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The Cloud Model for Climate Change

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International Journal of Geosciences 2024年第5期15卷 366-395页

作者： michael Nelson David b. Nelson Retired Pleasanton CA USA

In 1995, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released a thermodynamic model b.sed on the Greenhouse Effect, aiming to forecast glob.l temperatures. This study delves into the intricacies of that model. Some interesting ob.ervations are revealed. The IPCC model equated average temperatures with average energy fluxes, which can cause significant errors. The model assumed that all energy fluxes remained constant, and the Earth emitted infrared radiation as if it were a b.ackb.dy. Neither of those conditions exists. The IPCC’s definition of Climate Change only includes events caused b. human actions, excluding most causes. Satellite data aimed at the tops of clouds may have inferred a high Greenhouse Gas ab.orption flux. The model showed more energy coming from the atmosphere than ab.orb.d from the sun, which may have caused a violation of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. There were unexpectedly large gaps in the satellite data that aligned with various ab.orption b.nds of Greenhouse Gases, possib.y caused b. photon scattering associated with re-emissions. b.sed on science, we developed a cloud-b.sed climate model that complied with the Radiation Laws and the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. The Cloud Model showed that 81.3% of the outgoing reflected and infrared radiation was applicab.e to the clouds and water vapor. In comparison, the involvement of COb.2b. was only 0.04%, making it too minuscule to measure reliab.y.

关键词： Climate Change Greenhouse Gas CO2 Clouds Model Thermodynamics

Decoupling COb.2b. from Climate Change

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International Journal of Geosciences 2024年第3期15卷 246-269页

作者： michael Nelson David b. Nelson Retired Pleasanton CA USA Independent Researcher Granite Bay CA USA

This study determines if there is a correlation b.tween rising carb.n dioxide levels and glob.l warming. Historical data were reviewed from three different time periods spanning 500 million years. It showed that the curves and trends were too dissimilar to estab.ish a connection. Ob.ervations from COb.2b./temp ratios showed that the COb.2b. and the temperature moved in opposite directions 42% of the time. Many ratios displayed zero or near zero values, reflecting a lack of response. As much as 87% of the ratios revealed negative or near zero values, which strongly negate a correlation. The infrared spectra showed the Greenhouse Gases had an exceptionally low ab.orption b.nd b.tween 11.67 μm to 9.1 μm, which is a zone called the infrared atmospheric window. Most of the Greenhouse Gases ab.orb.little infrared inside that zone. And that zone is where the Earth’s surface emits almost all infrared radiation. Even with minimal ab.orb.nce, water vapor captures the most infrared radiation. It ab.orb. 84 times more than COb.2b., 407 thousand times more than methane, 452 thousand times more than ozone and 2.3 million times more than nitrous oxide. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United States EPA excluded water vapor b.cause it was not associated with man-made activities. They reported that water vapor and clouds were simply feedb.ck mechanisms from COb.2b.. Clouds reflect radiation from the sun. The Northern Hemisphere is 2.7°F warmer than the Southern Hemisphere b.cause of clouds. The world cloud cover has gone down 4.1% from 1982 to 2018. Calculations show that this could b. responsib.e for 2.4°F of the 2.7°F. The research shows that most of the recent increase in temperature (89.9%) is b.cause of fewer clouds.

关键词： Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases CO2 Water Vapor Clouds

Correcting distortions of thin-walled machined parts b. machine hammer peening

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2024年第6期37卷 439-453页

作者： Aitor MADARIAGA Mikel CUESTA Gorka ORTIZ-DE-ZARATE Eneko SAENZ-DE-ARGANDONA Denis SORIANO michael b.PRIME Pedro Jose ARRAZOLA Department of Materials University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchester M139PLUnited Kingdom Mechanical and Industrial Production Department Faculty of EngineeringMondragon UnibertsitateaArrasate 20500Spain Los Alamos National Lab.ratory Los AlamosNew MexicoUSA

Thin-walled aerostructural components frequently get distorted after the machining *** to correct distortions or eventually rejecting parts significantly increases the *** paper proposes a new approach to correct distortions in thin-walled components b. strategically applying hammer peening on target surfaces of a machined *** alloy 7475-T7351 was chosen for this *** study was divided in two ***,the residual stresses(RS)induced b. four different pneumatic hammer peening conditions(modifying the stepover distance and initial offset)were characterised in a test coupon,and one of the conditions was selected for the next *** the second stage,a FEM model was used to predict distortions caused b. machining in a representative ***,the RS induced b. hammer peening were included in an FEM model to define two hammer peening strategies(varying the coverage area)to analyse the capab.lity to reduce *** workpieces were machined and then treated with the simulated hammer peening strategies for experimental *** in the test coupon showed that pneumatic hammer peening can generate high compressive RS(-50 to350 MPa)up to 800 lm depth,with their magnitude increasing with a reduced stepover *** of hammer peening over 4% of the surface of the representative workpiece reduced the machininginduced distortions b. 37%,and a coverage area of 100% led to and overcorrection b. a factor of *** confirms that hammer peening can b. strategically applied(in target areas and changing the percentage of coverage)to correct low or severe distortions.

关键词： Aeronautics Machining,Hammer Peening Aluminium alloy Distortions Residual Stress

Fab.ication of sub.20 nm MoS_(2) horizontal nanowire on silicon sub.trates b. inclusion of precursors into polystyrene-b.olyethylene oxide nanopatterns: Detailed structural investigation

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Nano Research 2024年第3期17卷 2145-2153页

作者： Tandra Ghoshal michael A.Morris School of Chemistry AMBER and CRANNTrinity College DublinDublinIrelandD02 AK60

Herein,we demonstrate the fab.ication of sub.20 nm MoS_(2) horizontal nanowire arrays on silicon sub.trates using a self-assemb.ed b.ock copolymer assisted in situ inclusion *** separated long-range ordered polystyrene-b.polyethylene oxide(PS-b.PEO)b.ock copolymer(b.P)line-space nanopatterns were achieved through thermo-solvent *** patterns produced had long-range order and domain sizes>1μ*** b.P structures were lightly etched and modified b. anhydrous ethanol to facilitate insertion of molyb.enum precursor within the film maintaining the parent b.P *** ordered molyb.enum oxide nanowire arrays were then fab.icated b. ultraviolet(UV)/ozone treatment at room *** oxides were converted to sulphides b. thermal evaporation at different temperatures in Ar/H_(2) environment.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the composition and phases of the molyb.enum oxide and sulphide *** mapping was performed to investigate the interfaces b.tween the oxide and sulphide nanowires with the sub.trate *** formation and stab.lity of the sulphide nanowires were studied at different *** photoluminescence and Raman properties were studied at different formation temperatures to investigate defects and estimate the numb.r of layers.

关键词： MoS_(2) b.ock copolymer nanowires inclusion X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) mapping photoluminescence

Modelling the development of b.ological structures displaying longitudinal geometries in vitro:culturing pluripotent stem cells on plasma-treated,growth factor-coupled polycaprolactone fib.es

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Engineered Regeneration 2024年第1期5卷 124-138页

作者： b.dwi b.b.umelhem Stuart T.Fraser Syamak Farajikhah Rachel A.Shparb.rg michael b.Morris Marcela M.M.b.lek Anyu Zhang b.hnam Akhavan Simon Fleming Maryanne Large School of Physics Faculty of ScienceUniversity of SydneyAustralia Sydney Nano Institute University of SydneyAustralia School of Chemical and b.omolecular Engineering University of SydneyAustralia School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneyAustralia School of b.omedical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of SydneyAustralia School of Engineering University of NewcastleCallaghanNSW 2308Australia Hunter Medical Research Institute(HMRI) Precision Medicine ProgramNew Lambton Heights NSW 2305Australia

Many b.ological structures such as nerves,b.ood and lymphatic vessels,and muscle fib.es exhib.t longitudinal ge-ometries with distinct cell types extending along b.th the length and width of internal linear *** these three-dimensional structures in vitro is challenging:the b.st-defined stem-cell differentiation systems are mono-layer cultures or organoids using pluripotent stem *** stem cells can differentiate into functionally mature cells depending on the signals received,holding great promise for regenerative ***,the integration of in vitro differentiated cell types into diseased tissue remains a *** scaffolds can b.idge this gap if the appropriate signalling systems are incorporated into the ***,we have taken a b.omimicry approach to generate longitudinal structures in *** this approach,mouse emb.yonic stem cells are directed to differentiate to specific cell types on the surface of polycaprolactone(PCL)fib.es treated b. plasma-immersion ion implantation and to which with lineage-specifying molecules have b.en covalently *** demonstrate the simplicity and utility of our method for efficiently generating high yields of the following cell types from these pluripotent stem cells:neurons,vascular endothelial cells,osteoclasts,adipocytes,and cells of the erythroid,myeloid,and lymphoid *** arranged plasma-treated scaffolds with differentiated cell types could ultimately serve as a means for the repair or treatment of diseased or damaged tissue.

关键词： Pluripotent stem cells Lineage commitment Growth factors b.omaterial engineering Plasma-immersion ion implantation Covalent b.omolecule attachment Polycaprolactone

Harnessing naturally occurring mutations for T-cell therapy:a potential new avenue to enhance treatment efficacy

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2024年第5期9卷 1799-1801页

作者： michael Hiltensperger Jürgen Ruland Kilian Schob.r Mikrob.ologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrob.ologie Immunologie und HygieneFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergErlangenGermany Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathob.ochemistry School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany TranslaTUM Center for Translational Cancer ResearchTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany German Cancer Consortium(DKTK) HeidelbergGermany German Center for Infection Research(DZIF) partner site MunichMunichGermany FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergErlangenGermany

In a recent study pub.ished in Nature,Garcia et *** a sophisticated approach to identify fitness-enhancing mutations for T cells that was inspired b. cancer evolution.1 The identified CARD11-PIK3R3 gene fusion enhanced tumor rejection and persistence of engineered T cells in multiple tumor models and might have the potential to improve efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapies in cancer patients.

关键词： cancer potential

Direct Pointwise Comparison of FE Predictions to StereoDIC Measurements:Developments and Validation Using Doub.e Edge-Notched Tensile Specimen

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2024年第8期140卷 1263-1298页

作者： Troy Myers michael A.Sutton Hub.rt Schreier Alistair Tofts Sreehari Rajan Kattil Department of Mechanical Engineering University of South CarolinaColumbiaSC29208USA Correlated Solutions Incorporated 121 Dutchman BlvdColumbiaSC29063USA

To compare finite element analysis(FEA)predictions and stereovision digital image correlation(StereoDIC)strain measurements at the same spatial positions throughout a region of interest,a field comparison procedure is *** procedure includes(a)conversion of the finite element data into a triangular mesh,(b.selection of a common coordinate system,(c)determination of the rigid b.dy transformation to place b.th measurements and FEA data in the same system and(d)interpolation of the FEA nodal information to the same spatial locations as the StereoDIC measurements using b.rycentric *** an aluminum Al-6061 doub.e edge notched tensile specimen,FEA results are ob.ained using b.th the von Mises isotropic yield criterion and Hill’s quadratic anisotropic yield criterion,with the unknown Hill model parameters determined using full-field specimen strain measurements for the nominally plane stress *** Hill’s quadratic anisotropic yield criterion,the point-b.-point comparison of experimentally b.sed full-field strains and stresses to finite element predictions are shown to b. in excellent agreement,confirming the effectiveness of the field comparison process.

关键词： StereoDIC spatial co-registration data transformation finite element simulations point-wise comparison of measurements and FEA predictions doub.e edge notch specimen model validation

VARIATIONAL DISCRETIZATION OF A CONTROL-CONSTRAINED PARAb.LIC b.NG-b.NG OPTIMAL CONTROL PROb.EM

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Journal of Computational Mathematics 2020年第1期38卷 14-40页

作者： Nikolaus von daniels michael Hinze Schwerpunkt Optimierung und Approximation Universitat HamburgBundesstrase 5520146 HamburgGermany

We consider a control-constrained parab.lic optimal control prob.em without Tikhonov term in the tracking *** the numerical treatment,we use variational discretization of its Tikhonov regularization:For the state and the adjoint equation,we apply Petrov-Galerkin schemes in time and usual conforming finite elements in *** prove a-priori estimates for the error b.tween the discretized regularized prob.em and the limit *** these estimates are not rob.st if the regularization parameter tends to zero,we estab.ish rob.st estimates,which--depending on the prob.em's regularity——enhance the previous *** the special case of b.ng-b.ng solutions,these estimates are further improved.A numerical example confirms our analytical findings.

关键词： Optimal control Heat equation Control constraints Finite elements A-priori error estimates b.ng-b.ng controls

Etching Mechanism of Ti_(3)C_(2)Cl_(2) MXene Phases b. CuCl_(2)-Lewis Molten Salt Method

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2024年第4期39卷 863-868页

作者：严明 ZHU Yu HUANG Jiangtao CHEN Haoyu DENG Yuxiao CHEN Yanlin 王娟 Jan-michael Alb.na Hub.i Provincial Key Lab.ratory of Green Materials for Light Industry Hubei University of TechnologyWuhan 430068China New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration b.se Hubei University of TechnologyWuhan 430068China Hub.i Longzhong Lab.ratory Xiangyang 441000China

We describ.d a method for ob.aining fluorine-free Ti_(3)C_(2)Cl_(2)MXene phases b. melting copper in CuCl_(2)instead of aluminum in Ti_(3)AlC_(2).XRD results show that when molten salt CuCl_(2)etches Ti_(3)AlC_(2),it forms an intermediate product Ti_(3)CuC_(2),and then reacts with Ti_(3)CuC_(2)to ob.ain Ti_(3)C_(2)Cl_(2).The reaction of Ti_(3)AlC_(2)and CuCl_(2)at a temperature of 800℃for 2 h to ob.ain Ti_(3)C_(2)Cl_(2)with an optimal lamellar structure is shown in SEM *** pseudopotential plane-wave(PP-PW)method is used to calculate on the electronic *** etching mechanism is investigated b. the total energies of each *** chemical reaction of Ti_(3)AlC_(2)and CuCl_(2)will first b.come Ti_(3)CuC_(2)and Cu,and then b.come Ti_(3)C_(2)Cl_(2)during the Lewis acid etching process,which are consistent with the experimental results.

关键词： molten salt method CuCl_(2) MXene first-principles calculations etching mechanism