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Transcranial electrical stimulation in neurological disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第10期17卷 2221-2222页

作者： Gregory L.brown michael T.brown Neurished HersheyPAUSA

Increased lifespan is one of society’s greatest achievements,but this longevity increases the prevalence of diseases of aging,such as neurological ***,neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability and the second leading cause of deaths(Feigin et al.,2019).Furthermore,these diseases affect people in low-,medium-,and high-income countries(Feigin et al.,2019).Current technology to modify neurological burden is scarce,which poses numerous challenges for healthcare,global policy,and economic stability(Feigin et al.,2019).To face these challenges,brain stimulation technology,such as transcranial electrical stimulation(TES),has displayed exciting *** et al.(2017)provide a detailed overview of the safety and application of ***,electrodes are attached to the head and a weak current(e.g.,1-2 mA)is applied through the scalp,skull,and into the brain for 10-30 minutes to activate neurons(Antal et al.,2017).The technique is extremely safe with no serious adverse effects reported from thousands of sessions(Antal et al.,2017).The most common side effects are a tingling/itching sensation or redness at the stimulation site(Antal et al.,2017).However,these side effects can be minimized by reducing the electrode-skin impedance,slowly ramping up and ramping down TES,or using topical analgesics(Antal et al.,2017).The development of TES may repair neural dysfunction and stem the oncoming incidence of neurodegenerative disease.

关键词： stimulation sensation electrical

Multiple Genesis of Fluid and Melt during Exhumation of Deeply-Subducted UHP Eclogite

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2021年第S1期95卷 65-67页

作者： WANG Lu WANG Songjie FENG Peng WANG Zhuocheng michael brown Tim JOHNSON State Key Lab for Geological Processes and Mineral Resources and Center for Global TectonicsSchool of Earth SciencesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China College of Earth Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdaoShandong 266590China Laboratory for Crustal Petrology Department of GeologyUniversity MarylandCollege ParkMD 20742USA School of Earth and Planetary Sciences Curtin UniversityGPO Box U1987PerthWA 6845Australia

Supercritical fluid and granitic melt are commonly generated as pressure decreases during exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust from mantle depths,promoting crust–mantle interaction,changing the rheology o... 详细信息

关键词： partial melting eclogite omphacite breakdown supercritical fluid Sulu belt

Myoblast transplantation for heart repair:A review of the state of the field

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2006年第3期3卷 165-167页

作者： Howard J. Leonhardt michael brown Bioheart Inc. Sunrise FL 33325 USA

Over 200 humans have been treated with myoblast transplantation for heart muscle repair since June 2000. Bioheart sponsored percutaneous delivery studies began in May 2001 in Europe. Approximately one third of the patients have exhibited substantial improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of over 30% and two heart failure class improvements. Over 80% of the patients have exhibited one heart failure class improvement with moderate improvement of LVEF. Clinical trials seem to demonstrate a marked reduction in emergency hospitalizations in myoblast treated patients. Many years of careful studies have lead to randomized controlled studies that are enrolling patients now at numerous centers worldwide. A firm conclusion on the safety and efficacy of myoblast transplantation cannot be determined until these randomized studies are completed. Final results from randomized controlled studies should be available soon.

关键词： myoblast transplantation heart failure

Inpatient capsule endoscopy leads to frequent incomplete small bowel examinations

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2012年第36期18卷 5051-5057页

作者： Cemal Yazici John Losurdo michael D brown Scott Oosterveen Robert Rahimi Ali Keshavarzian Leila Bozorgnia Ece Mutlu Department of Medicine Mercy Hospital and Medical CenterChicagoIL 60616United States Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Rush University Medical CenterChicagoIL 60612United States WellSpan Gastroenterology YorkPA 17403United States Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX 75390United States Department of Pediatrics Los Angeles County-University of Southern California HospitalLos AngelesCA 9003United States

AIM： To examine the predictive factors of capsule en- doscopy （CE） completion rate （CECR） including the ef- fect of inpatient and outpatient ***： We identified 355 consecutive patients who completed CE at Rush University Medical Center between March 2003 and October 2005. Subjects for CE had either nothing by mouth or clear liquids for the afternoon and evening of the day before the pro- cedure. CE exams were reviewed by two physicians who were unaware of the study hypotheses. After retrospective analysis, 21 cases were excluded due to capsule malfunction, prior gastric surgery, endoscopic capsule placement or insufficient data. Of the remain- ing 334 exams [264 out-patient （OP）, 70 in-patient （IP）], CE indications, findings, location of the patients [IP vs OP and intensive care unit （ICU） vs general medical floor （GMF）] and gastrointestinal transit times were analyzed. Statistical analysis was completed us- ing SPSS version 17 （Chicago, IL）. Chi-square, t test or fisher exact-tests were used as appropriate. Multivari- ate logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with incomplete CE exams. RESULTS： The mean age for the entire study popula- tion was 54.7 years. Sixty-one percent of the study population was female, and gender was not different between IPs vs OPs （P = 0.07）. The overall incomplete CECR was 14% in our study. Overt obscure gastroin- testinal bleeding （OGB） was significantly more com- mon for the IP CE （P = 0.0001）, while abdominal pain and assessment of IBD were more frequent indications for the OP CE exams （P = 0.002 and P = 0.01, respec- tively）. Occult OGB was the most common indication and arteriovenous malformations were the most com- mon finding both in the IPs and OPs. The capsule did not enter the small bowel （SB） in 6/70 IPs and 8/264 OPs （P = 0.04）. The capsule never reached the cecum in 31.4% （22/70） of IP vs 9.5% （25/ 264） of OP ex- aminations （P 〈 0.001）. The mean gastric transit time （GTT） was delayed

关键词： Capsule endoscopy Completion rate Inpa-tient Outpatient Hospitalization

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变质作用、板块构造及超级大陆旋回

地学前缘 2007年第1期14卷 1-18页

作者： michael brown <变质地质学>杂志

麻粒岩相超高温变质作用(G-UHTM)主要发育于新太古代至寒武纪岩石中;推测在深部较年轻的,特别是新生代造山带岩石中也会有G-UHTM存在。岩石中最初出现G-UHTM记录意味着产生瞬时极高热流处的地球动力学发生了改变。许多G-UHTM带可能发育... 详细信息

麻粒岩相超高温变质作用(G-UHTM)主要发育于新太古代至寒武纪岩石中;推测在深部较年轻的,特别是新生代造山带岩石中也会有G-UHTM存在。岩石中最初出现G-UHTM记录意味着产生瞬时极高热流处的地球动力学发生了改变。许多G-UHTM带可能发育于类似现代大陆弧后的构造背景中。在较热的地球上,超大陆及其裂解形成的循环组合,尤其是经岩石圈减薄的洋盆卷入到其外翻过程中可能产生比现代太平洋边缘更热的大陆弧后。中温榴辉岩-高压麻粒岩相变质作用(E-HPGM)也是最先发现于新太古代岩石记录中,并发育于从元古宙至古生代岩石中。E-HPGM带是对G-UHTM带的补充,并经常认为是记录了从俯冲至碰撞造山作用的过程。在元古宙岩石记录中的蓝片岩明显记录了与现代俯冲作用相关的低热流梯度。以发育柯石英(±硬柱石)或金刚石为特征的硬柱石蓝片岩和榴辉岩(高压变质作用,HPM)及超高压变质岩(UHPM)主要是在显生宙形成。HPM-UHPM记录了显生宙俯冲-碰撞造山带早期碰撞过程中的低热流梯度及陆壳的深俯冲作用。尽管与直觉不同,在超级大陆聚敛期(Wilson旋回洋盆打开和关闭)的大陆地块增生过程,许多HPM-UHPM带看来确实是通过小洋盆关闭而发育起来的,反映双重热体制的双重变质带仅发育于新太古代以来的岩石记录中。双重热体制是现代板块构造的特点,而双重变质作用则是板块构造在岩石记录中的特征性标志。尽管构造样式很可能不同,新太古代以来G-UHTM和E-HPGM带的发育证明“元古宙板块构造体制”的开始。以冷俯冲和大陆地壳深俯冲至地幔,以及其中的部分又从深达300km处发生折返为标志,“元古宙板块构造体制”在新元古代进化为“现代板块构造体制”,这个转变可由岩石中的HPM-UH-PM证明。记录这种极端条件的变质带年龄是不一致的,而变质作用发生时间与各大陆岩石圈聚合到超级克拉通(如Superia/Sclavia)或超级大陆(如Nuna(Columbia),Rodinia,Gondwana,和Pangea)的时间却是一致的。

关键词：大陆后孤变质作用板块构造俯冲作用超级大陆

Genome-wide Scan for Seed Composition Provides Insights into Soybean Quality Improvement and the Impacts of Domestication and Breeding

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Molecular Plant 2018年第3期11卷 460-472页

作者： Jiaoping Zhang Xianzhi Wang Yaming Lu Siddhi J. Bhusal Qijian Song Perry B. Cregan Yang Yen michael brown Guo-Liang Jiang Plant Science Department South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57006 USA Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Services (USDA-ARS) 10300 Baltimore Avenue BeltsvilleMD 20705 USA Department of Biology and Microbiology South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57006 USA Department of Natural Resource Management South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57006 USA Agricultural Research Station Virginia State University PO Box 9061 Petersburg VA 23806 USA Present address: School of Agriculture Yunnan University Kunming Yunnan Province China These authors contributed equally to this article.

The complex genetic architecture of quality traits has hindered efforts to modify seed nutrients in soybean. Genome-wide association studies were conducted for seed composition, including protein, oil, fatty acids, and amino acids, using 313 diverse soybean germplasm accessions genotyped with a high-density SNP array. A total of 87 chromosomal regions were identified to be associated with seed composition, explain- ing 8%-89% of genetic variances. The candidate genes GmSAT1, AK-HSDH, SACPD-C, and FAD3A of known function, and putative MtN21 nodulin, FATB, and steroid-5-^-reductase involved in N2 fixation, amino acid biosynthesis, and fatty acid metabolism were found at the major-effect loci. Further analysis of additional germplasm accessions indicated that these major-effect loci had been subjected to domes- tication or modern breeding selection, and the allelic variants and distributions were relevant to geographic regions. We also revealed that amino acid concentrations related to seed weight and to total protein had a different genetic basis. This helps uncover the in-depth genetic mechanism of the intricate relationships among the seed compounds. Thus, our study not only provides valuable genes and markers for soybean nutrient improvement, both quantitatively and qualitatively, but also offers insights into the alteration of soybean quality during domestication and breeding.

关键词： genome-wide association study GWAS soybean seed composition candidate genes quality improvement domestication and breeding

Stacking transition in rhombohedral graphite

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Frontiers of physics 2019年第1期14卷 67-73页

作者： Tataiana Latychevskaia Seok-Kyun Son Yaping Yang Dale Chancellor michael brown Servet Ozdemir Ivan Madan Gabriele Berruto Fabrizio Carbone Artem Mishchenko Kostya S. Novoselov Institute of Physics Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES)école Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland National Graphene Institute University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK School of Physics and Astronomy University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK

Few-layer graphene (FLG) has recently been intensively investigated for its variable electronic properties, which are defined by a local atomic arrangement. While the most natural arrangement of layers in FLG is ABA (Bernal) stacking, a metastable ABC (rhombohedral) stacking, characterized by a relatively high-energy barrier, can also occur. When both types of stacking occur in one FLG device, the arrangement results in an in-plane heterostructure with a domain wall (DW). In this paper, we present two approaches to demonstrate that the ABC stacking in FLG can be controllably and locally turned into the ABA stacking. In the first approach, we introduced Joule heating, and the transition was characterized by 2D peak Raman spectra at a submicron spatial resolution. The transition was initiated in a small region, and then the DW was controllably shifted until the entire device became ABA stacked. In the second approach, the transition was achieved by illuminating the ABC region with a train of 790-nm-wavelength laser pulses, and the transition was visualized by transmission electron microscopy in both diffraction and dark-field imaging modes. Further, using this approach, the DW was visualized at a nanoscale spatial resolution in the dark-field imaging mode.

关键词： graphene graphite van der Waals heterostructures domain wall Raman spectroscopy transmission electron microscopy electron diffraction structural transition

Juvenile rainbow trout responses to diets containing distillers dried grain with solubles, phytase, and amino acid supplements

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2012年第2期2卷 69-77页

作者： michael E. Barnes michael L. brown Kurt A. Rosentrater Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Iowa State University Ames USA Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences South Dakota State University Brookings USA South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks McNenny State Fish Hatchery Spearfish USA

Distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) was evaluated in juvenile Shasta-strain rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss diets during a 36-day feeding trial. Two experimental diets containing either 10% or 20% DDGS with supplemented amino acids (lysine, methionine, isoleucine, and his-tidine) and phytase were compared to a fish meal-only control diet. Tanks of trout receiving diets containing either concentration of DDGS weighed significantly less at the end of the trial and had significantly poorer feed conversion ratios than tanks of fish being fed the fish meal- only control. There was no significant difference in individual fish length, weight, condition factor, or any fish health measurements among diet treatments. Both the hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index were significantly less in the fish fed 10% DDGS than those fed the control diet. Body fat was significantly greater in the fish receiving 20% DDGS compared to fish fed either of the other two diets. Fillet composition, as determined by crude protein, crude lipid, ash, and water, was not significantly different among fish reared on any of the diets. There was also no significant difference in estimated protein digestibility coefficients among fish receiving any of the diets. The results suggest that DDGS, even if supplemented with essential amino acids and phytase, will lead to decreased juvenile rainbow trout growth at dietary concentrations of at 10% or greater.

关键词： Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss DDGS Diet Alternative Proteins

A Review of Immune System Components, Cytokines, and Immunostimulants in Cultured Finfish Species

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2017年第3期7卷 267-288页

作者： Timothy J. Bruce michael L. brown Missouri Department of Conservation Lost Valley Hatchery Warsaw Missouri USA Department of Natural Resource Management South Dakota State University Brookings South Dakota USA

Aquaculture is a rapidly growing global agriculture sector and the importance of fish health has become of upmost importance as production levels and stocking densities increase. Over the past few decades, there have been a large number of immunological investigations on commonly cultured finfish species. Further, new technologies and strategies that embody use of fish immunostimulants, probiotics, and vaccinology rely heavily upon a comprehensive understanding of teleost immune system mechanics. The teleost immune system works in concert to properly recognize, control, and clear aquatic pathogens. Recent findings have exemplified the cooperative efforts of the nonspecific and adaptive branches, and have put forth an emphasis on the importance of the mucosal immune response in all aspects of a mounted immune response. This review provides a generalized overview of the innate and adaptive arms of the fish immune system, and provides highlights of recently published work in the areas of signaling networks and mucosal immune interactions.

关键词： Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Cytokines Immunostimulation Aquaculture