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Recovery rates and long-term olfactory dysfunction following COVID-19 infection

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery 2024年第2期10卷 121-128页

作者： melanie Dias Zara Shaida Nora haloob Claire hopkins ENT Department Guy's HospitalLondonUK

Objectives:Olfactory dysfunction is one of the most recognized symptoms of COVID-19,significantly impacting quality of life,particularly in cases where recovery is prolonged.This review aims to explore patterns of olfactory recovery post-COVID-19 infection,with particular focus on delayed recovery.Data Sources:Published literature in the English language,including senior author's own work,online and social media platforms,and patients'anecdotal reports.Method:A comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken by the authors with guidance from the senior author with expertise in the field of olfaction.Results:Based on self-report,an estimated 95%of patients recover their olfactory function within 6 months post-COVID-19 infection.however,psychophysical testing detects higher rates of persistent olfactory dysfunction.Recovery has been found to continue for at least 2 years postinfection;negative prognostic indicators include severe olfactory loss in the acute phase,female sex,and older age.Variability in quantitative and qualitative disturbance in prolonged cases likely reflects both peripheral and central pathophysiological mechanisms.Limitations of many of the reviewed studies reflect lack of psychophysical testing and baseline olfactory assessment.Conclusions:Post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction remains a significant health and psychosocial burden.Emerging evidence is improving awareness and knowledge among clinicians to better support patients through their olfactory rehabilitation,with hope of recovery after several months or years.Further research is needed to better understand the underlying pathogenesis of delayed recovery,identify at risk individuals earlier in the disease course,and develop therapeutic targets.

关键词： anosmia COVID-19 olfaction parosmia recovery

Two intestinal microbiota-derived metabolites, deoxycholic acid and butyrate, synergize to enhance host defense peptide synthesis and alleviate necrotic enteritis

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2024年第3期15卷 1158-1172页

作者： Dohyung M.Kim Jing Liu melanie A.Whitmore Isabel Tobin Zijun Zhao Guolong Zhang Department of Animal and Food Sciences Oklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA

Background Necrotic enteritis(NE)is a major enteric disease in poultry,yet effective mitigation strategies remain elusive.Deoxycholic acid(DCA)and butyrate,two major metabolites derived from the intestinal microbiota,have independently been shown to induce host defense peptide(hDP)synthesis.however,the potential synergy between these two compounds remains unexplored.Methods To investigate the possible synergistic effect between DCA and butyrate in regulating hDP synthesis and barrier function,we treated chicken hD11 macrophage cells and jejunal explants with DCA and sodium butyrate(NaB),either individually or in combination,for 24 h.Subsequently,we performed RNA isolation and reverse transcrip-tion-quantitative PCR to analyze hDP genes as well as the major genes associated with barrier function.To further determine the synergy between DCA and NaB in enhancing NE resistance,we conducted two independent trials with Cobb broiler chicks.In each trial,the diet was supplemented with DCA or NaB on the day-of-hatch,followed by NE induction through sequential challenges with Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens on d 10 and 14,respectively.We recorded animal mortality after infection and assessed intestinal lesions on d 17.The impact of DCA and NaB on the microbiota in the ileum and cecum was evaluated through bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Results We found that the combination of DCA and NaB synergistically induced multiple hDP genes in both chicken hD11 cells and jejunal explants.Additionally,the gene for claudin-1,a major tight junction protein,also exhibited synergistic induction in response to DCA and NaB.Furthermore,dietary supplementation with a combination of 0.75 g/kg DCA and 1 g/kg NaB led to a significant improvement in animal survival and a reduction in intestinal lesions compared to either compound alone in a chicken model of NE.Notably,the cecal microbiota of NE-infected chickens showed a marked decrease in SCFA-producing bacteria such as Bacteroides,Faecalibacterium,and Cuneatibacter,with lactobaci

关键词： Bile acids host defense peptides Metabolites Microbiome Necrotic enteritis Short-chain fatty acids

A review of public health guidelines for postpartum physical activity and sedentary behavior from around the world

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Journal of Sport and health Science 2024年第4期13卷 472-483,F0003页

作者： Kelly R.Evenson Wendy J.Brown Alison K.Brinson Emily Budzynski-Seymour melanie hayman Department of Epidemiology Gillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599-8050USA Faculty of health Sciences and Medicine Bond UniversityGold CoastQLD 4226Australia School of human Movement and Nutrition Sciences The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD 4072Australia Department of Anthropology University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599-3115USA Carolina Population Center University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599-8120USA Faculty of Sport Health and Social SciencesSolent UniversitySouthamptonSO140YNUK Appleton Institute School of HealthMedical and Applied SciencesCentral Queensland UniversityRockhamptonQLD 4701Australia

Background:The period following pregnancy is a critical time window when future habits with respect to physical activity(PA) and sedentary behavior(SB) are established;therefore,it warrants guidance.The purpose of this scoping review was to summarize public health-oriented country-specific postpartum PA and SB guidelines worldwide.Methods:To identity guidelines published since 2010,we performed a(a) systematic search of 4 databases(CINAhL,Global health,PubMed,and SPORTDiscus),(b) structured repeatable web-based search separately for 194 countries,and(c) separate web-based search.Only the most recent guideline was included for each country.Results:We identified 22 countries with public health-oriented postpartum guidelines for PA and 11 countries with SB guidelines.The continents with guidelines included Europe(n=12),Asia(n=5),Oceania(n=2),Africa(n=1),North America(n=1),and South America(n=1).The most common benefits recorded for PA included weight control/management(n=10),reducing the risk of postpartum depression or depressive symptoms(n=9),and improving mood/well-being(n=8).Postpartum guidelines specified exercises to engage in,including pelvic floor exercises(n=17);muscle strengthening,weight training,or resistance exercises(n=13);aerobics/general aerobic activity(n=13);walking(n=11);cycling(n=9);and swimming(n=9).Eleven guidelines remarked on the interaction between PA and breastfeeding;several guidelines stated that PA did not impact breast milk quantity(n=7),breast milk quality(n=6),or infant growth(n=3).For SB,suggestions included limiting long-term sitting and interrupting sitting with PA.Conclusion:Country-specific postpartum guidelines for PA and SB can help promote healthy behaviors using a culturally appropriate context while providing specific guidance to public health practitioners.

关键词： Breastfeeding Caesarean section Guidelines Postnatal Recommendations

Skeletal muscle as a molecular and cellular biomarker of disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:a narrative review

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第4期19卷 747-753页

作者： Peter h.King Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics The University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center BirminghamALUSA

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal multisystemic neurodegenerative disease with motor neurons being a primary target.Although progressive weakness is a hallmark feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,there is considerable heterogeneity,including clinical presentation,progression,and the underlying triggers for disease initiation.Based on longitudinal studies with families harboring amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated gene mutations,it has become apparent that overt disease is preceded by a prodromal phase,possibly in years,where compensatory mechanisms delay symptom onset.Since 85-90%of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is sporadic,there is a strong need for identifying biomarkers that can detect this prodromal phase as motor neurons have limited capacity for regeneration.Current Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies work by slowing the degenerative process and are most effective early in the disease.Skeletal muscle,including the neuromuscular junction,manifests abnormalities at the earliest stages of the disease,before motor neuron loss,making it a promising source for identifying biomarkers of the prodromal phase.The accessibility of muscle through biopsy provides a lens into the distal motor system at earlier stages and in real time.The advent of“omics”technology has led to the identification of numerous dysregulated molecules in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis muscle,ranging from coding and non-coding RNAs to proteins and metabolites.This technology has opened the door for identifying biomarkers of disease activity and providing insight into disease mechanisms.A major challenge is correlating the myriad of dysregulated molecules with clinical or histological progression and understanding their relevance to presymptomatic phases of disease.There are two major goals of this review.The first is to summarize some of the biomarkers identified in human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis muscle that have a clinicopathological correlation with disease activity,evidence of a similar dysregulation in the SO

关键词： amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biomarkers clinicopathological correlation disease progression muscle biomarkers neurogenic atrophy neuromuscular junction non-coding RNAs presymptomatic stages skeletal muscle SOD1G93A mouse model

Free vibration and buckling analysis of polymeric composite beams reinforced by functionally graded bamboo fbers

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2024年第3期45卷 543-562页

作者： h.M.FEIZABAD M.h.YAS Department of Mechanical Engineering Razi UniversityKermanshah ***Iran

Natural fibers have been extensively researched as reinforcement materials in polymers on account of their environmental and economic advantages in comparison with synthetic fibers in the recent years.Bamboo fibers are renowned for their good mechanical properties,abundance,and short cycle growth.As beams are one of the fundamental structural components and are susceptible to mechanical loads in engineering applications,this paper performs a study on the free vibration and buckling responses of bamboo fiber reinforced composite(BFRC)beams on the elastic foundation.Three different functionally graded(FG)layouts and a uniform one are the considered distributions for unidirectional long bamboo fibers across the thickness.The elastic properties of the composite are determined with the law of mixture.Employing hamilton’s principle,the governing equations of motion are obtained.The generalized differential quadrature method(GDQM)is then applied to the equations to obtain the results.The achieved outcomes exhibit that the natural frequency and buckling load values vary as the fiber volume fractions and distributions,elastic foundation stiffness values,and boundary conditions(BCs)and slenderness ratio of the beam change.Furthermore,a comparative study is conducted between the derived analysis outcomes for BFRC and homogenous polymer beams to examine the effectiveness of bamboo fibers as reinforcement materials,demonstrating the significant enhancements in both vibration and buckling responses,with the exception of natural frequencies for cantilever beams on the Pasternak foundation with the FG-◇fiber distribution.Eventually,the obtained analysis results of BFRC beams are also compared with those for carbon nanotube reinforced composite(CNTRC)beams found in the literature,indicating that the buckling loads and natural frequencies of BFRC beams are lower than those of CNTRC beams.

关键词： bamboo fiber free vibration buckling analysis functionally graded(FG)beam elastic foundation generalized differential quadrature method(GDQM)

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微塑料和纳米塑料威胁青藏高原环境

Science Bulletin 2024年第5期69卷 589-592页

作者：张玉兰康世昌罗犀 Tanuj Shukla 高坛光 Deonie Allen Steve Allen melanie Bergmann State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China School of Geography Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham 200003UK Ocean Frontiers Institute Dalhousie UniversityHalifax B3H 4R2Canada Alfred-Wegener-Institut helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung Bremerhaven D-27515Germany University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Plastic pollution is a planetary level threat which affects Earth’s environment and ecosystems.From the poles to deep ocean basins,the growth of plastic waste has already exceeded its limits.The projected increase of plastic production and waste generation over the coming years makes the situation even more daunting.Even after stagnation in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic,the global plastic production has also increased from 335 to 391 million metric tons(Mt)between 2016 and 2021(Fig.S1 online);yet currently post-consumer recycled and bio-based/attributed plastics only accounts~9%of the world’s plastic production[1].Statistically.

关键词：微塑料 attributed plastics

Effect of mitomycin C on the corneal endothelial cells of Saudi patients with myopia after transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy:a two-armed cohort study

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2024年第5期17卷 909-915页

作者： Sultan h Alrashidi Department of Ophthalmology College of MedicineQassim UniversityBuraidah 51452Saudi Arabia

AIM:To study the effect of mitomycin C(MMC)applied during transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy(TPRK)on the corneal endothelium one week(W1)and three months(M3)after surgery and its determinants.METhODS:In this two-armed cohort study conducted in 2022,eyes treated with MMC during TPRK(group 1)were compared with eyes not treated with MMC(group 2).The corneal endothelial cell(EC)count,EC density(ECD;cells/mm2),average(μm2),standard deviation(μm2),coefficient of variation(CV%),ECmax,ECmin,and EC percentage of hexagonality were estimated at W1 and M3.The postoperative changes in the EC count in the two groups were compared and correlated with the other independent variables.RESULTS:Group 1 had 26 eyes,and group 2 had 78 eyes.All TPRK indices were significantly higher for the eyes in group 1 than for those in group 2.The MMC usage was not a significant predictor of the change in ECD(P=0.644),change in CV(P=0.374),and change in the percentage of hexagonality of EC(P=0.164)at W1.however,the use of MMC was a significant predictor of changes in CV(P=0.014)and the change in the percentage of hexagonality of EC(P=0.039)at M3.The duration of laser exposure and the size of the optical zone influenced the correlation of MMC use with the changes in EC indices,postoperatively.CONCLUSION:The use of MMC doesn’t affect ECD,CV,and percentage of hexagonality at W1 if other surgical indices are considered.At M3 after operating myopic eyes by TPRK,MMC significantly influence the CV and percentage of hexagonality.The duration of the laser application and the size of the optical zone should be considered when determining the effect of MMC on the EC indices.

关键词： transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy mitomycin-C corneal endothelium

Convexification of hybrid AC-DC Optimal Power Flow with Line-Commutated Converters

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2024年第2期10卷 617-628页

作者： hongyuan Liang Zhigang Li J.h.Zheng Q.h.Wu School of Electric Power Engineering South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510641China

Line-commutated converter (LCC)-based high-voltage DC (hVDC) systems have been integrated with bulk AC power grids for interregional transmission of renewable power. The nonlinear LCC model brings additional nonconvexity to optimal power flow (OPF) of hybrid AC-DC power grids. A convexification method for the LCC station model could address such nonconvexity but has rarely been discussed. We devise an equivalent reformulation for classical LCC station models that facilitates second-order cone convex relaxation for the OPF of LCC-based AC-DC power grids. We also propose sufficient conditions for exactness of convex relaxation with its proof. Equivalence of the proposed LCC station models and properties, exactness, and effectiveness of convex relaxation are verified using four numerical simulations. Simulation results demonstrate a globally optimal solution of the original OPF can be efficiently obtained from relaxed model.

关键词： AC-DC power system convex relaxation linecommutated converter optimal power flow second-order cone programming

holographic dark energy in non-conserved gravity theory

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Communications in Theoretical Physics 2024年第4期76卷 126-133页

作者： h R Fazlollahi Institute of Gravitation and Cosmology Peoples Friendship University of Russia(RUDN University)6 Miklukho-Maklaya StMoscow117198Russia

Recently, reconsidering the Rastall idea T_(μ;νν)^(v)=α_(,μ) through relativistic thermodynamics gives a new form for the scalar field α which led us to construct modern modified theory of gravity debugged ‘non-conserved gravity theory’ Fazlollahi 2023 Euro. Phys. J. C 83 923. This theory unlike other modified theories of gravity cannot directly explain the current acceleration expansion in the absence of the cosmological constant and or existence of other forms of dark energy. hence, in this study we have reinvestigated holographic dark energy Ρ_(X)~h^(2) in the non-conserved theory of gravity. In this context, the density and pressure of dark energy depend on the non-conserved term and density of the dust matter field. As shown, due to non-conservation effects on large-scale structures, unlike the original holographic model, our model onsets an acceleration epoch for the current Universe satisfies observations. Moreover, the interaction and viscous scenarios are studied for this model.

关键词： non-conserved gravity covariant form of thermodynamics holographic dark energy