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Response of Tef (Eragrostis tef(Zucc.) Trotter) to Balanced Fertilizer in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2021年第1期10卷 124-142页

作者： Desta Ekero Wassie Haile Alemu Lelago mesfin Bibiso Hawasa University School of Plant and Horticultural Sciences Hawasa Ethiopia Wolaita Sodo University College of Natural Sciences Wolaita Sodo Ethiopia

Tef is grown as an important domestic cereal in Ethiopia. Currently, global attention is given for it particularly as a “health food” due to the absence of gluten and gluten like proteins in its grains. Regardless of its wider adaptation, productivity of tef is low in the country with the national average grain yield of 1.379 tons·ha-1. This is mainly because of low soil fertility and severe organic matter depletion intensified by low rate of chemical fertilizer application. This study was conducted to evaluate effects of balanced fertilizers on the yield, yield components of tef and to determine economic feasibility for tef production in Wolaita. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with sixteen treatments replicated three times. The treatments consist of factorial combinations of four rates of K (Potassium) (0, 25, 50, and 100 kg/ha) and four rates of NPSB (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur and Boron) (0, 50, 100, 200 kg/ha) fertilizers. Fertilizer types such as urea (46-0-0), NPSB (18.9-37.7-6.95-0.1) and K (0-0-60) were used as a source of nutrients. The soil analysis result indicated that, most of the nutrients are below optimum level to support the potential crop production. This may be related with reduced farm management practices and continuous cropping with little or no fertilizers input. In this study, it was found that, the combined application of NPSB and K fertilizers had a significant effect on growth, yield and yield components of tef. Among the treatments studied, NPSB (100 Kg/ha) and K (50 Kg/ha) gave greater grain yield. Furthermore, this treatment enhanced growth and yield related parameters compared to the control treatment. Thus, it is conceivable to

关键词： Balanced Fertilizers Tef Yield Soil Fertility

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中国对外直接投资流入埃塞俄比亚的决定因素

中国对外直接投资流入埃塞俄比亚的决定因素

作者： SAHILU mesfin Mersha 江西财经大学

学位级别：硕士

埃塞俄比亚正在实施其第二个五年增长和转型综合计划（GTPⅡ，涵盖2016-2020年），其目标是在未来五年内实现11％的平均增长率，目标是到2025年实现中等收入水平。此外，有志成为非洲的轻工业中心。但为了实现这些雄心勃勃的目标，政府... 详细信息

埃塞俄比亚正在实施其第二个五年增长和转型综合计划（GTPⅡ，涵盖2016-2020年），其目标是在未来五年内实现11％的平均增长率，目标是到2025年实现中等收入水平。此外，有志成为非洲的轻工业中心。但为了实现这些雄心勃勃的目标，政府面临着为其大规模社会，基础设施和能源项目提供资金的挑战。因此，很明显政府决心从国内储蓄，外国直接投资，赠款和资金转移中获取资源，以维持政府预测的国家增长率。　　另一方面，自2001年启动“走出去”战略以来，中国对外直接投资大幅增加，成为世界外国直接投资的主要来源之一。中国劳动力成本的增加可能是中国制造业考虑埃塞俄比亚等廉价劳动力成本目的地的一个因素。　　因此，本研究评估和分析了中国外商直接投资流入埃塞俄比亚的主要决定因素，以提高中国吸引中国投资者填补资金缺口和维持其发展。论文采用2000年至2016年期间的时间序列数据，并应用普通最小二乘(OLS)多元回归模型。主要数据来自世界银行，贸发会议，国际货币基金组织，埃塞俄比亚投资委员会，埃塞俄比亚国家银行，国家统计局和其他相关组织的报告和记录，相关期刊，书籍和互联网。　　研究发现，基础设施发展，贸易开放，人力资本，宏观经济稳定和政治稳定对与中国对埃塞俄比亚直接投资的影响不显着。相反，劳动力成本和制度与中国对埃塞俄比亚的外国直接投资流入呈现出积极而显着的关系，而市场规模在5％的水平上显着，但与中国在埃塞俄比亚的对外直接投资流入呈负相关。因此，埃塞俄比亚政府必须致力于其制度质量，劳动力发展，以促进其未开发的机会，以改善中国对外直接投资流入。

关键词：对外直接投资人力资本贸易开放基础设施中国

Levels of Selected Essential and Non-Essential Metals in the Soil and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Cultivated in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2020年第4期9卷 276-298页

作者： Fekadu Thomas Kaba mesfin Bibiso Doda Camerun Kastro Kanido Department of Chemistry College of Natural & Computational Science Wolita Sodo University Sodo Ethiopia

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is an important spice and medicinal plant used in different parts of the world. The objective of current study was to determine the level of essential and non-essential metals in ginger and its correlation with concentration of metals in the supporting soil. The level of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd and Pb in soil and ginger cultivated in the selected districts of Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. A 0.5 g ginger sample was digested using a mixture of 4 ml HNO3 and 1.5 ml HClO4 at 210°C for 150 minutes, and a 0.5 g soil sample was digested employing a mixture of 6 ml aqua-regia and 1 ml H2O2 at 280°C for 150 minutes. The metal concentrations range in dry weight basis for ginger samples is decreasing in the order: K (1691 - 3487 mg/kg) > Mg (701 - 1583 mg/kg) > Ca (862 - 1476 mg/kg) > Na (398 - 776 mg/kg) > Mn (325 - 672 mg/kg) > Fe (6.14 - 11.92 mg/kg) > Zn (5.30 - 10.09 mg/kg) > (0.12 - 0.23 mg/kg) for Pb. The concentration of Cd, Cu and Co in ginger samples were below the limit of detection. The results revealed that ginger has the ability to accumulate relatively higher amounts of K and Mg among the determined essential metals. The soil samples have been found to be acidic pH, sandy clay loam in texture, a very low electrical conductivity and moderate level of (CEC, organic carbon, available phosphorus and to

关键词： Essential Metals Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Ginger Non-Essential Metals Soil Organic Carbon Total Nitrogen Cation Exchange Capacity Organic Matter

推动中国文化外交——以埃塞俄比亚的孔子学院为例

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推动中国文化外交——以埃塞俄比亚的孔子学院为例

作者： mesfin Wudneh Wakayo 吉林大学

学位级别：硕士

中国经济的快速增长使其成为一个具备军事和经济权力的国家。众所周知，这两种类型权力的崛起将会得到国际关系行为体的关注。尽管任何一种经济力量可能既是机遇又是威胁，但是军事力量不仅对于权力持有者的近邻而言，而且对地区和全球... 详细信息

中国经济的快速增长使其成为一个具备军事和经济权力的国家。众所周知，这两种类型权力的崛起将会得到国际关系行为体的关注。尽管任何一种经济力量可能既是机遇又是威胁，但是军事力量不仅对于权力持有者的近邻而言，而且对地区和全球安全都会造成威胁。中国正在引发全世界范围内的关注，同时许多超级大国以怀疑的目光看待中国。然而，大国对中国的看法不尽相同。一些大国认为中国经济的快速增长是一种威胁，并持有怀疑的眼光;而另外一些大国则认为中国的经济增长是一个重要的契机。中国的政治领导层似乎已经注意到需要建立和维护与所有民族国家的友好关系。中国非常迫切在其主张的和谐共处外交中扮演重要的角色，而这一外交是加强公共外交所必需的。这一目标通过接触外国公众，宣扬其初衷，并在这一过程中实现软权力的建设来实现。自中国学者王沪宁在1993年首次使用“软权力”开始，中国文化便成为中国软权力讨论的中心。中国学者认为，中国文化是中国软权力建设的主要资源。中国的政治领导层也出现同样的情况，这是因为中国文化被视为中国外交政策中“和谐”与“以德行赢得尊重”的重要基础。在世界各地建立孔子学院成为公共外交的一个举措。孔子学院是提供中国语言课程教育和在全球范围内促进中国文化传播的一个重要工具。孔子学院是中国与国外大学合作建立的，并坐落在国外大学校园里。在短短的10年中，已在126个国家和地区设立了475所孔子学院和851个孔子课堂，累计注册学院超过340万人，在此期间，孔子学院共举办文化交流活动近10万场，受众5000万人。然而，在现有大学中建立孔子学院，已经成为一些地区出现反孔子学院运动的主要原因。他们认为由于孔子学院坐落在大学校园里，海外中国人通过侦察和监视将会危及当地大学校园的学术自由。孔子学院分布在很多国家，对其争论主要来自北美和欧洲的一些大学教授。随着媒体的煽动性批评,很有可能出现有关孔子学院的负面认知。大学教授的质疑在北美和欧洲的大学似乎已经赢得了一些支持,一些过去与中国合作举办孔子学院的大学已经决定终止它们的合同。此外，在西方国家，很多关于孔子学院的文学作品被控制撰写。本文研究的主要目的是：评估孔子学院如何发挥其文化外交的作用，并以案例研究的方法探讨孔子学院的系列活动是否能够在所在国内树立正面的积极形象。通过综合调查、访谈，和其他来源收集的原始数据，此次研究主要得出三个重要结论：第一，孔子学院的一些活动，对改变参与者国家对中国的看法做出了积极的贡献;第二、虽然孔子学院在教授中国语言和介绍中国文化上做得较好，但对于文化的的进一步推广而言，并没有做到传播到更广泛的受众群体。第三，经研究证实，关于孔子学院被西方大学教授指控干扰主办大学学术自由的情况是不存在的。孔子学院具有很大的潜力，通过在当地社区以积极的方式建立中国形象，这将为中国外交政策目标的实现营造有利的大环境。但需要指出的是，软权力的建设不是一朝一夕之功，它需要以不同的方法与目标公众进行长期不断的参与互动。就如同著名的软权力之父约瑟夫·奈所说:“软权力相较于硬权力更加缓慢、更加琐碎，并且更难以掌控”。

关键词：孔子学院软实力公共外交文化外交中国埃塞俄比亚

Electrochemical determination of catechol in tea samples using anthraquinone modified carbon paste electrode

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Natural Science 2013年第8期5卷 888-894页

作者： Fekadu Melak mesfin Redi Merid Tessema Esayas Alemayehu Department of Chemistry College of Natural Sciences Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia Department of Chemistry College of Natural Sciences Jimma University Jimma Ethiopia Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Institute of Technology Jimma University Jimma Ethiopia

Electrochemical investigation of catechol using square wave voltammetry with anthraquinone modified carbon paste electrode was found to be very sensitive. Compared with the unmodified carbon paste electrode, the anthraquinone modified electrode remarkably increases the peak currents of catechol, and greatly lowers the peak potential separation. Two varieties of tea, namely green, and black variety: Wush Wush tea, from Ethiopia, known by its brand name were investigated. Responses for the extracts using ethanol: water (1:4) % v/v showed green tea to be superior in catechol content. Optimization of different variables such as pH of working solution, modifier composition and square wave parameters such as frequency, amplitude and step potential were made to improve the method efficiency during the experiment. The reproducibility for the nine repeated analysis of 80 μmol·L-1 of catechol gave a relative standard deviation of 3.65% and linear calibration plots were obtained in the range 6 to 80 μmol·L-1 with (R = 0.998) and the detection limit with (S/N = 3) was as low as 2.155 x 10-7 mol·L-1.

关键词： Square Wave Voltammetry Anthraquinone Modified Carbon Paste Electrode Catechol

Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of root extracts of Carduus macracanthus

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2017年第11期5卷 486-491页

作者： Mathewos Anza mesfin Bibiso Bereket Alemayehu Engeda Desalegn Department of Chemistry College of Natural and Computational SciencesWolaita Sodo UniversityP.O.Box138Wolaita SodoEthiopia Biomedical Science Division Department of BiologyCollege of Natural and Computational SciencesWolaita Sodo UniversityP.O.Box138WolaitaSodoEthiopia School of Nutrition Food Science and TechnologyCollege of AgricultureHawassa UniversityP.O.Box5HawassaEthiopia

Objective: To investigate phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the root extracts of Carduus macracanthus (C. macracanthus). Methods: Phytochemical screening tests were conducted as per of the standard procedure to identify the classes of compounds present in the root extract of C. macracanthus. Silica gel column chromatographic technique was applied to separate the constituents from chloroform/methanol (1:1) root extracts. Various spectroscopic techniques were applied to determine the structure of the isolated compound. In vtiro antibacterial activities of crude extracts were evaluated via disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bacterial concentration were determined by broth dilution method. Moreover, antioxidant activities of extracts were determined by DPPH assay, the phosphomolybdenum method and total flavonoid contents were determined as per of the standard procedures. Results: Phytochemical screening of root extracts of C. macracanthus revealed the presence alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins and steroids. Silica gel column chromatography separation of root extract using chloroform/methanol (1:1 ratio) yielded a known plant steroid stigmasterol. The result revealed that methanol extract had the greatest DPPH scavenging (IC50= 97.50 ± 4.38 μg/mL) and total antioxidant (1.92 ± 0.24 mg AAE/g of dried extract) activities. Chloroform/methanol (1:1), and methanol extracts showed that growth suppression of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration above 25 mg/mL, and minimum inhibitory concentration was found to be 25 mg/mL. Methanol extract showed growth suppression against Escherichia coli at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were compared with a commercially available antibiotic (chloramphenicol) and showed moderate antibacterial activities, with inhibition zones ranging between 18–28 mm. However, the extracts had no antibacterial effect

关键词： Carduus macracanthus Phythochemicals Antioxidant Antibacterial

Determination of Selected Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Three Types of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Cultivated in Southern Ethiopia

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2020年第4期9卷 255-275页

作者： Abebe Habte Alemu Lelago mesfin Bibiso Doda Camerun Kastro Kanido Department of Chemistry College of Natural & Computational Science Wolita Sodo University Wolita Sodo Ethiopia

Teff (Eragrostis tef) is used to supply staple food “injera” for many Ethiopians. The present study was aimed toward determining the extent of selected metals that can exist in three types of teff cultivated in selected districts of southern Ethiopia. The level of those metals was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimized wet digestion procedure was evaluated employing a spiking method and an acceptable percentage recovery of (91.1% - 108.9%) has been obtained for metals in the teff. Oven dried 1 g of teff samples were digested using 5 mL of HNO3 and 1 mL of HClO4 at 300°C for 3 hours. The result indicated that the mean concentration of metals (in mg/kg dry weight basis) in teff samples were found to be from 1206.9 to 1768.9 of Ca, 2463.9 to 2554.7 of Mg, 82.6 to 109.9 of Na, 2879 to 3075 of K, 207.4 to 239.5 of Fe, 55.9 to 100.4 of Mn, 27.1 to 87.1 of Zn, 5.4 to 45.5 of Cu and 0.118 to 0.130 of Pb respectively. However, Cd is below the method detection limit. A statistical analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the mineral content in three teff types and teff from the three districts. Red teff had higher essential metal contents except Cu followed by brown teff. Strong positive correlation was recognized between Mg with Ca and K, the rest have moderate or weak correlation. Further study has been done on the mineral contents of similar variety or three types of teff with the soil analysis from different locations.

关键词： Teff Essential Metal Non-Essential Metals Wet-Digestion Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS)

Effect of Potassium Levels on Growth and Productivity of Potato Varieties

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2016年第12期7卷 1629-1638页

作者： Daniel Zeru Zelelew Sewa Lal Tesfai Tsegai Kidane Biniam mesfin Ghebreslassie Department of Horticulture Hamelmalo Agricultural College Keren Eritrea Department of Agricultural Economics Hamelmalo Agricultural College Keren Eritrea Department of Horticulture Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Juja Kenya

Potato is one of the priority vegetable crops in the highlands of Eritrea growing as a key component in the livelihood systems of farmers. Potato requires a variety of balanced plant mineral nutrients for growth and development without which yield and qualities of tubers are reduced. Potato growers in Eritrea commonly use Di-ammonium Phosphate, Urea and Farmyard manure while potassium fertilizers are overlooked assuming that the soil is developed from K rich parent material and contains sufficient amount of K to support crop growth. However this assumption is based on the result obtained forty-seven years ago. As a result the yield and quality of potato produced is very low as compared with international standards. Therefore the present experiment was conducted to assess the effect of potassium levels on growth and productivity of potato varieties at Hamelmalo Agricultural College, Eritrea. The experiment was conducted in factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with fifteen treatment combinations of three varieties (Ajiba, Zafira and Picasso) and five potassium levels (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg K2O/ha) replicated thrice. The results of the study showed that both variety and potassium had significant effect on growth and yield parameters. Aerial stem number, leaf number per plant and plant height were increased with increasing K levels from 0 to 150 kg while number of days to maturity was increased in the range of 0 - 300 kg K2O/ha. The result also indicated that variety Ajiba treated with 300 kg K2O/ha produced significantly highest tuber weight (1.14 kg) per plant and tuber yield of 49.38 t/ha. The economic analysis result revealed that maximum gross margin 13,665.816 USD/ha was obtained from the application of 300 kg K2O/ha. On the whole, it gives an impression that using potassium fertilizer according to soil requirements will have good influence on growth and tuber yield.

关键词： Eritrea Potassium Potato Varieties Tuber Yield

Effect of Moisture Conservation Methods and Plant Density on the Productivity of Two Maize (Zea maysL.) Varieties under Semi-Arid Tropics of Hamelmalo, Eritrea

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第1期8卷 28-39页

作者： Shimendi Gde Okbagabir N. N. Angiras Biniam mesfin Ghebreslassie Department of Agronomy Hamelmalo Agricultural College Keren Eritrea Deprtment of Horticulture Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Juja Kenya

The productivity of maize in Eritrea in general and under semi-arid tropics of Hamelmalo in particular is low because of moisture stress. The low moisture content is ascribed to the low and erratic distribution of rainfall, high temperature, lack of suitable varieties, and competition by weeds and low soil fertility. To overcome some of these problems, a field experiment was carried out to assess the effect of moisture conservation methods (MCM) and plant density on the productivity of two maize (Zea mays L.) varieties under semi-arid tropics of Hamelmalo, Eritrea. The experiment was conducted in split-split plot design with three MCM viz tied ridge, ridge and furrow and flat-bed in main plots;two maize varieties viz early local and 04sadve hybrid in sub plots and three plant densities by manipulating the plant to plant distance viz 35 cm, 25 cm and 15 cm at a fixed 75 cm row spacing in sub-sub plots, each replicated thrice. The experiment was focused in addressing the effective moisture conservation techniques, optimum plant density to each variety thus to improve productivity. The crop experienced 10°C to 34.8°C minimum and maximum temperature, respectively and received 429.1 mm total rainfall. The results of the experiment indicated that among all the combinations, 04sadve hybrid variety sown at 75 cm × 25 cm spacing in ridge and furrow method or at 75 cm × 15 cm spacing in tied ridge or flat-bed method and early local variety sown at 75 cm × 15 cm spacing in flat-bed being statistically at par resulted in significantly higher moisture conservation and consequently higher grain yield (4509 kg·ha-1) and higher water use efficiency. It is, therefore, recommended that tied ridge or flat-bed of moisture conservation method at 15 cm plant spacing and 04sadve is preferable to optimize productivity in Hamelmalo area, Eritrea.

关键词： Eritrea Moisture Conservation Methods Maize Varieties Water Use Efficiency