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Competition for land resources:driving forces and consequences in crop-livestock production systems of the Ethiopian highlands

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Ecological Processes 2018年第1期7卷 333-347页

作者： Wuletaw Mekuria Kindu Mekonnen Peter Thorne melkamu bezabih Lulseged Tamene Wuletawu Abera Centre for Rural Development College of Development StudiesAddis Ababa UniversityP.O.Box 1176Addis AbabaEthiopia International Livestock Research Institute(ILRI) P.O.Box 5689Addis AbabaEthiopia International Center for Tropical Agriculture(CIAT) P.O.Box 5689 Addis AbabaEthiopia

Introduction:Ethiopia has made efforts to tackle the challenges of low crop and livestock productivity and degradation of land resources through various rural development ***,increasing demands for food,animal feed,fuel,and income-generating activities are putting pressure on the *** this paper,we describe the production pressure and competition between crop and livestock production,quantify rates of land-use/cover(LULC)changes,and examine driving forces and consequences of land ***:The study was conducted in Gudo Beret watershed,North Shewa Zone of Amhara region,*** used a combination of methods including remote sensing,household interviews,field observations,focus group discussions,and key informant *** and unsupervised image classification methods were employed to map LULC classes for 31 years(1984–2016).Results:The results of satellite remote sensing revealed that 51%of the land in the study area was subject to accelerated land *** household survey results indicated that feed resources and grain production pressures were 1.43 and 1.34 t ha^(−1) *** observed annual changes in plantation and settlement areas were 2.6%and 2.9%.This was mainly at the expense of bushland and grazing land *** increased(0.4%year^(−1))while grazing land reduced(3.5%year^(−1))under contrasting dynamics and competitive *** increase in human and livestock populations and farm expansion were major drivers of land conversion that adversely affected household livelihoods and the natural *** consequences of these pressures resulted in a lack of animal feed,low crop-livestock productivity,and a reduction in natural vegetation ***:We suggest that sustainable land resource management,more integrated crop-livestock production,and the use of productivity-enhancing technologies could play a role in managing competition for land resources.

关键词： Cropland Land pressure Livestock Population growth Production dynamics

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Silage Additives: Review

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2014年第5期4卷 258-274页

作者： melkamu bezabih Yitbarek Birhan Tamir College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia Department of Animal Science College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Debre Markos University Debre Markos Ethiopia

Silage making process can be explained very simply, it is actually very complex and dependant on many factors, such as the natural microbial population, harvesting conditions and the sugar content of the forage. Consequently, silage quality can be very variable and the only way to effectively control the fermentation process is to use an additive. Additives are natural or industrial products added in rather large quantities to the forage or grain mass. Additives control or prevent certain types of fermentation, thus reducing losses and improving silage stability. In order to assist in the fermentation process, various silage additives have been used to improve the nutrient and energy recovery in silage, often with subsequent improvements in animal performance. The purpose for applying additives to the silage is to ensure that the growth of lactic bacteria predominates during the fermentation process, producing lactic acid in quantities high enough to ensure good silage. Therefore this review is made to focus on some practical aspects of the fermentation process and the uses of some common silage additives that include microbial inoculants, enzymes, and propionic acid.

关键词： Silage Silage Additives Fermentation Inoculants

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