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LOW-IMPACT LAND DEVELOPMENT:THE PRACTICE OF PRESERVING NATURAL PROCESSES

Journal of Green Building 2006年第4期1卷 28-38页

作者： R.Alfred Vick melissa tufts School of Environmental Design

INTRODUCTION Land development is a human activity that has tremendous impacts on the structure and function of the *** impacts,more often than not,disrupt and degrade natural processes on the site and in adjacent or functionally connected *** Nature Conservancy has identified habitat degradation due to development as the greatest threat to biodiversity in the United States,partially responsible for the threatened status of 85%of the species that have been identified as such(Stein 2000).In recent decades,development has affected more land than ever *** to the ***,the rate of conversion of land from undeveloped to developed is 2.65 times the rate of population growth in the U.S.,a signal of sprawling,land-consumptive *** only are more undeveloped sites,or greenfields,being impacted by development,but the impacts appear to be more severe than in previous eras.A recent article in Landscape Architecture Magazine titled“Why Suburbs Will Never Have Tall Trees:Modern Construction Methods Doom Trees Before They’ve Even Been Planted,”makes the observation that older neighborhoods throughout North America appear to provide a suitable environment for tree growth resulting in mature urban forests,while modern-era developments are frequently conspicuous due to the short-lived,stunted,or diseased trees that struggle to survive on these sites(Kidd 2006).

关键词： neighborhood landscape habitat

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Cascading costs:An economic nitrogen cycle

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2005年第Z2期48卷 678-696页

作者： William R.Moomaw melissa B.L.Birch Fletcher School tufts University MedfordMA 02155USA

The chemical nitrogen cycle is becoming better characterized in terms of fluxes and reservoirs on a variety of scales. Galloway has demonstrated that reactive nitrogen can cascade through multiple ecosystems causing environmental damage at each stage before being denitrified to N2. We propose to construct a parallel economic nitrogen cascade (ENC) in which economic impacts of nitrogen fluxes can be estimated by the costs associated with each stage of the chemical cascade. Using economic data for the benefits of damage avoided and costs of mitigation in the Chesapeake Bay basin, we have constructed an economic nitrogen cascade for the region. Since a single tonne of nitrogen can cascade through the system, the costs also cascade. Therefore evaluating the benefits of mitigating a tonne of reactive nitrogen released needs to consider the damage avoided in all of the ecosystems through which that tonne would cascade. The analysis reveals that it is most cost effective to remove a tonne of nitrogen coming from combustion since it has the greatest impact on human health and creates cascading damage through the atmospheric, terrestrial, aquatic and coastal ecosystems. We will discuss the implications of this analysis for determining the most cost effective policy option for achieving environmental quality goals.

关键词： cascading costs, chemical nitrogen cascade, economic nitrogen cascade, mitigation costs, damage costs,economic nitrogen cycle.

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