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A Hybrid Model for Improving Software Cost Estimation in Global Software Development

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第1期78卷 1399-1422页

作者： mehmood ahmed Noraini B.Ibrahim Wasif Nisar Adeel ahmed Muhammad Junaid Emmanuel Soriano Flores Divya Anand Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit RajaBatu Pahat86400Malaysia Department of Computer Science COMSATS University Wah Cantt CampusIslamabad47010Pakistan Department of Information Technology The University of HaripurKhyber Pakhtunkhwa22620Pakistan Engineering Research Innovation Group Universidad Europea del AtlanticoSantander39011Spain

Accurate software cost estimation in Global Software Development(GSD)remains challenging due to reliance on historical data and expert *** models,such as the Constructive Cost Model(COCOMO II),rely heavily on historical and accurate *** addition,expert judgment is required to set many input parameters,which can introduce subjectivity and variability in the estimation ***,there is a need to improve the current GSD models to mitigate reliance on historical data,subjectivity in expert judgment,inadequate consideration of GSD-based cost drivers and limited integration of modern technologies with cost *** study introduces a novel hybrid model that synergizes the COCOMO II with Artificial Neural Networks(ANN)to address these *** proposed hybrid model integrates additional GSD-based cost drivers identified through a systematic literature review and further vetted by industry *** article compares the effectiveness of the proposedmodelwith state-of-the-artmachine learning-basedmodels for software cost *** the NASA 93 dataset by adopting twenty-six GSD-based cost drivers reveals that our hybrid model achieves superior accuracy,outperforming existing *** findings indicate the potential of combining COCOMO II,ANN,and additional GSD-based cost drivers to transform cost estimation in GSD.

关键词： Artificial neural networks COCOMO II cost drivers global software development linear regression software cost estimation

Biological Status of Indus River Dolphin （Platanista Minor Owen） in Indus River, Northern Pakistan

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Journal of Life Sciences 2011年第1期5卷 39-47页

作者： Farzana Perveen Sardar Azher mehmood Shabbir ahmed Zia Ur Reman Department of Zoology Hazara University Garden Campus Mansehra-21300 Pakistan

A study was aimed to determine the biological status of the Indus river dolphin, Platanista minor Owen in Indus river with respect to distribution, threats and protection throughout its range in Northern Pakistan. For this purpose, a survey was conducted in an area of 103.5 km including the Indus river and its tributaries in March 2009 for estimating its distribution and population size using both direct observations of the dolphin as well as indirect evidences from its signs. The best group size was estimated with an abundance of 54 dolphins. Approximately 53.7% （1.07 dolphin＆m） of the dolphin-population occurred in 27 km from Miran onward to Ramak, however, 38.9% （0.46 dolphin/km） occurred in 46 km from Dera Ismail （D.I.） Khan bridge to Miran, moreover, 7.4% （0.13 dolphin/kin） occurred in 30.5 km from Saggu, near Meetapur-village to D.I. Khan bridge in the Indus river. The highest density was found between Miran and Ramk. A pronounced increase in dolphin encounter rate and abundance were observed in a downstream-direction. Threats to dolphins include too much vessel-traffic, disturbance by the crane, duck-hunters, and no effective-protection. Dolphins are particularly vulnerable to the high levels of anthropogenic activities because of their restricted habitat. Threats vary geographically in their importance, but generally include accidental killing during fishing-operations, habitat-loss and population-fragmentation from water development. Deliberate killing for dolphin products also threatens the dolphins. Potential for protections and possibilities for dolphin eco-tourism measures must be taken.

关键词： Dolphin endangered or critically endangered Indus river Northern Pakistan protection population.

Nanosecond pulse and dual-wavelength Q-switched 1.5 μm fiber laser using MAX phase Cr2TiAlC2 saturable absorber

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Optoelectronics Letters 2025年第1期21卷 7-12页

作者： ahmed Shakir AL-HITI Hiba HASSAN Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Anbar Department of Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Technology-Iraq

We demonstrated a new type of MAX phase material, chromium titanium aluminum carbide（Cr2TiAlC2） polymer film, to generate a passively Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser（EDFL）. The film thickness was measured to be around 45 μm, which was fabricated using the embedding method with polyvinyl alcohol（PVA） polymer as hoster. The saturable absorber（SA） film demonstrates a dual-wavelength passively Q-switched EDFL which operates at 1 531 nm and 1 560.19 nm, respectively. The Q-switching pulse duration could be varied from 2.46 μs to 770 ns, while the repetition rate varied from 92.76 kHz to 106.6 kHz with an increasing input pumping range from 154 mW to 300 mW. The maximum output power and pulse energy of 15.05 mW and 141.18 nJ were obtained at the maximum input power of 300 mW, respectively.

关键词： Saturable absorbers

Vascular endothelial growth factor:a double-edged sword in the development of white matter lesions

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第1期20卷 191-192页

作者： Narek Manukjan Daniel Fulton Zubair ahmed WMatthijs Blankesteijn Sébastien Foulquier Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Institute of Inflammation and AgeingUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamUK Centre for Trauma Sciences Research University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamUK MHeNs-School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands Department of Neurology Maastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands

As the population ages,the burden of age-related diseases becomes ***,over 55 million people suffer from dementia worldwide,with Alzheimer’s disease being the most common ***,it is becoming clearer that underlying vascular pathology such as cerebral small vessel disease(cSVD)may be a more detrimental cause for dementia(Cuadrado-Godia et al.,2018).It is estimated that 10%-30%of the elderly population and 35%-90%of all dementia patients exhibit signs of *** term cSVD refers to pathology affecting the small vessels of the brain,which can lead to lacunar cerebral infarcts,enlarged perivascular spaces,and cortical hemorrhages(Cuadrado-Godia et al.,2018).CSVD is often associated with cognitive decline,gait problems,and dementia(Cuadrado-Godia et al.,2018).

关键词： pathology becoming white

Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease Based on Convolutional Neural Networks

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2022年第10期43卷 305-315页

作者： Atif mehmood Ahed Abugabah ahmed Ali AlZubi Louis Sanzogni College of Technological Innovation Zayed UniversityAbu Dhabi CampusFF2-0-056UAE Computer Science Department Community CollegeKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11437Saudi Arabia Nathan Campus Griffith UniversityBrisbaneAustralia

Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a neurodegenerative disorder,causing the most common dementia in the elderly *** AD patients are rapidly increasing in each year and AD is sixth leading cause of death in *** resonance imaging(MRI)is the leading modality used for the diagnosis of *** learning based approaches have produced impressive results in this *** early diagnosis of AD depends on the efficient use of classification *** address this issue,this study proposes a system using two convolutional neural networks(CNN)based approaches for an early diagnosis of AD *** the proposed system,we use segmented MRI *** data samples of three classes include 110 normal control(NC),110 mild cognitive impairment(MCI)and 105 AD subjects are used in this *** data is acquired from the ADNI database and gray matter(GM)images are obtained after the segmentation of MRI subjects which are used for the classification in the proposed *** proposed approaches segregate among NC,MCI,and *** testing both methods applied on the segmented data samples,the highest performance results of the classification in terms of accuracy on NC *** are 95.33%and 89.87%,*** proposed methods distinguish between NC *** and MCI *** patients with a classification accuracy of 90.74%and 86.69%.The experimental outcomes prove that both CNN-based frameworks produced state-of-the-art accurate results for testing.

关键词： Alzheimer’s disease neural networks intelligent systems gray matter

Characterization and anticancer potential of Withania somnifera fruit bioactives(a native species to Pakistan)using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-electrospray ionization

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Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022年第6期42卷 908-914页

作者： Qudsia Tabassam Tahir mehmood Sibtain ahmed Farooq Anwar Abdul Rauf Raza Institute of Chemistry University of SargodhaSargodha-40100Pakistan Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences-UVAS54000-Lahore.Pakistan University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La JollaCA 92093USA

INTRODUCTION:Withania somnifera(***)is a plant with remarkable pharmacological *** plant has an impressive profile of medicinal uses in the folk medicine system of several ***:This comprehensive study is aimed to characterize phytochemicals in fruit of *** and tested for in vitro anticancer potential to find out active candidate in disease prevention and ***:The bioactive components from *** fruit were extracted with polar and non-polar *** potential of the isolated bioactive was assessed against different cancer cell lines through MTT assay and Incucytes imaging *** extracts were characterized for secondary metabolites using GCMS(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer),LCMS(liquid(electrospray Ionization)and 1H-NMR(electrospray Ionization)***:Both freeze-dried and rotary evaporator condensed extracts exhibited anticancer potential against MDA-MB-231,MCF7-SKOV3 and SKBR3 cell *** tested extracts have cell growth inhibition potential against mammalian cancer cell *** acid purified from n-hexane extract through HPLC was investigated for its cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell line SKBR3 by using Incucytes imaging ***:We found that a variety of bioactive compounds existed in this *** identified compound that was not investigated for cytotoxicity in previous studies was purified and its application showed cytotoxicity on breast cancer cell lines.A number of bioactive identified from *** fruit may have an effective potential for development into chemotherapy drugs.

关键词： phytochemicals plants medicinal anti-cancer activities purification state-of-the-art techniques

Improving Generalization for Hyperspectral Image Classification:The Impact of Disjoint Sampling on Deep Models

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第10期81卷 503-532页

作者： Muhammad Ahmad Manuel Mazzara Salvatore Distefano Adil mehmood Khan Hamad ahmed Altuwaijri Department of Computer Science National University of Computer and Emerging SciencesChiniot35400Pakistan Institute of Software Development and Engineering Innopolis UniversityInnopolis420500Russia Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica—MIFT University of MessinaMessina98121Italy School of Computer Science University of HullHullHU67RXUK Department of Geography College of Humanities and Social SciencesKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11451Saudi Arabia

Disjoint sampling is critical for rigorous and unbiased evaluation of state-of-the-art(SOTA)models e.g.,Attention Graph and Vision *** training,validation,and test sets overlap or share data,it introduces a bias that inflates performance metrics and prevents accurate assessment of a model’s true ability to generalize to new *** paper presents an innovative disjoint sampling approach for training SOTA models for the Hyperspectral Image Classification(HSIC).By separating training,validation,and test data without overlap,the proposed method facilitates a fairer evaluation of how well a model can classify pixels it was not exposed to during training or *** demonstrate the approach significantly improves a model’s generalization compared to alternatives that include training and validation data in test data(A trivial approach involves testing the model on the entire Hyperspectral dataset to generate the ground truth *** approach produces higher accuracy but ultimately results in low generalization performance).Disjoint sampling eliminates data leakage between sets and provides reliable metrics for benchmarking progress in *** sampling is critical for advancing SOTA models and their real-world application to large-scale land mapping with Hyperspectral ***,with the disjoint test set,the performance of the deep models achieves 96.36%accuracy on Indian Pines data,99.73%on Pavia University data,98.29%on University of Houston data,99.43%on Botswana data,and 99.88%on Salinas data.

关键词： Hyperspectral image classification disjoint sampling Graph CNN spatial-spectral transformer

Changes in Germination and Seedling Traits of Sesame under Simulated Drought

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2022年第4期91卷 713-726页

作者： Mukhtar ahmed ahmed M.S.Kheir Muhammad Zeeshan mehmood Shakeel Ahmad Mirza Hasanuzzaman Department of Agronomy PMAS-Arid Agriculture UniversityRawalpindi46300Pakistan International Center for Biosaline Agriculture Directorate of ProgramsDubai14660United Arab Emirates Soils Water and Environment Research InstituteAgricultural Research CenterCairo UniversityGiza12613Egypt Department of Agronomy Bahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan60800Pakistan Department of Agronomy Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural UniversityDhaka1207Bangladesh

Drought is considered one of the leading abiotic constraints to agricultural crop production *** study was conducted to assess the effects of different drought treatments(***,10%PEG,and 20%PEG)on seed germination,germination indices,seedling traits,and drought tolerance indices of *** results showed that maximum reduction in the studied parameters was observed at higher PEG concentration(i.e.,20%PEG).As compared to control,the drought treatments viz.10%and 20%PEG decreased the values for germination indices,such as germination percentage,coefficient of variation of germination time,germination index,and seedling vigor ***,for seedling traits,the values were decreased for root length,shoot length,root shoot ratio,root fresh weight,shoot fresh weight,root dry weight and shoot dry weight under 10%and 20%PEG treatments significantly in comparison with ***,relative to control,the values for drought tolerance indices,such as germination drought tolerance index,root length drought tolerance index,shoot length drought tolerance index,total seedling length drought tolerance index,root fresh weight drought tolerance index,shoot fresh weight drought tolerance index,total fresh weight drought tolerance index,root dry weight drought tolerance index,shoot dry weight drought tolerance index and total dry weight drought tolerance index were also reduced under 10%and 20%PEG treatments,*** results confirms that drought impact on seed germination and seedling traits could be quantified by using different indices which can further help to design drought adaptation and mitigation *** on these results it can be concluded that germination indices,seedling traits,and drought tolerance indices have great potential to simulate drought stress impacts on different crop traits thus they should be used in all kinds of stress related studies.

关键词： Sesame drought stress PEG germination indices seedling traits drought tolerance indices

Antiacanthamoebic properties of natural and marketed honey in Pakistan

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2016年第11期6卷 967-972页

作者： Farzana Abubakar Yousuf Malik Hassan mehmood Abdul Malik Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui Naveed ahmed Khan Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Aga Khan University Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology Sunway University

Objective: To determine antiacanthamoebic activity of natural and marketed honey ***: Natural honey samples were collected directly from the bee hive and marketed honey samples were purchased from the local market in Karachi, Pakistan. Both honey samples were tested for their flavonoid content(quercetin equivalent per gram of the extract) and phenolic content(gallic acid equivalent per gram). Furthermore, their antioxidant activity was determined by measuring 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Using amoebistatic and amoebicidal assays, the effects of honey samples were tested against growth and viability of Acanthamoeba ***: Natural honey exhibited potent amoebistatic and amoebicidal effects, in a concentration-dependent manner. Honey-treated Acanthamoeba castellanii showed loss of acanthopodia, following which amoebae detached, rounded up, reduced in size,decreased in cytoplasmic mass and they were observed floating in the culture ***, honey-treated amoebae did not revive when inoculated in fresh growth medium, however, glycerol-treated amoebae exhibited viable trophozoite and active growth. In contrast, marketed honey samples varied in their efficacy against Acanthamoeba castellanii. The proportion of flavonoid, as determined by quercetin measurements and the proportion of phenolic, as determined by gallic acid measurements was higher in natural honey compared with marketed honey. Similarly, the antioxidant activity, as determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity was higher in natural honey vs. marketed ***: This study shows that natural honey has antiacanthamoebic properties and possesses higher flavonoid, phenolic and antioxidant properties compared with the marketed honey. These findings are of concern to the public, health officials, and to the manufacturers regarding production of honey for medical applications.

关键词： Honey Acanthamoeba Amoebicidal Amoebistatic