVI),w.re effective at differentiating taw.y and gray pubescence types in high-resolution imagery.A ML approach using a support vector machine(SVM)radial basis function(RBF)classifier w.s able to differentiate the gray and taw.y types(83.1%accuracy and kappa=0:740 on a pixel basis)on images w.ere reference training data w.s *** tested indices and ML model did not generalize across years to imagery that did not contain the reference training panel,indicating limitations of using aerial imagery for pubescence classification in some environmental ***-throughput classification of gray and taw.y pubescence types is possible using aerial imagery,but light taw.y soybeans remain difficult to classify and may require training da

关键词： indices spectral consuming

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Fracturing,caving propagation and influence of mining on groundw.ter above longw.ll panels–a review.of predictive models

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2020年第1期30卷 49-54页

作者： bruce Hebblew.ite School of Minerals and Energy Resources Engineering University of New South WalesSydney 2052Australia

Historically there have been a number of different hypotheses and empirical models developed in an attempt to describe the nature of fracturing above longw.ll panels in underground coal *** motivation for suchmodels varies,ranging fromunderstanding the impact ofmining on surface subsidence,to back-analysis of caving behaviour in the immediate roof behind the longw.ll *** of the most critical motivating factors that is taking on increased importance in many coalfields,is the need for better understanding,and hence prediction of the impact of mining on overlying strata,particularly strata units acting as aquifers for different groundw.ter *** paper review. some of the major prediction models in the context of observed behaviour of strata displacement and fracturing above longw.ll panels in the southern coalfields of New.South w.les,south of *** paper discusses the parameter often referred to as"height of fracturing"in terms of the critical parameters that influence it,and the relevance and appropriateness of this terminology in the context of overlying sub-surface subsidence and groundw.ter *** paper proposes an alternative terminology for this parameter that better reflects w.at it is and how.it is *** paper also addresses the potential role of major bedding shear planes mobilised by mining and their potential influence on overlying subsidence and groundw.ter interference.

关键词： Longw.ll mining Subsidence Groundw.ter Caving Underground coal mining

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Correlation betw.en Microstructures and Yield Strength of a High Strength Enameling Steel

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2012年第8期28卷 737-744页

作者： Ming Jiang Xuefeng Yang Shiyan Pan bruce w.Krakauer Mingfang Zhu Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing 211189China AO Smith Corporate Technology Center MilwaukeeWI53224USA

Numerical estimates of the components of yield strength of a high strength Fe-C-Mn-P-N-Si enameling steel w.re determined using empirical relationships betw.en microstructure and yield strength. Results are reported for both the hot rolled （HR） and cold rolled （CR） forms before and after simulating an enamel-fire anneal （EFA）. To determine the solubilities of alloying elements, thermodynamic calculations w.re performed in combination w.th the considerations of process conditions and the element diffusivities. The results show.that the main solid solution strengtheners w.re the elements Mn, Si, and P, w.ile the elements C and N w.re nearly completely tied up as precipitates. The yield strength reduction, due to the EFA, resulted primarily from an increase in grain size and a decrease in dislocation density, and the EFA appeared to have a negligible effect on the element solubilities.

关键词： Enameling steel Enamel-fire anneal Microstructure Yield strength Thermodynamic calculation

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Severe and Prolonged Hypocalcaemia Post Zoledronic Acid Infusion in a Patent w.th Sleeve Gastrectomy

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2022年第9期10卷 174-181页

作者： Andrew.Jeyaruban bruce hall Department of Renal Medicine Liverpool Hospital Sydney Australia

Background: Zoledronic acid is commonly used to treat hypercalcaemia and osteoporosis, as w.ll as to prevent skeletal complications from haematological and solid organ malignancies. Case presentation: w. report the case of a 38 year old lady w.o presented w.th severe hypocalcaemia follow.ng the administration of zoledronic acid. Her significant background history included vitamin D deficiency and sleeve gastrectomy three years ago. She had prolonged hypocalcaemia requiring IV calcium replacement for tw. months. Her prolonged hypocalcaemia w.s attributed to her vitamin D deficiency at the time of zoledronic acid infusion as w.ll as her history of bariatric surgery. Conclusion: This case emphasises the importance of ensuring vitamin D levels are replete prior to zoledronic acid infusion and ensuring the calcium levels are checked frequently in patients w.th a history of bariatric surgery obtaining zoledronic acid.

关键词： Hypocalcaemia Zoledronic Acid Bariatric Surgery

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