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Testing the rate isomorphy hypothesis using five statistical methods

Insect Science 2012年第1期19卷 121-128页

作者： Xian-Ju Kuang megha n.parajulee Pei-Jian Shi Feng Ge Fang-Sen Xue Institute of Entomology Jiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center Lubbock TexasUSA Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Organisms are said to be in developmental rate isomorphy when the pro- portions of developmental stage durations are unaffected by temperature. Comprehensive stage-specific developmental data were generated on the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly （Coleoptera： Chrysomelidae）, at eight temperatures ranging from 16℃ to 30℃ （in 2℃ increments） and five analytical methods were used to test the rate isomor- phy hypothesis, including：（i） direct comparison of lower developmental thresholds with standard errors based on the traditional linear equation describing developmental rate as the linear function of temperature; （ii） analysis of covariance to compare the lower devel- opmental thresholds of different stages based on the Ikemoto-Takai linear equation; （iii） testing the significance of the slope item in the regression line of arcsin（√p） versus tem- perature, where p is the ratio of the developmental duration of a particular developmental stage to the entire pre-imaginal developmental duration for one insect or mite species; （iv） analysis of variance to test for significant differences between the ratios of developmental stage durations to that ofpre-imaginal development; and （v） checking whether there is an element less than a given level of significance in the p-value matrix of rotating regres- sion line. The results revealed no significant difference among the lower developmental thresholds or among the aforementioned ratios, and thus convincingly confirmed the rate isomorphy hypothesis.

关键词： analysis ofcovariance lower developmental threshold rate isomorphy sum of effective temperatures temperature

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Azotobacter inoculation can enhance the resistance of Bt cotton to cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera

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Insect Science 2023年第6期30卷 1648-1662页

作者： Zhuo Li Ming Zhao Lei Li Yi-Yang Yuan Fa-Jun Chen megha n.parajulee Feng Ge Institute of Plant Protection Shandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinanChina State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina Shandong Cotton Research Center Shandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinanChina Department of Entomology Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina Texas A&M University AgriLife Research and Extension Center LubbockTexasUSA

The rising trend in the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic crops may cause a destabilization of agroecosystems, thus increasing concerns about the sustainability of Bt crops as a valid pest management method. Azotobacter can be used as a biological regulator to increase environmental suitability and improve the soil nitrogen utilization efficiency of crops, especially Bt cotton. A laboratory test investigated effects on the development and food utilization of Helicoverpa armigera fed with different Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac proteins and nitrogen metabolism-related compounds from cotton (transgenic variety SCRC 37 vs non-Bt cotton cv. Yu 2067) inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense (Ab) and Azotobacter chroococcum (Ac). The findings indicate that inoculation with Azotobacter significantly decreased the partial development and food utilization indexes (pupal weight;pupation rate;adult longevity;fecundity;relative growth rate, RGR;efficiency of conversion of digested food, ECD;and efficiency of conversion of ingested food, ECI) of H. armigera fed on Bt cotton, but contrasting trends were found among these indexes in H. armigera fed on non-Bt cotton inoculated with Azotobacter, as a result of differences in Bt toxin production. Overall, the results showed that inoculation with Azotobacter had negative effects on the development and food utilization of H. armigera fed on Bt cotton, leading to enhanced target insect resistance. Presumably, Azotobacter inoculation can be used to stimulate plant soil nitrogen uptake to increase nitrogen metabolism-related compounds and promote plant growth for Bt and non-Bt cotton, simultaneously raising Bt protein expression and enhancing resistance efficacy against cotton bollworm in Bt cotton.

关键词： Azotobacter Bt protein expression development and fecundity food utilization nitrogen metabolism-related compounds transgenic Bt cotton

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抗/感稻飞虱水稻品种混播种植防控靶标和非靶标害虫效果评价研究

抗/感稻飞虱水稻品种混播种植防控靶标和非靶标害虫效果评价研究

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中国植物保护学会2016年学术年会

作者：李卓 megha n.parajulee 陈法军南京农业大学植物保护学院昆虫学系得克萨斯农工大学生态农业研究与推广中心

随着抗性作物在世界范围内的种植,其靶标害虫、非靶标害虫的发生防控受到了人们的广泛关注。本文通过选取抗稻飞虱水稻品种(含Bph14基因的广两优476;简称抗虫R)与感虫品种(Tn;简称感虫S)的进行种子混播处理(设6组处理:即100%抗虫处理R10... 详细信息

随着抗性作物在世界范围内的种植,其靶标害虫、非靶标害虫的发生防控受到了人们的广泛关注。本文通过选取抗稻飞虱水稻品种(含Bph14基因的广两优476;简称抗虫R)与感虫品种(Tn;简称感虫S)的进行种子混播处理(设6组处理:即100%抗虫处理R100、5%感虫和95%抗虫处理S05R95、10%感虫和90%抗虫处理S10R90、20%感虫和80%抗虫处理S20R80、40%感虫和60%抗虫处理S40R60、100%感虫处理S100),通过研究各混播比例下靶标害虫(褐飞虱、白背飞虱)与非靶标害虫(大螟、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟)的种群发生和其灾变规律,评估了各混播比例对靶标、非靶标害虫的防治效果。研究结果表明,对于靶标害虫(褐飞虱、白背飞虱)而言,混播比例中抗性水稻占90%以上其防治效果良好;对非靶标害虫(大螟、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟),纯感虫混播组发生量最小,抗性水稻占90%的混播组防控效果次之,纯抗混播组效果最差。就防控田间害虫整体而言,抗性水稻占90%的混播组对靶标害虫、非靶标害虫都具有良好的防治效果,在防治主要害虫的同时也抑制了次要害虫的发生,且根据David ***所述避难所原理,混播相较于纯种播种更减缓了害虫抗性的产生,为利用生物多样性防治农业害虫提供了新思路,有利于稻飞虱、螟虫的综合治理。

关键词：抗稻飞虱水稻感虫品种种子混播处理靶标害虫非靶标害虫种群发生量

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Potential cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, population suppression by arthropod predators in upland cotton

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Insect Science 2013年第6期20卷 778-788页

作者： Ram B. Shrestha megha n. parajulee Texas A&M University AgriLife Research and Extension Center 1102 E. FM 1294 Lubbock TX 79403 United States

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, predation rate of convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, was determined by assigning a single predator randomly to each of four prey density treatments in the laboratory. Prey densities included 25, 50, 100, and 200 aphids per Petri dish arena. Predation response was recorded at 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h after assigning predators to their prey treatments. Rate of consumption increased through time, with all 25 aphids consumed during the first 4 h of the experiment. At the highest density, adult lady beetle consumed on average 49, 99, 131, 163, 183, and 200 aphids within 1, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h, respectively. Predators showed a curvilinear feeding response in relation to total available time, indicating that convergent lady beetles have the potential to suppress larger populations of aphids through continuous feeding by regulating their predation efficiency during feeding. The analysis of age-specific mortality in absence of prey revealed that lady beetles could survive for an extended period of time （more than 2 weeks） without prey. The ability of a predator to survive without prey delays or prevents the rebound of pest populations that is a significant factor in natural biological control. A two-year field sampling of 10 cotton arthropod predator species showed that spiders （27%） were the most dominant foliage dwelling predators in the Texas High Plains cotton followed by convergent lady beetles （23.5%）, hooded beetles （13.5%）, minute pirate bugs （11%）, green lacewings （9.5%）, bigeyed bugs （7.5%）, scymnus beetles （3%）, soft-winged flower beetles （2%）, damsel bugs （1.5%）, and assassin bugs （1.5%）. A field cage study showed that one H. convergens adult per plant released at prey density of one aphid per leaf kept the aphid population below economic threshold for the entire growing season.

关键词： Aphis gossypii biological control cotton IPM functional response Hippo-damia convergens natural suppression

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Metapopulation approach for landscape level management of western tarnished plant bug,Lygus hesperus,in Texas( Hemiptera,Miridae)

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植物保护学报 2014年第6期41卷 761-768页

作者： parajulee megha n Shrestha Ram B Texas A & M University System AgriLife Research and Extension Center

Insect source-sink dynamics are vital to ecologically intensive pest management. Maintaining sink plant hosts,or "trap crops",and destroying alternate hosts or breeding places adjacent to the field crop are effective pest management strategies for some arthropods. However,determining whether a host acts as a source or a sink is challenging, especially when the pest species is highly mobile and polyphagous. The western tarnished plant bug,Lygus hesperus,is highly polyphagous,and can utilize >300 hosts. Its presence has been documented in 26 roadside weed hosts in the Texas High *** studies demonstrated that L. hesperus prefer alfalfa over cotton and several alternate weed hosts.A four-year project involved surveying and sampling for L. hesperus in the agricultural landscapes of several sub-regions of the southwestern United States,including the Texas High Plains. In Texas,geographic information of the landscape vegetation complex was compiled from a 150 km radius in the Texas High Plains. In one study,fifty irrigated cotton fields representing the crop diversity within this region were sampled via sweep-net for 10 weeks. This effort also included sampling of up to six noncotton insect habitats within a 3 km radius of each field. Seasonal average L. hesperus abundance data were regressed with 27 field characteristics( variables),including habitat-specific land cover,distance between focal cotton fields and non-cotton habitats,longitude,latitude,elevation,habitat heterogeneity index,and several environmental / ecological variables. Significant variables were selected using a stepwise regression at 15% probability rate. A 10-parameter linear model explained 93% of the variation in the data. Major parameters contributing significantly to variation in L. hesperus abundance in cotton were corn and sunflower acreages,focal cotton field distances from several non-cotton hosts,and habitat heterogeneity index. In addition,field marking-and-capture studies were cond

关键词： western tarnished plant bug cotton IPM ecological pest management alternate host management

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Relative preference of Lygus hesperus （Hemiptera： Miridae） to selected host plants in the field

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Insect Science 2010年第6期17卷 542-548页

作者： Apurba K. Barman megha n. parajulee Stanley C. Carroll Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station Texas AgriLife Research Center Lubbock Texas USA

Information on host plant preference of agriculturally important insect pests, such as Lygus hesperus （Knight）, can be helpful in predicting its occurrence and future movement among crop and nonrop host plants. A field study was conducted during 2005 and 2006 to evaluate the host preference of Lygus to cotton and four other host plants in the Texas High Plains, including alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.）, wild sunflower （Helianthus annuus L.）, Russian thistle （Salsola iberica L.） and pigweed （Amaranthus palmeri L.）. Sampling for both nymphs and adults during 2005 （July to november） and 2006 （June to november） showed that alfalfa and Russian thistle were the two most preferred hosts out of the five hosts evaluated. Abundance of nymphs （numbers per 50 sweeps per host plant） during the sampling period also indicated the superior reproductive suitability of alfalfa and Russian thistle. Cotton appeared to be the least attractive host plant for Lygus when Russian thistle and alfalfa were available in the host mosaic. Seasonal abundance of Lygus was found to be lower during 2006 compared to 2005, which may be explained by the difference in rainfall patterns during these two years. In terms of species dominance, L. hesperus was the most dominant species in the sampled population followed by an inconsiderable fraction ofL. elisus and L. lineolaris.

关键词： cotton crop host-plant preference Lygus hesperus non-cotton crops

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Effects of environmental humidity on the survival and development of pine caterpillars, Dendrolimus tabulaeformis （Lepidoptera： Lasiocampidae）

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Insect Science 2008年第2期15卷 147-152页

作者： Rui-Dong Han megha parajulee Zhong He Feng Ge State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Weifang Forestry Bureau of Shandong Province Weifang City Shandong Province China Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Lubbock Texas USA

The pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus tabulaeformis is one of the most important pests on Pinus tabulaeformis and other pine species in north China. In the present study, effects of relative humidity （RH） on the development and survival of pine caterpillars and soil moisture （SM） on their diapausing larvae were investigated. Low RH （20%） deferred the development of eggs and larvae, reduced egg hatching and larval surviving compared to 40%, 60% and 80% RH. Both low （20%） and high （100%） RH reduced egg hatching, but only 20% RH deferred the development of larvae, prolonged developmental duration and reduced the body mass and body length of larvae. The SM influenced the survival of diapausing larvae significantly. The dry treatment significantly reduced the supercooling points （SCPs）, whereas increased the mortality and reduced body mass from 56.9 to 36.5 mg and body water content from 78% to 63% after 2 weeks＇ exposure. Therefore, higher RH is more favorable for the development of early instars and survival of diapausing larvae of the pine caterpillars.

关键词： cold hardiness Dendrolimus tabulaeformis development mortality relative humidit y

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Effects of seed mixture sowing with transgenic Bt rice and its parental line on the population dynamics of target stemborers and leafrollers, and non-target planthoppers

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Insect Science 2019年第4期26卷 777-794页

作者： Zhuo Li Li-Kun Li Bin Liu Long Wang megha n. parajulee Fa-Jun Chen Department of Entomology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China Texas A&M University Agri Life Research and Extension Center Lubbock Texas USA

The widespread planting of insect-resistant crops has caused a dramatic shift in agricultural landscapes, thus raising concerns about the potential impacts on both target and non-target pests. In this study, we examined the potential effects of intra-specific seed mixture sowing with transgenic Bt rice (Bt) and its parental non-transgenic line (nt)(100% Bt rice [Bt100], 5% nt+95% Bt [nt05Bt95], 10% nt+90% Bt [nt|0Bt90], 20% nt+80% Bt [nt2oBtso], 40% nt+60% Bt [nt4oBt6O] and 100% nt rice [ntjoo]) on target and non-target pests in a 2-year field trial in southern China. The occurrence of target pests, Sesamia inf evens. Chilo suppressalis and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, decreased with the increased ratio of Bt rice, and the mixture ratios with more than 90% Bt rice (Btjoo and nt()5Bt95) significantly increased the pest suppression efficiency, with the lowest occurrences of non-target planthoppers, nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella jurcijera in ntioo and ntosBtgs. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in 1000?grain dry weight and grain dry weight per 100 plants between Btjoo and ntosBtgs,Seed mixture sowing of Bt rice with nt line was sufficient to overcome potential compliance issues that exist with the use of block or structured refuge to provide most effective control of both target and non-target pests without compromising the grain yield. It is also expected that the strategy of seed mixture sowing with transgenic Bt rice and the nontransgenic parental line would provide rice yield stability while decreasing the insecticide use frequency in rice production.

关键词： cultivar diversity occurrence and damage seed mixture sowing target and non-target pests transgenic Bt rice yield

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Intercrop movement of convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens （Coleoptera： Coccinellidae）, between adjacent cotton and alfalfa

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Insect Science 2016年第1期23卷 145-156页

作者： Anup Bastola megha n. parajulee R. Patrick Porter Ram B. Shrestha Fa-Jun Chen Stanley C. Carroll Texas A&M UniversityAgriLife Research and Extension Center Lubbock Texas USA Department of Entomology Iowa State UniversityAmes Iowa USA Department of Entomology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China

A 2-year study was conducted to characterize the intercrop movement of conver- gent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville （Coleoptera： Coccinellidae） between adjacent cotton and alfalfa. A dual protein-marking method was used to assess the intercrop movement of the lady beetles in each crop. In turns field collected lady beetles in each crop were assayed by protein specific ELISA to quantify the movement of beetles between the crops. Results indicated that a high percentage of convergent lady beetles caught in cotton （46% in 2008; 56% in 2009） and alfalfa （46% in 2008; 71% in 2009） contained a protein mark, thus indicating that convergent lady beetle movement was largely bidirectional between the adjacent crops. Although at a much lower proportion, lady beetles also showed unidirectional movement from cotton to alfalfa （5% in 2008 and 6% in 2009） and from alfalfa to cotton （9% in 2008 and 14% in 2009）. The season-long bidirectional movement exhibited by the beetles was significantly higher in alfalfa than cotton during both years of the study. The total influx of lady beetles （bidirectional and unidirectional combined） was significantly higher in alfalfa compared with that in cotton for both years. While convergent lady beetles moved between adjacent cotton and alfalfa, they were more attracted to alfalfa when cotton was not flowering and/or when alfalfa of- fered more opportunities for prey. This study offers much needed information on intercrop movement of the convergent lady beetle that should facilitate integrated pest management decisions in cotton utilizing conservation biological control.

关键词： enzyme-linked irnrnunosorbent assay Hippodamia convergens markcapture protein marker

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Evaluating rural health outcomes:A methodological approach using population‐level data

Health Care Science

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Health Care Science 2024年第3期3卷 151-162页

作者： Gal Av‐Gay Anshu parajulee Kathrin Stoll Jude Kornelsen Department of Family Practice Faculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada

Background:The sustainability of rural surgical and obstetrical facilities depends on their efficacy and quality of care,which are difficult to measure in a rural *** an evaluation of rural practice,it is often the case that the only comparators are larger referral facilities,for which facility‐level comparisons are difficult due to differences in population demographics,acuity of patients,and services *** publication outlines these limitations and highlights a best‐practice approach to making facility‐level comparisons using population‐level data,risk stratification,tests of noninfer-iority,and Firth logistic regression *** includes an investigation of minimum sample‐size requirements through Monte Carlo power analysis in the context of low‐acuity rural surgical ***:Monte Carlo power analysis was used to estimate the minimum sample size required to achieve a power of 0.8 for both logistic regression and Firth logistic regression models that compare the proportion of surgical adverse events against facility type,among other *** provide guidelines for the implementation of a recommended methodology that uses risk stratification,Firth penalized logistic regression,and tests of ***:We illustrate limitations in facility‐level comparison of surgical quality among patients undergoing one of four index procedures including hernia repair,colonoscopy,appendectomy,and cesarean *** identified minimum sample sizes for comparison of each index procedure that fluctuate depending on the level of risk stratification ***:The availability of administrative data can provide an adequate sample size to allow for facility‐level comparisons in surgical quality,at the rural level and *** they are made appropriately,these comparisons can be used to evaluate the efficacy of general practitioners and nurse practitioners in performing low‐acuity procedures.

关键词： evaluation methodology administrative data uses epidemiology cohort analysis

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