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Pore Size Distribution as a Soil Physical Quality Index for Agricultural and Pasture Soils in Northeastern Iran

Pedosphere 2013年第3期23卷 312-320页

作者： h.ShAhAB h.EMAMI G.h.hAGhNIA A.KARIMI Department Soil Science Agriculture Faculty Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Assessment of soil quality is important for optimum production and natural resources conservation. Agricultural and pasture soil qualities of deh-Sorkh region located at south of Mashhad, northeastern Iran were assessed using the integrated quality index (IQI) and Nemero quality index (NQI) models in combination with two datasets, i.e., total data set (TDS) and minimum data set (MDS). In this study 6 soil properties considered as MDS were selected out of 18 properties as TDS using principle component analysis. Soil samples were divided into 3 groups based on optimum ranges of 8 soil physical quality indicators. Soil samples with the most indicators at optimum range were selected as group 1 and the samples having fewer indicators at optimum range were located in groups 2 and 3. Optimum ranges of soil pore size distribution functions were also determined as soil physical quality indices based on 8 soil physical quality indicators. Pore size distribution curves of group 1 were considered as the optimum pore size functions. The results showed that relatively high organic carbon contents could improve pore size distribution. Mean comparisons of soil physical quality indicators demonstrated that mean weight diameter of wet aggregates, structural stability index, the slope of moisture retention curve at inflection point, and plant available water content in agricultural land use decreased significantly in relation to pasture land use. In addition, the results demonstrated that the studied MDS could be a suitable representative of TDS. 78% of pasture soils had the optimum pore size distribution functions, while this parameter for agricultural soils was only 13%. In general, the soils of the studied region showed high limitations for plant growth according to the studied indicators.

关键词： integrated quality index land use minimum data set Nemero quality index soil quality

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汉字的解体及其机制

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心理学进展 2012年第4期2卷 163-172页

作者：郑昭明赖惠德台湾佛光大学心理系宜兰县台湾大学心理系台北

“汉字的解体”是指,持续的注视一个熟悉的汉字之后,会产生一种“愈看愈不像”的奇怪感觉。本研究使用一个词汇判断的作业,观察汉字解体的现象并探索其发生的机制。一个指标β用以指示解体率。实验比较“独体字”与“合体字”的解体率... 详细信息

“汉字的解体”是指,持续的注视一个熟悉的汉字之后,会产生一种“愈看愈不像”的奇怪感觉。本研究使用一个词汇判断的作业,观察汉字解体的现象并探索其发生的机制。一个指标β用以指示解体率。实验比较“独体字”与“合体字”的解体率与观察一个“形声字”的解体率是否与字与其“声旁”的语音相似性及与其“义旁”的语意相似性有关。结果显示,合体字的解体率大于独体字的解体率,但独体字仍然解体。“形声字”的解体率与“字–声旁”的语音与“字–义旁”的语意相似性无关。此结果表示,一个汉字的解体与此字注视之后是否触发字与其组成部件的字汇地址无关。解体的另一可能原因是意符的汉字其“字形”与“语音”的连结不是依据一套“形–音”对应的关系、而是“强记”而学会的。因此,其收录的语音不能用来结合注视之后的支离的视觉讯息成为原始的字形,最终造成解体的感觉。

关键词：汉字的解体/餍足汉字的讯息处理汉字的书写与阅读

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