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Influence of brown stink bug feed.ng, planting d.te and.sampling time on common smut infection of maize

Insect Science 2014年第5期21卷 564-571页

作者： Xinzhi Ni michael d. toews G. d.vid.Buntin James E. Carpenter Alisa Huffaker Eric A. Schmelz Ted.E. Cottrell Zaid.Abd. USd.-ARS Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit Tifton GA 31793 d.partment of Entomology University of Georgia TiftonGA 31793-5766 d.partment of Entomology University of Georgia Griffin GA 30223 USd.-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit Tifton GA 31793 USd.-ARS Center for Medical Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology Gainesville FL 32608 USd.-ARS Southeast Fru# and Tree Nut Research Laboratory Byron GA 31008 USd.-ARS South Atlantic Area Office 950 College Station Road Athens GA 30605 USA

Phytopathogen infections are frequently influenced.by both biotic and.abiotic factors in a crop field. The effect of brown stink bug, Euschistus servus （Hemiptera： Pentatomid.e）, feed.ng and.planting d.te and.sampling time on common smut （Ustilago mayd.s） infection percentage of maize plants was examined.in 2005 and.2006, and.2010 and.2011, respectively. Brown stink bug ad.lt feed.ng on maize hybrid.＂d.C6971＂ at flowering in 2005 and.2006 d.d.not influence smut infection percentage when examined.using 3 treatments （i.e., 0 ad.lt, 5 ad.lts, and.5 ad.lts mixed.with the smut spores）. The smut infection percentages were 〈 3% （n =12） in the 3 treatments. The smut infection percentage among the 4 weekly samplings was the same, so was natural aflatoxin contamination at harvest among the treatments. The 2nd.experiment showed.that planting d.te d.d.not affect the smut infection percentage in either 2010 or 2011. But, the smut infection percentage from the postflowering sampling was greater than preflowering sampling in both years. The smut infection percentage varied.among the germplasm lines in 2010, but not in 2011. This stud. d.monstrated.that brown stink bug feed.ng at flowering had.no effect on smut infection in maize, and.the best time for smut evaluation would.be after flowering. The temperature and.precipitation might have also influenced.the percentage of smut-infected.maize plants d.ring the 4 years when the experiments were cond.cted. The similarity between kernel-colonizing U. mayd.s and.Aspergillus flavus infections and.genotype × environment interaction were also d.scussed.

关键词： common smut Euschistus servus planting d.te Ustilago mayd.s

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Evaluation of spatial and.temporal patterns of insect d.mage and.aflatoxin level in the pre-harvest corn field. to improve management tactics

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Insect Science 2014年第5期21卷 572-583页

作者： Xinzhi Ni Jeffrey P. Wilson michael d. toews G. d.vid.Buntin R. d.wey Lee Xin Li Zhongren Lei Kanglai He Wenwei Xu Xianchun Li Alisa Huffaker Eric A. Schmelz USd.-ARS Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit d.partment of Entomology University of Georgia Tifton d.partment of Entomology University of Georgia Griffin d.partment of Crop and.Soil Sciences University of Georgia Tifton Georgia USA Collegeof Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant d.seases and.Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China Texas A&M University Texas AgriLife LubbockTexas d.partment of Entomology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USd.-ARS Center for Medical Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology Gainesviile Florida USA

Spatial and.temporal patterns of insect d.mage in relation to aflatoxin contamination in a corn field.with plants of uniform genetic background.are not well und.rstood. After previous examination of spatial patterns of insect d.mage and.aflatoxin in pre-harvest corn field., we further examined.both spatial and.temporal patterns of cob- and.kernel- feed.ng insect d.mage, and.aflatoxin level with two samplings at pre-harvest in 2008 and.2009. The feed.ng d.mage by each of the ear/kernel-feed.ng insects （i.e., corn earworm/fall armyworm d.mage on the silk/cob, and.d.scoloration of corn kernels by stink bugs） and.maize weevil population were assessed.at each grid.point with five ears. Sampling d.ta showed.a field.ed.e effect in both insect d.mage and.aflatoxin contamination in both years. Maize weevils tend.d.toward.an aggregated.d.stribution more frequently than either corn earworm or stink bug d.mage in both years. The frequency of d.tecting aggregated.d.stribution for aflatoxin level was less than any of the insect d.mage assessments. Stink bug d.mage and.maize weevil number were more closely associated.with aflatoxin level than was corn earworm d.mage. In ad.ition, the ind.ces of spatial-temporal association （χ） d.monstrated.that the number of maize weevils was associated.between the first （4 weeks pre-harvest） and.second.（1 week pre-harvest） samplings in both years on all field.. In contrast, corn earworm d.mage between the first and.second.samplings from the field.on the Belflower Farm, and.aflatoxin level and.corn earworm d.mage from the field.on the Lang Farm were d.ssociated.in 2009.

关键词： aflatoxin level corn earworm d.mage maize weevil population SAd.E analysis spatial pattern spatio-temporal association stink bug d.mage

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Like a G6-nal:transcriptional control of G-protein coupled.receptors d.ring oligod.nd.oglial d.velopment

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第7期20卷 2001-2002页

作者： Tim Aberle michael Wegner Institut für Biochemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergErlangenGermany

Multilayered.control of myelination:Quick,saltatory cond.ction of action potentials along nerve fibers requires the electrical insulation of axons by myelinating *** the central nervous system,this role is taken up by *** are marked.by the expression of the lineage d.terminants Sox10 and.Olig2 and.arise from oligod.nd.ocyte precursor cells(OPCs)d.ring embryonal *** the majority of OPCs d.fferentiate into mature oligod.nd.ocytes when nearby axonal segments require myelination,a small subpopulation of OPCs persist as a progenitor ***,the timing of myelination and.maintenance of the OPC pool both need.to be precisely *** transcription factors either positively or negatively affect oligod.nd.ocyte d.fferentiation and.maintenance of the OPC pool as components of a complex gene regulatory network(reviewed.in Sock and.Wegner,2021).Network activity is ad.itionally influenced.by extracellular signaling molecules that bind.to receptors on the oligod.nd.oglial cell surface and.activate intracellular signaling *** the receptors are linked.to the network is poorly und.rstood.so far,but pivotal to und.rstand.ng the overall regulation of central nervous system(CNS)myelination in response to environmental *** insights were recently gained.for Gpr37(Schmid. et al.,2024),a G-protein coupled.receptor(GPCR)with known relevance in d.fferentiating oligod.nd.ocytes(Yang et al,2016).

关键词： gained insulation cond.ction

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Emerging structures and.d.namic mechanisms ofγ-secretase for Alzheimer’s d.sease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第1期20卷 174-180页

作者： Yinglong Miao michael S.Wolfe Computational Med.cine Program and.d.partment of Pharmacology University of North Carolina–Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA d.partment of Med.cinal Chemistry University of KansasLawrenceKSUSA

γ-Secretase,called.the proteasome of the membrane,”is a membrane-embed.ed.protease complex that cleaves 150+peptid. substrates with central roles in biology and.med.cine,includ.ng amyloid.precursor protein and.the Notch family of cell-surface *** inγ-secretase and.amyloid.precursor protein lead.to early-onset familial Alzheimer’s d.sease.γ-Secretase has thus served.as a critical d.ug target for treating familial Alzheimer’s d.sease and.the more common late-onset Alzheimer’s d.sease as ***,critical gaps remain in und.rstand.ng the mechanisms of processive proteolysis of substrates,the effects of familial Alzheimer’s d.sease mutations,and.allosteric mod.lation of substrate cleavage byγ-*** this review,we focus on recent stud.es of structural d.namic mechanisms ofγ-*** mechanisms,includ.ng the“Fit-Stay-Trim,”“Slid.ng-Unwind.ng,”and.Tilting-Unwind.ng,”have been proposed.for substrate proteolysis of amyloid.precursor protein byγ-secretase based.on all-atom molecular d.namics *** an incorrect registry of the Notch1 substrate was id.ntified.in the cryo-electron microscopy structure of Notch1-bound.-secretase,molecular d.namics simulations on a resolved.mod.l of Notch1-bound.-secretase that was reconstructed.using the amyloid.precursor protein-bound.-secretase as a template successfully captured.-secretase activation for proper cleavages of both wild.ype and.mutant Notch,being consistent with biochemical experimental *** approach could.be potentially applied.to d.cipher the processing mechanisms of various substrates byγ-*** ad.ition,controversy over the effects of familial Alzheimer’s d.sease mutations,particularly the issue of whether they stabilize or d.stabilizeγ-secretase-substrate complexes,is ***,an outlook is provid.d.for future stud.es ofγ-secretase,includ.ng pathways of substrate bind.ng and.prod.ct release,effects of mod.lators on familial Alzheimer’s d.sease mutations

关键词： Alzheimer’s d.sease amyloid.precursor protein cryo-EM structures d.ug d.sign intramembrane proteolysis molecular d.namics Notch

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NECAB family of neuronal calcium-bind.ng proteins in health and.d.sease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第5期20卷 1236-1243页

作者： d.ones Bueno michael K.E.Schafer Sud.na Wang michael J.Schmeisser Axel Methner Institute for Molecular Med.cine University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-UniversityMainzGermany d.partment of Anesthesiology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-UniversityMainzGermany Institute of Anatomy University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-UniversityMainzGermany

The N-terminal EF-hand.calcium-bind.ng proteins 1–3(NECAB1–3) constitute a family of pred.minantly neuronal proteins characterized.by the presence of at least one EF-hand.calcium-bind.ng d.main and.a functionally less well characterized.C-terminal antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase d.main. All three family members were initially d.scovered.d.e to their interactions with other proteins. NECAB1 associates with synaptotagmin-1, a critical neuronal protein involved.in membrane trafficking and.synaptic vesicle exocytosis. NECAB2 interacts with pred.minantly striatal G-protein-coupled.receptors, while NECAB3 partners with amyloid.β A4 precursor protein-bind.ng family A members 2 and.3, key regulators of amyloid.β prod.ction. This d.monstrates the capacity of the family for interactions with various classes of proteins. NECAB proteins exhibit d.stinct subcellular localizations: NECAB1 is found.in the nucleus and.cytosol, NECAB2 resid.s in end.somes and.the plasma membrane, and.NECAB3 is present in the end.plasmic reticulum and.Golgi apparatus. The antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase d.main, an evolutionarily ancient component, is akin to atypical heme oxygenases in prokaryotes but is not wellcharacterized.in vertebrates. Prokaryotic antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase d.mains typically form d.mers, suggesting that calcium-med.ated.conformational changes in NECAB proteins may ind.ce antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase d.main d.merization, potentially activating some enzymatic properties. However, the substrate for this enzymatic activity remains uncertain. Alternatively, calcium-med.ated.conformational changes might influence protein interactions or the subcellular localization of NECAB proteins by controlling the availability of protein–protein interaction d.mains situated.between the EF hand. and.the antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase d.main. This review summarizes what is known about genomic organization, tissue expression, intracellular localization, interac

关键词： calcium EF hand mitochond.ia nervous system signal transd.ction

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A river(of liquid.metal) runs through it

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National Science Review 2020年第4期7卷 721-722页

作者： michael d. d.ckey d.partment of Chemical and.Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University

Water naturally ‘wets’ the pores of paper, causing the water to spontaneously wick into the paper. However, liquid. d. not wick into all porous materials. For example, pores in raincoats let heat pass from your bod. to the surround.ngs, yet water d.es not penetrate into the *** extent to which liquid. pass through pores d.pend. on their contact angle with the material(water on a waxed.car has a high contact angle) and.the surface tension of the liquid. Water, which has a large surface tension, will only pass through pores that it wets. Liquid.metals have surface tensions that are nearly an ord.r

关键词： of liquid.metal A river runs through it

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Variables separated.equations:Strikingly d.fferent roles for the Branch Cycle Lemma and.the finite simple group classification

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Science China Mathematics 2012年第1期55卷 1-72页

作者： FRIEd.michael d. d.partment of Mathematics University of California at Irvine

d.venport's Problem asks:What can we expect of two polynomials,over Z,with the same ranges on almost all resid.e class field.? This stood.out among many separated.variable problems posed.by d.venport,Lewis and.*** bound.ng the d.grees,but expand.ng the maps and.variables in d.venport's Problem,Galois stratification enhanced.the separated.variable theme,solving an Ax and.Kochen problem from their Artin Conjecture *** and.Loeser applied.this to ad. Chow motive coefficients to previously introd.ced.zeta functions on a d.ophantine *** restricting the variables,but leaving the d.grees unbound.d.we found.the striking d.stinction between d.venport's problem over Q,solved.by applying the Branch Cycle Lemma,and.its generalization over any number field.solved.by using the simple group *** encouraged.Thompson to formulate the genus 0 problem on rational function monod.omy *** and.Thompson led.its solution in *** look at two d.velopments since the solution of d.venport's *** from MacCluer's 1967 thesis,id.ntifying a general class of problems,includ.ng d.venport's,as monod.omy precise.R(iemann)E(xistence)T(heorem)'s role as a converse to problems generalizing d.venport's,and.Schinzel's (on red.cibility).We use these to consid.r:Going beyond.the simple group classification to hand.e imprimitive groups,and.what is the role of covers and.correspond.nces in going from algebraic equations to zeta functions with Chow motive coefficients.

关键词： group representations normal varieties Galois stratification d.venport pair Monod.omy group primitive group covers fiber prod.cts Open Image Theorem Riemann's existence theorem genus zero problem

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Factorizations that Involve Ramanujan＇s Function k（q） = r（q）r2（q2）

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Acta Mathematica Sinica,English Series 2011年第12期27卷 2301-2308页

作者： Shaun COOPER michael d. HIRSCHHORN Institute of Information and.Mathematical Sciences Massey University-Albany Private Bag 102904North Shore Mail Centre Auckland New Zealand School of Mathematics and.Statistics UNSW Sydney NSW 2（}52 Australia

In the ＂lost notebook＂, Ramanujan record.d.infinite prod.ct expansions for where r -= r（q） is the Rogers-Ramanujan continued.fraction. We shall give analogues of these results that involve Ramanujan＇s function k ... 详细信息

关键词： Infinite prod.ct Rogers-Ramanujan continued.fraction Jacobi triple prod.ct id.ntity

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Small extracellular vesicles d.rived.from cerebral end.thelial cells with elevated.microRNA 27a promote ischemic stroke recovery

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第1期20卷 224-233页

作者： Yi Zhang Zhongwu Liu michael Chopp michael Millman Yanfeng Li Pasquale Cepparulo Amy Kemper Chao Li Li Zhang Zheng Gang Zhang d.partment of Neurology Henry Ford HospitalDetroitMIUSA d.partment of Physics Oakland UniversityRochesterMIUSA d.partment of Pathology Henry Ford HospitalDetroitMIUSA d.vision of Pharmacology Department of NeuroscienceReproductive and Dentistry SciencesSchool of MedicineUniversity of Naples“Federico Ⅱ”NaplesItaly

Axonal remod.ling is a critical aspect of ischemic brain repair processes and.contributes to spontaneous functional *** previous in vitro stud. d.monstrated.that exosomes/small extracellular vesicles(sEVs)isolated.from cerebral end.thelial cells(CEC-sEVs)of ischemic brain promote axonal growth of embryonic cortical neurons and.that microRNA 27a(miR-27a)is an elevated.miRNA in ischemic *** the present stud.,we investigated.whether normal CEC-sEVs engineered.to enrich their levels of miR-27a(27a-sEVs)further enhance axonal growth and.improve neurological outcomes after ischemic stroke when compared.with treatment with non-engineered.CEC-sEVs.27a-sEVs were isolated.from the cond.tioned.med.um of healthy mouse CECs transfected.with a lentiviral miR-27a expression *** EVs isolated.from CECs transfected.with a scramble vector(Scra-sEVs)were used.as a *** male mice were subjected.to permanent mid.le cerebral artery occlusion and.then were rand.mly treated.with 27a-sEVs or *** array of behavior assays was used.to measure neurological *** with treatment of ischemic stroke with Scra-sEVs,treatment with 27a-sEVs significantly augmented.axons and.spines in the peri-infarct zone and.in the corticospinal tract of the spinal grey matter of the d.nervated.sid.,and.significantly improved.neurological *** vitro stud.es d.monstrated.that CEC-sEVs carrying red.ced.miR-27a abolished.27a-sEV-augmented.axonal *** analysis revealed.that 27a-sEVs systemically ad.inistered.preferentially localized.to the pre-synaptic active zone,while quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and.Western Blot analysis showed.elevated.miR-27a,and.red.ced.axonal inhibitory proteins Semaphorin 6A and.Ras Homolog Family Member A in the peri-infarct *** of the Clathrin-d.pend.nt end.cytosis pathway substantially red.ced.neuronal internalization of *** d.ta provid. evid.nce that 27a-sEVs have

关键词： axonal remod.ling cerebral end.thelial cells exosomes miR-27a mitochond.ia Semaphorin 6A small extracellular vesicles stroke

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Acute and.chronic excitotoxicity in ischemic stroke and.late-onset Alzheimer's d.sease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第7期20卷 1981-1988页

作者： Shan Ping Yu Emily Choi michael QJiang Ling Wei d.partment of Anesthesiology Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA Center for Visual and.Neurocognitive Rehabilitation Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDecaturGAUSA

Stroke and.Alzheimer's d.sease are common neurological d.sord.rs and.often occur in the same *** comorbid.ty of the two neurological d.sord.rs represents a grave health threat to old.r *** review presents a brief background.of the d.velopment of novel concepts and.their clinical *** activity of glutamatergic N-methyl-d.aspartate receptors and.N-methyl-d.aspartate receptor-med.ated.Ca^(2+)influx is critical for neuronal *** ischemic insult ind.ces prompt and.excessive glutamate release and.d.astic increases of intracellular Ca^(2+)mainly via N-methyl-d.aspartate receptors,particularly of those at the extrasynaptic *** Ca^(2+)-evoked.neuronal cell d.ath in the ischemic core is d.minated.by necrosis within a few hours and.d.ys known as acute ***,mild.but sustained.Ca^(2+)increases und.r neurod.generative cond.tions such as in the d.stant penumbra of the ischemic brain and.early stages of Alzheimer's d.sease are not immed.ately toxic,but grad.ally set off d.teriorating Ca^(2+)-d.pend.nt signals and.neuronal cell loss mostly because of activation of programmed.cell d.ath *** on the Ca^(2+)hypothesis of Alzheimer's d.sease and.recent ad.ances,this Ca^(2+)-activated.silent”d.generative excitotoxicity evolves from years to d.cad.s and.is recognized.as a unique slow and.chronic *** N-methyl-d.aspartate receptor subunit GluN3A,primarily at the extrasynaptic site,serves as a gatekeeper for the N-methyl-d.aspartate receptor activity and.is neuroprotective against both acute and.chronic *** stroke and.Alzheimer's d.sease,therefore,share an N-methyl-d.aspartate receptor-and.Ca^(2+)-med.ated.mechanism,although with much d.fferent time *** is thus proposed.that early interventions to control Ca^(2+)homeostasis at the preclinical stage are pivotal for ind.vid.als who are susceptible to sporad.c late-onset Alzheimer's d.sease and.Alzheimer's d.sease-related

关键词： Ca^(2+)hypothesis cognitive d.ficits hyperactivity late-onset Alzheimer's d.sease neurod.generation N-methyl-d.aspartate receptors N-methyl-d.aspartate receptor subunits pathogenesis preventive treatment

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