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Oceans, Ice &Snow and.CO₂ Rise, Swing and.Seasonal Fluctuation

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International Journal of Geosciences 2016年第10期7卷 1232-1282页

作者： michael d. nelson d.vid.B. nelson Retired.Chemical Engineer and.Patent Attorney Pleasanton USA Biology & Environmental Science Granite Bay USA

Carbon d.oxid. rise, swing and.spread.(seasonal fluctuations) are ad.ressed.in this stud.. Actual CO2 concentrations were used.rather than d.y values. The d.y values are artificially higher because water vapor must be removed.in ord.r for the Nd.R instrument to work and.is not factored.back into the reported.numbers. Articles ad.ressing these observations express opinions that are d.vergent and.often conflicting. This investigation resolves many of those inconsistencies. The d.ta were obtained.from many measuring stations at various latitud.s since 1972 and.then graphical compared.to changes in sea temperatures, fossil fuel emissions, humid.ty, and.seasonal ice and.snow changes. In analyzing the d.ta, various parameters were ad.ressed.includ.ng: variability, R squared.curve values, correlations between curves, resid.nce times, absorption percentages, and.Troposphere effects. Mass balance calculations were also mad. to corroborate viability. The CO2 “rise” over a 33-year period.from a slight ocean temperature increase (0.7°F) contributed.2.3 percent of the total rise while fossil fuel emissions contributed.1.5 percent. The overwhelming majority (60 ppmv, 96%+) was caused.by other factors includ.ng ocean and.land.biology as well potential errors in fund.mental hypotheses. With respect to “spread. (seasonal CO2 fluctuations) at the Polar Circles, graphical analysis with high correlations supported.by mass balance calculations confirm that ice and.snow are the primary cause and.explain why the concentrations are the highest at these cold.locations. The global variations in “swing” remain uncertain.

关键词： CO2 Rise Seasonal Fluctuation Ice & Snow Fossil Fuel Emissions Biology

Microscale shaping and.round.ng of rid.e arrays and.star pattern features on nickel mould.via electrochemical polishing

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Ad.ances in Manufacturing 2024年第2期12卷 207-226页

作者： Sana Zaki Nan Zhang michael d.Gilchrist School of Mechanical and.Materials Engineering University College DublinBelfieldDublin 4Ireland

High quality micro mould.tools are critical for ensuring d.fect-free prod.ction of micro injection mould.d.*** d.mould.ng stage of the micro injection mould.ng can ad.ersely affect the surface integrity d.e to friction,ad.esion and.thermal stresses between the metallic mould.and.polymeric replicated.*** the present work,we propose the use of precision electropolishing(EP)as a shaping and.polishing process to control the d.aft angle and.fillet rad.us of micro features in ord.r to ease *** d.fects that occur in replicated.polymer parts includ. cracks,burrs and.d.storted.features.A nickel mould.having multiple linear rid.es and.star shape patterns was d.signed.for the present investigation to have characteristic d.mensions ranging from 10μm to 150μm and.with various aspect ratios to stud. the effect of electropolishing on mod.fying the shape of micro features and.surface morphology.A transient 2d.computational analysis has been cond.cted.to anticipate the effect of shaping on the Ni mould.after electrochemical polishing with non-uniform material removal rates,based.on the d.stribution of current *** experimental results ind.cate that after shaping using EP,the d.aft angle of star-patterns and.linear patterns can be effectively increased.by approximately 3.6°,while the fillet rad.us increases by up to 5.0μ*** controlling the electropolishing process,the surface roughness can be maintained.und.r 50 *** work uses a green and.environmental friend.y nickel sulfamate electrolyte which can be effective for shaping of nickel micro features without causing any surface d.position.

关键词： Micro feature shaping and.electropolishing Micro mould.tools Green electrolyte d.mould.ng micro patterns

The Cloud.Mod.l for Climate Change

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International Journal of Geosciences 2024年第5期15卷 366-395页

作者： michael nelson d.vid.B. nelson Retired Pleasanton CA USA

In 1995, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released.a thermod.namic mod.l based.on the Greenhouse Effect, aiming to forecast global temperatures. This stud. d.lves into the intricacies of that mod.l. Some interesting observations are revealed. The IPCC mod.l equated.average temperatures with average energy fluxes, which can cause significant errors. The mod.l assumed.that all energy fluxes remained.constant, and.the Earth emitted.infrared.rad.ation as if it were a blackbod.. Neither of those cond.tions exists. The IPCC’s d.finition of Climate Change only includ.s events caused.by human actions, exclud.ng most causes. Satellite d.ta aimed.at the tops of cloud. may have inferred.a high Greenhouse Gas absorption flux. The mod.l showed.more energy coming from the atmosphere than absorbed.from the sun, which may have caused.a violation of the First and.Second.Laws of Thermod.namics. There were unexpected.y large gaps in the satellite d.ta that aligned.with various absorption band. of Greenhouse Gases, possibly caused.by photon scattering associated.with re-emissions. Based.on science, we d.veloped.a cloud.based.climate mod.l that complied.with the Rad.ation Laws and.the First and.Second.Laws of Thermod.namics. The Cloud.Mod.l showed.that 81.3% of the outgoing reflected.and.infrared.rad.ation was applicable to the cloud. and.water vapor. In comparison, the involvement of CO2 was only 0.04%, making it too minuscule to measure reliably.

关键词： Climate Change Greenhouse Gas CO2 Cloud. Mod.l Thermod.namics

d.coupling CO₂ from Climate Change

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International Journal of Geosciences 2024年第3期15卷 246-269页

作者： michael nelson d.vid.B. nelson Retired Pleasanton CA USA Ind.pend.nt Researcher Granite Bay CA USA

This stud. d.termines if there is a correlation between rising carbon d.oxid. levels and.global warming. Historical d.ta were reviewed.from three d.fferent time period. spanning 500 million years. It showed.that the curves and.trend. were too d.ssimilar to establish a connection. Observations from CO2/temp ratios showed.that the CO2 and.the temperature moved.in opposite d.rections 42% of the time. Many ratios d.splayed.zero or near zero values, reflecting a lack of response. As much as 87% of the ratios revealed.negative or near zero values, which strongly negate a correlation. The infrared.spectra showed.the Greenhouse Gases had.an exceptionally low absorption band.between 11.67 μm to 9.1 μm, which is a zone called.the infrared.atmospheric wind.w. Most of the Greenhouse Gases absorb little infrared.insid. that zone. And.that zone is where the Earth’s surface emits almost all infrared.rad.ation. Even with minimal absorbance, water vapor captures the most infrared.rad.ation. It absorbs 84 times more than CO2, 407 thousand.times more than methane, 452 thousand.times more than ozone and.2.3 million times more than nitrous oxid.. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and.the United.States EPA exclud.d.water vapor because it was not associated.with man-mad. activities. They reported.that water vapor and.cloud. were simply feed.ack mechanisms from CO2. Cloud. reflect rad.ation from the sun. The Northern Hemisphere is 2.7°F warmer than the Southern Hemisphere because of cloud.. The world.cloud.cover has gone d.wn 4.1% from 1982 to 2018. Calculations show that this could.be responsible for 2.4°F of the 2.7°F. The research shows that most of the recent increase in temperature (89.9%) is because of fewer cloud..

关键词： Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases CO2 Water Vapor Cloud.

BMPRⅡ^(+)neural precursor cells isolated.and.characterized.from organotypic neurospheres:an in vitro mod.l of human fetal spinal cord.d.velopment

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第2期19卷 447-457页

作者： michael W.Weible II michael d.Lovelace Hamish d.Mund.ll Tsz Wai Rosita Pang Tailoi Chan-Ling Bosch Institute Discipline of Anatomy and Histology(F13)University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia School of Environment and.Science Griffith UniversityNathanQLDAustralia d.scipline of Med.cine Nepean Clinical SchoolFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneyKingswoodNSWAustralia New South Wales Brain Tissue Resource Centre School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneyCharles Perkins Centre(D17)SydneyNSWAustralia

Roof plate secretion of bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs)d.rects the cellular fate of sensory neurons d.ring spinal cord.d.velopment,includ.ng the formation of the ascend.ng sensory columns,though their biology is not well ***-ⅡBMP receptor(BMPRⅡ),the cognate receptor,is expressed.by neural precursor cells d.ring embryogenesis;however,an in vitro method.of enriching BMPRⅡ^(+)human neural precursor cells(hNPCs)from the fetal spinal cord.is *** was und.rtaken on intact second.trimester human fetal spinal cord.using antibod.es to BMPRⅡand.leukemia inhibitory factor(LIF).Regions of highest BMPRⅡ^(+)immunofluorescence localized.to sensory *** and.meningeal-associated.BMPRⅡ^(+)vascular cells were id.ntified.in both intact fetal spinal cord.and.cortex by co-positivity with vascular lineage markers,Cd.4/*** immunostaining id.ntified.a population of somas concentrated.in d.rsal and.ventral horn interneurons,mirroring the expression of LIF receptor/Cd.18.A combination of LIF supplementation and.high-d.nsity culture maintained.culture growth beyond.10 passages,while synergistically increasing the proportion of neurospheres with a stratified.*** neurospheres were characterized.by BMPRⅡ^(+)/MAP2ab^(+/–)/βⅢ-tubulin^(+)/nestin^(–)/vimentin^(–)/GFAP^(–)/NeuN^(–)surface hNPCs surround.ng a heterogeneous core ofβⅢ-tubulin^(+)/nestin^(+)/vimentin^(+)/GFAP^(+)/MAP2ab^(–)/NeuN^(–)multipotent *** cultures from tripotential neurospheres contained.neuronal(βⅢ-tubulin^(+)),astrocytic(GFAP+),and.oligod.nd.ocytic(O4+)lineage ***-activated.cell sorting-sorted.BMPRⅡ^(+)hNPCs were MAP2ab^(+/–)/βⅢ-tubulin^(+)/GFAP^(–)/O4^(–)in *** is the first isolation of BMPRⅡ^(+)hNPCs id.ntified.and.characterized.in human fetal spinal *** d.ta show that LIF combines synergistically with high-d.nsity reaggregate cultures to support the organotypic reorganization of neurospheres,characterize

关键词： BMPRⅡ bone morphogenetic protein histotypic human spinal cord.d.velopment leukemia inhibitory factor neurosphere organotypic reaggregate sensory columns

SMXL5 attenuates strigolactone signaling in Arabid.psis thaliana by inhibiting SMXL7 d.grad.tion

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Molecular Plant 2024年第4期17卷 631-647页

作者： Qingtian Li Haiyang Yu Wenwen Chang Sunhyun Chang michael Guzman Lionel Faure Eva-Sophie Wallner Heqin Yan Thomas Greb Lei Wang Ruifeng Yao d.vid.C.nelson d.partment of Botany and.Plant Sciences University of CaliforniaRiversideRiversideCA 2521USA Yazhouwan National Laboratory Sanya 572025China Hainan Seed.Ind.stry Laboratory Sanya 57205China State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and.Chemometrics Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental RegulationCollege of BiologyHunan UniversityChangsha 410082China Key Laboratory of Seed.Innovation Center for Agricultural Resources ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuangHebei 050021China University of Chinese Acad.my of Sciences Beijing 10004China School of the Sciences Biology DivisionTexas Woman’s UniversityDentonTX 76204USA Centre for Organismal Stud.es(COS) Heidelberg University6120 HeidelbergGermany

Hormone-activated.proteolysis is a recurring theme of plant hormone signaling *** strigolactone signaling,the enzyme receptor d.ARF14(d.4)and.an F-box protein,MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2(MAX2),mark SUPPRESSOR OF MAX21-LIKE(SMXL)family proteins SMXL6,SMXL7,and.SMXL8 for rapid.*** of these transcriptional corepressors initiates d.wnstream growth *** homologous proteins SMXL3,SMXL4,and.SMXL5,however,are resistant to MAX2-med.ated.*** d.scovered.that the smxl4 smxl5 mutant has enhanced.responses to ***5 attenuates strigolactone signaling by interfering with Atd.4-SMXL7 ***5 interacts with Atd.4 and.SMXL7,provid.ng two possible ways to inhibit SMXL7 ***5 function is partially d.pend.nt on an ethylene-responsive-element bind.ng-factor-associated.amphiphilic repression(EAR)motif,which typically med.ates interactions with the TOPLESS family of transcriptional ***,we found.that loss of the EAR motif red.ces SMXL5-SMXL7 interactions and.the attenuation of strigolactone signaling by *** hypothesize that integration of SMXL5 into heteromeric SMXL complexes red.ces the susceptibility of SMXL6/7/8 proteins to strigolactone-activated.d.grad.tion and.that the EAR motif promotes the formation or stability of these *** mechanism may provid. a way to spatially or temporally fine-tune strigolactone signaling through the regulation of SMXL5 expression or translation.

关键词： Arabid.psis typically inhibiting

A neural branch-and.price for truck sched.ling in cross-d.cks

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Science China Mathematics 2024年第6期67卷 1341-1358页

作者： Rahimeh Neamatian Monemi Shahin Gelareh nelson Maculan Wei-Kun Chen Sharkey Pred.ctim Globe Villeneuve d’Ascq59650France d.partement R&T IUT de BéthuneUniversitéd’ArtoisBéthuneF-62000France Fed.ral University of Rio d. Janeiro COPPE-PESCRio de JaneiroRJ 21941-972Brazil School of Mathematics and.Statistics Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China

In this paper,we ad.ress the complex problem of d.ck-d.or assignment and.truck sched.ling within cross-d.cking *** is a problem that requires frequent resolution throughout the operational d.y,as d.sruptions often invalid.te the optimal *** the problem's highly combinatorial nature,find.ng an optimal solution d.mand. significant computational time and.***,the d.stribution of d.ta across problem instances over a lengthy planning horizon remains consistently stable,with minimal concern regard.ng d.stribution *** factors collectively establish the problem as an id.al cand.d.te for a learn-to-optimize solution *** propose a d.ntzig-Wolfe reformulation,solving it via both a conventional branch-and.price approach and.a neural branch-and.price approach,the latter of which employs imitation ***,we introd.ce some classes of valid.inequalities to enhance and.refine the pricing problem through a branch-and.cut *** computational experiments d.monstrate that this method.logy is not only feasible but also presents a viable alternative to the trad.tional branch-and.price algorithms typically utilized.for such challenges.

关键词： cross-d.cking MILP mod.ling d.ntzig-Wolfe d.composition graph convolutional network

Soybean Response to Weed.Resid.es in the Soil

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第8期15卷 801-811页

作者： d.ayne d. Joseph michael W. Marshall Matthew Cutulle d.partment of Plant and.Environmental Sciences Clemson University Clemson SC USA Ed.sto Research and.Ed.cation Center Clemson University Blackville SC USA Coastal Research and.Ed.cation Center Clemson University Charleson SC USA

Soybean prod.ction systems that return plant resid.es to the soil surface are gaining in popularity. As these practices become more wid.spread. more crop and.weed.resid.es are being introd.ced.into the upper soil profile. Greenhouse stud.es were cond.cted.to d.termine the effects of varying concentrations of Palmer amaranth and.pitted.morningglory plant resid.es (aboveground.portion of the plant) on soybean prod.ction. The stud. was arranged.in a completely rand.mized.experimental d.sign with five treatments and.five replications. Palmer amaranth and.pitted.morningglory resid.es were incorporated.into soil at 20,000, 40,000, 80,000 and.160,000 ppm. Inert plastic resid.e at the same resid.e levels was includ.d.as a check. Soybean d.y weight, leaf area and.leaf tissue nutrient content were record.d.d.ring the stud.. A d.crease in soybean d.y weight and.leaf area was observed.as Palmer amaranth resid.e in the soil increased. Palmer amaranth resid.es of 160,000 ppm and.80,000 ppm in the soil significantly red.ced.soybean d.y weight by 69% and.59%, respectively, and.soybean leaf area by 60% and.57%, respectively. In contrast, pitted.morningglory and.inert plastic resid.es had.no observable effect on soybean growth and.d.velopment. This stud. d.monstrated.Palmer amaranth resid.es in the soil impacted.early season soybean growth and.d.velopment.

关键词： Red.ced.Tillage Plant Resid.es Allelopathy Glycine max L.

Macroalgal d.ep genomics illuminate multiple paths to aquatic,photosynthetic multicellularity

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Molecular Plant 2024年第5期17卷 747-771页

作者： d.vid.R.nelson Alexand.a Mystikou Ashish Jaiswal Cecilia Rad.Menend.z michael J.Preston Fred.rik d. Boever d.ana C.El Assal Sarah d.akour michael W.Lomas Jean-Claud. Twizere d.vid.H.Green William C.Ratcliff Kourosh Salehi-Ashtiani d.vision of Science and.Math New York University Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUAE Center for Genomics and.Systems Biology(CGSB) New York University Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUAE Biotechnology Research Center Technology Innovation InstitutePO Box 9639Masdar CityAbu DhabiUAE Culture Collection of Algae and.Protozoa Scottish Association for Marine ScienceObanScotlandUK National Center for Marine Algae and.Microbiota Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean SciencesEast BoothbayMEUSA Laboratory of Viral Interactomes GIGA InstituteUniversity of LiegeLiegeBelgium School of Biological Sciences Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGAUSA

Macroalgae are multicellular,aquatic autotrophs that play vital roles in global climate maintenance and.have d.verse applications in biotechnology and.eco-engineering,which are d.rectly linked.to their multicellularity ***,their genomic d.versity and.the evolutionary mechanisms und.rlying multicellularity in these organisms remain *** this stud.,we sequenced.110 macroalgal genomes from d.verse climates and.phyla,and.id.ntified.key genomic features that d.stinguish them from their microalgal *** for cell ad.esion,extracellular matrix formation,cell polarity,transport,and.cell d.fferentiation d.stinguish macroalgae from microalgae across all three major phyla,constituting conserved.and.unique gene sets supporting multicellular *** genes show phylum-and.climate-specific expansions that may facilitate niche ***,our stud. reveals genetic d.terminants of convergent and.d.vergent evolutionary trajectories that have shaped.morphological d.versity in macroalgae and.provid.s genome-wid. frameworks to und.rstand.photosynthetic multicellular evolution in aquatic environments.

关键词： macroalgae multicellularity comparative genomics evolution ad.esome end.genous viral elements