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Screening and efficacy of radical prostatectomy

Asian Journal of Andrology 2013年第4期15卷 441-442页

作者： michael Froehner Department of Urology University Hospital Carl GustavCarus Dresden University of Technology Fetscher-strasse 74 Dresden D-01307 Germany

I n a recently published study, the results of the Prostate Cancer Intervention ver-sus Observation Trial （PIVOT） trial were compared with that of the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study Number 4 （SPCG-4）. The authors concluded that the discrepancy of the mortality rates between both studies may be explained by screen- related lead time and over-diagnosis. In this comment, some potential biases are dis- cussed and the limited applicability of the results of both randomized trials to healthy candidates for radical prostatectomy is underlined. The results of the Prostate Cancer Inter- vention versus Observation Trial （PWOT）1 raised questions on the efficacy of radical prostatectomy in men with low-risk prostate cancer. Xia and co-workers2 used simulation modeling to determine whether the reduced absolute survival benefit in the PIVOT trial1 compared with Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study Number 43 may be explained by the high prevalence of screen-detected prostate cancers in the PIVOT study. The authors concluded that the discrepancy of the mortality rates between both studies may largdy be explained by screen-rdated lead time and over-diagnosis and should not be considered as an argument against the efficacy of radical prostatectomy even in the presence of screening. The authors emphasized that there is a subset of patients that should not be treated by radical prosta- tectomy which needs to be identified in the future,z There are further features of the PIVOT study making it appropriate to interpret the lack of survival differences in this trial with caution. With more than 30% dying of other causes by 10 years, the competing mortalityrate was three times as high as usually observed in contemporary radical prostatec- tomy series： 10%,4 4%-12%s and 11%.6 The PIVOT study sample obviously contained an over-proportionally large proportion of cases with a high risk of early competing mortality. This observation is particularly remarkable because it was as

关键词： Screening efficacy prostatectomy

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Semen quality analysis and the idea of normal fertility

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2010年第1期12卷 79-82页

作者： michael Joffe Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Imperial College London St Mary＇s Campus London W2 1PF UK

The World Health Organization （WHO） has extensively revised its manual for semen analysis, and seeks to provide reference limits for semen quality parameters. This raises the question of what is meant by ＇normal＇（excluding the use of this term to denote a Gaussian distribution）. It could be taken in a purely statistical sense, using a biologically arbitrary cut-off point to denote an abnormal level, typically the extreme 5 percent of the population. Alternatively, ＇normal＇ could be defined according to the biological concept of normality and abnormality, in terms of the point at which biological function becomes impaired. Either of these can be used in descriptive epidemiology, for example, to study trends, but in the case of fertility, both semen quality and functional fertility （time to pregnancy） are continuous variables with no clear threshold. The WHO manual uses the biological meaning of normal, in that it provides the semen parameter distributions for men who have recently fathered pregnancies that took 12 months or less to conceive. However, what is really needed is the same information the other way around： given a particular semen test result, what should be expected in terms of ability to conceive, and how long it is likely to take. In considering epidemiological research, the focus has been mainly on internal comparisons, rather than reference limits, but it would be beneficial if more attention were paid to the absolute levels and to what these mean in terms of function--in other words, if the data were better calibrated biologically.

关键词： fecundability fecundity fertility semen semen analysis subfecundity

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High speed optical modulation in Ge quantum wells using quantum confined stark effect

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Frontiers of Optoelectronics 2012年第1期5卷 82-89页

作者： Yiwen RONG Yijie HUO Edward T.fe Marco FIORENTINO michael R.T.TAN Tomasz OCHALSKI Guillaume HUYET Lars THYLEN Marek CHACINSKI Theodore I.KAMINS James S.HARRIS Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA Quantum Science Research Hewlett-Packard LaboratoriesPalo AltoCA 94304USA Tyndall National Institute Lee MaltingsPhotonics BuildingCorkIreland Photonics and Microwave Engineering Royal Institute of Technology Kista Stockholm S-16440Sweden

We focus on the optimization of SiGe material deposition, the minimization of the parasitic capacitance of the probe pads for high speed, low voltage and high contrast ratio operation. The device fabrication is based on processes for standard Si electronics and is suitable for mass-production. We present observations of quantum confinement and quantum-confined Stark effect （QCSE） electroabsorption in Ge quantum wells （QWs） with SiGe barriers grown on Si substrates. Though Ge is an indirect gap semiconductor, the resulting effects are at least as clear and strong as seen in typical III-V QW structures at similar wavelengths. We also demonstrated a modulator, with eye diagrams of up to 3.5 GHz, a small driving voltage of 2.5 V and a modulation bandwidth at about 10 GHz. Finally, carrier dynamics under ultra-fast laser excitation and high- speed photocurrent response are investigated.

关键词： electroabsorption effect Ge optical intercon-nections optical modulators quantum-confined Stark effect(QCSE) Ge/SiGe quantum wells (QWs)

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GANscan:continuous scanning microscopy using deep learning deblurring

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Light(Science & Applications) 2022年第10期11卷 2378-2387页

作者： michael John Fanous Gabriel Popescu Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign306 N.Wright StreetUrbanaIL 61801USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign306 N.Wright StreetUrbanaIL 61801USA

Most whole slide imaging(WSI)systems today rely on the"stop-and-stare"approach,where,at each field of view,the scanning stage is brought to a complete stop before the camera snaps a *** procedure ensures that each image is free of motion blur,which comes at the expense of long acquisition *** order to speed up the acquisition process,especially for large scanning areas,such as pathology slides,we developed an acquisition method in which the data is acquired continuously while the stage is moving at high *** generative adversarial networks(GANs),we demonstrate this ultra-fast imaging approach,referred to as GANscan,which restores sharp images from motion blurred *** allows us to complete image acquisitions at 30x the throughput of stop-and-stare *** method is implemented on a Zeiss Axio Observer Z1 microscope,requires no specialized hardware,and accomplishes successful reconstructions at stage speeds of up to 5000 μm/*** validate the proposed method by imaging H&E stained tissue *** method not only retrieves crisp images from fast,continuous scans,but also adjusts for defocusing that occurs during scanning within+/-5 μ*** a consumer GPU,the inference runs at<20 ms/image.

关键词： hardware continuous image

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Does foraging mode affect metabolic responses to feeding？ A study of pygopodid lizards

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Current Zoology 2013年第5期59卷 618-625页

作者： michael WALL michael B. THOMPSON Richard SHINE School of Biological Sciences A08 University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Current address: 4940 Anza St. #4 San Francisco CA 94121 USA

Foraging mode （ambush vs. active） profoundly affects many aspects of organismal biology, including metabolic rates and their relationship with food intake. Previous studies on snakes suggest that ambushers tend to have lower standard metabolic rates （SMR） and higher energetic costs of digestion and assimilation of prey （specific dynamic action, or SDA） than do active foragers. However, phylogenetic considerations may be at least partly responsible for such patterns, as foraging mode is strongly conserved evolutionarily and most SDA studies have focused on species from only two lineages of ambush foragers （pythonid and viperid snakes） and one lineage of active foragers （colubrid snakes）. We sought to deconfound the effects of phylogeny and foraging mode, investigating SMR and SDA in two closely related pygopodid lizards, the common scaly-foot Pygopus lepidopo- dus （active forager） and Burton＇s legless lizard Lialis burtonis （ambush forager）. Consistent with the pattern seen in snakes, L. burtonis exhibits a significantly lower SMR and a higher SDA than does P lepidopodus. The magnitude of SDA in L. burtonis is comparable to that of some pythons and vipers, providing yet more evidence for the remarkable convergence between this species and ambush-foraging snakes [Current Zoology 59 （5）： 618-625, 2013].

关键词： Ecology Metabolic rates Reptile Specific dynamic action

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Advances in halide perovskite semiconductors for energy-integrated and energy-resolved X-ray detection

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2024年第10期25卷 824-840页

作者： Yibin LAI Yang(michael)YANG State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation Institute for Advanced PhotonicsCollege of Optical Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China

X-ray andγ-ray detectors are widely used in medical,military,security,material analysis,and industrial *** recent years,perovskite materials have become promising materials for radiation detection owing to their strong stopping power,considerable carrier transportation ability,and simple synthesis *** studies have demonstrated both direct and indirect radiation detectors using perovskite *** this review,we aim to elucidate the mechanism by which X-rays andγ-rays interact with matter,explain the principles of the energy integrating mode and photon counting mode for direct detection,and discuss the key factors determining device ***,we summarize recent advances in perovskite-based radiation detectors for both ***,we identify challenges that need to be overcome to enable perovskite materials to be successfully commercialized.

关键词： Halide perovskite X-ray Direct detection Photo counting

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Call it sleep-what animals without backbones can tell us about the phylogeny of intrinsically generated neuromotor rhythms during early development

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2013年第3期29卷 373-380页

作者： michael A. Corner Netherlands Institute for Brain Research Amsterdam The Netherlands Université de Basse Normandie Caen France Harmoniehof 16/i 1071TC Amsterdam The Netherlands

A comprehensive overview is presented of the literature dealing with the development of sleep-like motility and neuronal activity patterns in non-vertebrate animals. It has been established that spontaneous, periodically modulated, neurogenic bursts of movement appear to be a universal feature of prenatal behavior. New empirical data are presented showing that such ＇seismic sleep＇ or ＇rapid-body-movement＇ bursts in cuttlefish persist for some time after birth. Extensive ontogenetic research in both vertebrates and non-vertebrates is thus essential before current hypotheses about the phylogeny of motorically active sleep-like states can be taken seriously.

关键词： sleep phylogeny behavior development spontaneous motility neuronal networks cuttlefish

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The Agricultural-Industrial Partnership for Eliminating Micronutrient Malnutrition: The Investment Bargain of the Decade

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2001年第1期14卷 104-123页

作者： JOSEPH michael HUNT Senior Health and Nutrition Economist Asian Development Bank Manila Philippines

The limitations of conventional approaches to eliminating micronutrient deficiencies drives the search for a sustainable paradigm. This manuscript argues that the public and private sectors must embark on modernization of the Asian food industry and reorientation of the international agricultural research complex so that nutritionally enriched essential foods will be affordable and accessible to the poor. It is recommended that this partnership take special care of the needs of Asian children. The costs of chronic undernutrition, availability of cost effective strategies, and benefits of sustained nutrition improvement to individuals, families and nations are reviewed. The roles of food fortification, plant breeding and biotechnology, both actual and imminent, are described. The paper concludes that a recast Green Revolution directed to dietary quality may be the key to enhancing the learning and earning capacity of young Asians of the new millenium. “No other technology offers as large an opportunity to improve lives\{…\}at such a low cost and in such a short time\{…\}” World Bank [1] .

关键词： Agriculture Child Welfare Industry Micronutrients Nutrition Policy Biotechnology Child Food Industry Food Fortified Humans Interprofessional Relations Nutrition Disorders Policy Making

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Hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion （HEF） protein of influenza C virus

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Protein & Cell 2016年第1期7卷 28-45页

作者： MingyangWang michael Veilt Institute of Virology Veterinary Medicine Free University BerLin BerLin Germany

Influenza C virus, a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, causes flu-like disease but typically only with mild symptoms. Humans are the main reservoir of the virus, but it also infects pigs and dogs. Very recently, influenza C-like viruses were isolated from pigs and cattle that differ from classical influenza C virus and might constitute a new influenza virus genus. Influenza C virus is unique since it contains only one spike protein, the hemagglu- tinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein HEF that possesses receptor binding, receptor destroying and membrane fusion activities, thus combining the functions of Hemaggiutinin （HA） and Neuraminidase （NA） of influenza A and B viruses. Here we briefly review the epidemiology and pathology of the virus and the morphology of virus particles and their genome. The main focus is on the structure of the HEF protein as well as on its co- and post- translational modification, such as N-glycosylation, disulfide bond formation, S-acylation and proteolytic cleavage into HEF1 and HEF2 subunits. Finally, we describe the functions of HEF： receptor binding, esterase activity and membrane fusion.

关键词： influenza C virus HEF structure receptorbinding esterase membrane fusion

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PM2.5： global progress in controlling the motor vehicle contribution

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2014年第1期8卷 1-17页

作者： michael Patrick WALSH International Consultant Arlington VA 22207 USA

It is well established that ambient particles in the size range of 2.5 microns or less case a wide variety of adverse health effects. According to a recent study from the World Health Organization, in 2010 these effects resulted in approximately 3.2million premature deaths with vehicles being one of the significant contributors. Diesel vehicle particulate emissions which are virtually all smaller than 2.5 microns raise additional special concerns due to their carcinogenicity and high ratio of black carbon （BC） to organic carbon; black carbon has recently been found to be the second most important contributor to climate change after carbon dioxide. Other pollutants emitted by diesels and other vehicles such as the oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds also contribute to ambient particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns in size （PM2.5） after undergoing secondary transformations in the atrno- sphere. Technologies have dramatically reduce vehicle been developed that can emissions when clean, low sulfur fuels are available and these technologies are being phased in throughout the industrialized world resulting in a global decrease in particulate matter （PM） and BC emissions from vehicles. However the vehicle population is growing rapidly in the developing world, leading to increases in emissions in many countries. Unless these rapidly industrializing countries move to state of the art vehicles and clean fuels, global PM, BC and NOx emissions from road vehicles will start to turn up over the next 10 to 15 years.

关键词： particulate black carbon climate change,diesels

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