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Effects of Genetics and Environment on Fatty Acid Stability in Soybean Seed

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2013年第9期4卷 165-175页

作者： Nacer Bellaloui Alemu mengistu My Abdelmajid Kassem Plant Genomics and Biotechnology Lab Department of Biological Sciences Fayetteville State University Fayetteville USA USDA-ARS Crop Genetics Research Unit Jackson USA USDA-ARS Crop Genetics Research Unit Stoneville USA

Although seed oil production and composition are genetically controlled, changes of oil level and oil composition across genotypes and environments such as drought and temperature were observed. The mechanisms of how genotypes interact with environment, affecting oil production and composition, are still not well understood. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of drought/water stress and temperature on soybean genotypes. Two soybean genotypes of maturity group (MG) II (PI 597411 B and PI 597408) and two of MG VI (Arksoy and PI 437726) were used. A repeated greenhouse experiment to study the effect of water stress and a repeated growth chamber experiment to study the effect of temperature were conducted. The results showed that both water stress and high temperature altered seed oil composition by increasing oleic acid and decreasing linoleic and linolenic acid concentrations. Severe water stress (soil water potential between -150 to -200 kPa) or high temperature (40/33℃, day/night) resulted in higher palmitic acid and lower stearic acid. Genotypes differed in their responses to water stress or temperature. Analyses of seed carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose) showed a significant decline of glucose, fructose, and sucrose and a significant increase of stachyose concentration by water stress and high temperature. Analyses of natural abundance of δ15N and δ13C isotopes showed changes in sources of nitrogen and carbon fixation, possibly affecting nitrogen and carbon metabolism pathways. The research demonstrated that both water stress and high temperature altered oil production and composition, and this could be partially related to limited availability and movement of carbohydrates from leaves to seed. Further research to investigate the enzymes controlling fatty acids conversion and nitrogen and carbon metabolism is needed.

关键词： Fatty Acids Oil Quality Oil Stability Seed Composition Soybean Seed

Assessment of naked mole-rat distribution and threats in Eastern Ethiopia

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2016年第8期4卷 655-658页

作者： mengistu Wale Abeje Kassie Tesfu Fekensa Animal Biodiversity Directorate Ethiopian Biodiversity InstituteAddis AbabaEthiopia

Objective:To identify the distribution,threats and community attitudes towards naked mole-rat in Eastern ***:Data were collected through direct observation and interview and Chi-square at 95%confidence interval was used for significance ***:Naked mole-rat was identified in Fafan,City/Shinele,Eastern Hararghe Zone and Dire Dawa *** main threats of naked mole-rat identified were agricultural expansion,human killing and lack of *** a total of 100 respondents,92%of them considered naked mole-rat as pest as a result that 46%of them participated in direct *** rate significantly affects the willingness to participate in the conservation of naked mole-rat(χ^(2)=7.478,df=1,P<0.05).From a total of 26%respondents who did not show the willingness to participate in the conservation,80.8%of them were ***:Naked mole-rat is fairly common in many of the study ***,rapid shift from nomadic life style to cultivation of crops and lacks of awareness were the main threats of naked ***,since there is no conservation action currently,further comprehensive study is required to design conservation plan for this species.

关键词： Naked mole-rat Eastern Hararghe Zone Somali National Regional State Dire Dawa Administrative

The Effects of Selenium-enriched Probiotics on Growth Performances,Oocysts Shedding and Intestinal Lesions of Local Chinese Chickens Infected with Eimeria Tenella

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The Effects of Selenium-enriched Probiotics on Growth Perfor...

作者： Berhe Mekonnen mengistu 南京农业大学

学位级别：硕士

本课题旨在研究日粮添加富硒益生菌(SP)对感染了柔嫩艾美耳球虫的中国本土黄公鸡的生长表现、卵囊排出情况和肠道病变的影响。270只一日龄的本地鸡随机地分为五组,每组三个重复。阴性和阳性对照组中鸡只饲喂基础日粮(0.11 mg Se/kg),其... 详细信息

本课题旨在研究日粮添加富硒益生菌(SP)对感染了柔嫩艾美耳球虫的中国本土黄公鸡的生长表现、卵囊排出情况和肠道病变的影响。270只一日龄的本地鸡随机地分为五组,每组三个重复。阴性和阳性对照组中鸡只饲喂基础日粮(0.11 mg Se/kg),其他组则分别饲喂益生菌(P,0.11 mg Se/kg)、亚硒酸钠(SS,0.41 mg Se/kg)和富硒益生菌(SP,0.41mg Se/kg)。在21日龄,除了阴性对照组,其他各组的每只鸡用灌胃法感染1.5 × 104个孢子化的柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊。每组中随机选取9只(每个重复3只)鸡采集血清、肝脏和盲肠样品。结果表明,和阳性对照组相比P、SS和SP三个组的采食量和体重增长都有显著的增高。另外,这三个组相比阳性对照组表现出更高的血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶-1(GPx1)活性,并且葡萄糖(GLU)、总蛋白(TP)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的含量也显著上升。但是饲料消耗比(FCR)、卵囊排出数量、盲肠损伤计分、丙二醛(MDA)含量和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性仍较低。此外,P、SS和SP组的卵囊排出较少,盲肠损伤计分较低。和P组相比,SP组的GPx1、GPx4、SelW和IFN-y的mRNA表达量上调较显著,SS组次之。而在阳性对照组中这些基因的mRNA表达量相比阴性对照、P、SS和SP组显著下调。除了 P组中IFN-y的mRNA表达量相比阴性对照上调了之外,其他几个基因的mRNA表达量在P组和阴性对照组之间差异不明显。总之,日粮中添加富硒益生菌对改善鸡的生长表现和抗氧化能力、提高相关基因的mRNA表达、减少卵囊排出、缓解肠道病变等方面有显著的功效,对柔嫩艾美耳球虫造成的损伤起到一定的保护作用,这对家禽养殖企业来说具有重要的价值。

关键词：富硒益生菌柔嫩艾美耳球虫生长性能卵囊脱落肠道病变鸡

Nutritional Status and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Wondo Genet District, Southern Ethiopia

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Journal of Food Science and Engineering 2015年第2期5卷 85-94页

作者： Desalegn Kuche Pragya Singh Debebe Moges tefera Belachew Food Science and Nutrition Research Directorate Ethiopian Public Health Institute P.O. Box 1242/5654 Gulelle ArbegnochStreet (Former Pasteur Institute) Gulele Sub City Addis Ababa Ethiopia School of Nutrition Food Science and Technology Department of Applied Human Nutrition Awassa College of AgricultureHawassa University P.O. Box 05 Hawassa Ethiopia Department of Population and Family Health College of Medicine and Health Science Jima University P.O. Box 378 JimaEthiopia

Inadequate quality and quantity diet is one of the major reasons for high levels of malnutrition in pregnant women. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Wondo Genet District, Southern Ethiopia. A two-stage cluster sampling technique was used to select a representative sample of 153 pregnant women aged 19-49 years from three rural villages （＂Kebeles＂）. Energy and nutrient intakes from foods were calculated from one-day weighed food records on a sub-sample （n = 77）. The result of the study showed that the intakes of most nutrients were lower than the recommended intake. The energy intake of the study participants both in 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy were 2,308 kcal and 1,420.5 kcal compared to the recommended 2,340 kcal and 2,452 kcal, respectively. Except iron, almost all micronutrient intakes were lower than the recommended intake. Vitamin A intake was 3/ag compared with the recommended 800μg, while protein intake of the study respondents in 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy was 45.9 g and 31.5 g, respectively, compared with the recommended 71 g. Risk factors for undernutrition were multiple pregnancy and no consumption of cereal-based foods. This study revealed that the energy and nutrient intake of the pregnant women in study area was below the recommended intakes. Furthermore, the situation might be aggravated by high phytate content food consumption reported. Nutritional status of pregnant women in study area was not adequate to support the increased energy and nutrient requirement of the participants.

关键词： Pregnant women nutritional status vitamins energy protein Southern Ethiopia.

Invasion of Water Hyacinth (<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>) Is Associated with Decline in Macrophyte Biodiversity in an Ethiopian Rift-Valley Lake—Abaya

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Open Journal of Ecology 2017年第13期7卷 667-681页

作者： Bedilu Bekele mengistu Dikaso Unbushe Eyualem Abebe College of Natural Science Arba Minch University Ethiopia Department of Natural Sciences Pharmacy and Health Professions Elizabeth City State University Elizabeth City NC USA

Macrophytes play critical ecological role in inland water bodies, especially in shallow systems. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is an invasive plant species introduced to Ethiopian water bodies around the mid 20th century with recently exacerbated devastating ecological and economic consequences. Here we report the impact of the invasive plant species on macrophyte species assemblage and biodiversity in Lake Abaya, southwestern Ethiopia. We compared four sites in Lake Abaya, two hyacinth infested and two non-infested, each site consisting of 15 plots. Our results showed that water hyacinth affects the macrophyte community composition, abundance and diversity negatively. Even though some macrophyte species from the Poaceae and Cyperaceae families appear to coexist with the alien plant, the invasive species has reduced macrophyte abundance and diversity at the infested sites, and in some cases changed the community to nearly monotypic flora. Our data affirm that water hyacinth has the potential to alter macrophyte composition, abundance and diversity in the wider Ethiopian aquatic ecosystems. A broad & closer, systematic and comprehensive look at the short and long term consequences of its expanding invasion within the framework of specific local environmental, ecological and societal conditions is long-overdue.

关键词： Macrophytes Eicchornia crassipus Composition Abundance Wetland

Feed Intake, Digestibility, Growth Performance and Blood Profiles of Three Ethiopian Fat Tail Hair Sheep Fed Hay Supplemented with Two Levels of Concentrate Supplement

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2017年第2期7卷 149-167页

作者： Shashie Ayele mengistu Urge Getachew Animut Mohammed Yusuf Department of Animal Sciences College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Debre Markos University Debremarkos Ethiopia School of Animal and Range Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Haramaya University Dire Dawa Ethiopia Agricultural Transformation Agency Addis Ababab Ethiopia

An experiment arranged in 2×3 (2 concentrate supplement levels (CSL) and 3 breeds) factorial was carried out to evaluate the effect of CSL, breeds, and their interaction on feed intake, digestibility, feed utilization efficiency, and blood profiles of Ethiopian fat-tail hair sheep. The CSL were 1% and 1.75% body weight, designated as L1 and L2, respectively. The breeds used were yearling intact male Blackhead Ogaden (BHO), Horro and Washera. Sixteen sheep from each breed were divided into two based on initial body weight and randomly allocated to two dietary treatments for digestibility and growth trials of 10 and 90 days, respectively. Grass hay as a basal diet was offered ad libitum to each sheep. Feed intake every day and live body weight at interval of ten days were recorded for the duration of the experiment. Blood samples and linear body measurements were taken a week before the end and on the last day of the experiment from all sheep, respectively. Dry matter and nutrient intakes, except concentrate supplement and CP, were influenced by the interaction. The higher (p<0.0001) DM digestibility was recorded from sheep supplemented with L2 than L1. Consequently, sheep supplemented with L2 had significantly higher (P<0.05) feed conversion efficiency (FCE), average daily gain (ADG) (57.3 vs 44.2 kg), total gain (TG) (5.3 vs 3.9 kg) and final body weight (FBW) than those supplemented with L1. Among breeds, Horro sheep recorded higher (P<0.05) DM intake, digestibility, and FCE than the rest of the breeds. Consequently, this breed has significantly (p<0.05) higher TG, ADG, and FBW. Some of the blood hematology (PCV, MCV, neutrophils, and monocytes) and sera metabolites (total protein, urea, and cholesterol) values were influenced by the interaction in favor of L2. Hemoglobin concentration was higher for Washera than the other breeds (p0.05). In conclusion, the study indicate the presence of variation in nutrient intake and utilization, performance traits, and blood pr

关键词： Blood Hematology Linear Body Measurement Serum Biochemistry Sheep

Effects of Inclusion of Different Levels of Ethiopian Thyme (Thymus schimperi Ronniger) as Natural Additive on Chemical Composition and In Sacco Dry Matter Degradability of Total Mixed Ration and Feed Ingredients

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2022年第11期12卷 155-169页

作者： Feyissa Kera mengistu Urge Getachew Animut Adugna Tolera Department of Animal and Range Sciences College of Agriculture Salale University Fitche Ethiopia Department of Animal and Range Sciences College of Agriculture Haramaya University Dire Dawa Ethiopia Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia Department of Animal and Range Sciences College of Agriculture Hawassa University Hawassa Ethiopia

This study evaluated the effects of the inclusion of Ethiopian thyme (Thymus schimperi Ronninger) to natural pasture hay (NPH), noug seed cake (NSC), wheat bran (WB) and total mixed ration (TMR) on the chemical composition and in Sacco dry matter (DM) degradability of the feeds. The Thyme plant used for the study was collected from Dinsho and Tarmaber districts in the highlands of Ethiopia. Samples of the TMR and NPH, WB and NSC with or without thyme were divided into two parts and ground to pass through 1 mm screen for chemical analysis and 2 mm screen for in sacco DM degradability. The TMR contained 50% NPH, 32.5% WB, 14% NSC, 3% molasses and 0.5% common salt. The feed ingredients (NPH, WB and NSC) and the TMR were incubated without thyme or with thyme substituting the diet at 8%, 16% and 24% levels of treatments. The chemical composition of all the feeds differed significantly (P In sacco rumen dry matter degradability of NPH, WB, NSC and TMR was increased (P in sacco DM degradability of NPH at all incubation hours was higher (P Thymus schimperi plant up to a level of 24% DM in feed can reasonably stimulate the growth and activity of the certain rumen microbes that promoted an improvement in ruminal DM degradability of the diet with the thyme inclusion.

关键词： Natural Additive Feed Degradability Thymus schimperi Medicinal Plant Phytochemicals

Commercialization of Cow Milk Production in West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia

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Agricultural Sciences 2023年第5期14卷 710-724页

作者： Azeb Lemma mengistu Ketema Jemma Haji Abule Mehare School of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Haramaya University Haramaya Ethiopia

Livestock plays a vital role in the livelihood of many people in Ethiopia. However, a number of challenges hindered the development of the dairy sector along with its commercialization. Advancing commercialization of the rural generations was a foundation of the advancement and poverty reduction policies of Ethiopia. Cross-sectional data from 385 randomly selected households in Eastern Ethiopia were used in this study to assess the commercialization of cow milk producers. Descriptive statistics and the two limit Tobit econometric models were used to analyze the data. The average commercialization index was 0.434, indicating that each household sold 43.4 percent of the milk produced during the survey period. Ownership of improved breed cow, cooperative participation, access to market information, and quantity of milk produce influenced milk commercialization positively, but household size and distance to the nearest market influenced it negatively. The study suggests strengthening policies to improve rural family planning, strengthening farmer cooperatives to reinforce knowledge sharing among farmers for enhancing farmer resource endowment, and promoting improved breed varieties. The commercialization of milk producers will also expand as a result of policies that try to lower the transaction costs of accessing markets, improve the capacity of rural institutions, and encourage value addition and market links among various market players.

关键词： Commercialization Cow Milk Tobit West Hararghe Zone

Factors Affecting Arab Goat Flock Dynamics in Western Lowlands of Ethiopia

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2019年第3期9卷 305-323页

作者： Befikadu Zewdie mengistu Urge Yosef Tadesse Solomon Gizaw Departement of Animal Sciences Assosa University Assosa Ethiopia School of Animal and Range Sciences Haramaya University Dire Dawa Ethiopia LIVES Project International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Addis Ababa Ethiopia

The study was conducted to estimate flock dynamics of western lowland Arab goat and to assess their contribution to income of smallholder farmers in Kurmuk and Assosa districts, western Ethiopia. Flocks of 30 households were monitored for a period of 12 months in 2016. Data were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SAS and two-way interaction effects were fitted in the model and retained when found significant in the preliminary analysis. The study result indicates that total entrances for all flock were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in dry and hot-cool seasons than wet season. Most of the entrance was kids born in hot-cool season (January) (4.0 ± 0.42) and hot-dry season (May) (5.4 ± 1.09) for Assosa and Kumruk study sites, respectively. Kid mortality constituted the greater part of outflow. High kid mortality was occurred during July, February, January, and September. Most of the sell of castrated goats were occurred in September and April for both small and large flocks targeting holidays celebrated during this months. Male goat owners had significantly lower goat production potential (GPP) value than female (0.47 ± 0.02 vs. 0.52 ± 0.02). The GPP was lower in small flock than in large flock (0.48 ± 0.02 vs. 0.51 ± 0.02). Higher GPP was recorded in the months of January, February, and March for both large and small flocks. The off-take was higher (P < 0.05) in Assosa (0.06 ± 0.01) than Kumruk (0.02 ± 0.02) district. The average goat production efficiency (GPE) was higher (P < 0.05) in Assosa large (193.23 ± 20.0) and small flocks (93.44 ± 17.3) than Kumruk large (84.71 ± 15.6) and small flocks (33.33 ± 26.3).The production efficiency recorded was not comparable to the potential that the farmers had to sell goats or consume goats’ meat and milk. The lower goat production potential observed for small flocks implies that high mortality rates severely restrict receiving higher benefits from goat. Therefore, in order to optimize the productivity of go

关键词： Entrance Exit Goat Off-Take Production Efficiency Production Potential