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The Making of a Health Profession:How Chinese Medicine Became a Nationally Registered Allied Health Profession in Australia

2009年

作者： mcdonald Robert L. (Robert Lynch) 1954-

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Chinese Medicine and Culture 2024年第1期7卷 51-62页

作者： John L mcdonald Judy B James School of Chinese Medicine Endeavour College of Natural HealthSouthport 4215Australia Acupuncture Now Australia Brisbane 4120Australia

In 2012, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) practitioners in Australia became nationally-registered allied health professionals in three categories: acupuncturist, Chinese herbal medicine practitioner, and Chinese herbal medicine dispenser. Australia was the first Western country to introduce national registration for Chinese medicine, followed by Portugal and, recently, New Zealand. The practice of TCM in Australia can be traced back to the beginning of Chinese immigration to Australia during the Victorian Gold Rush which began in the 1850s. The process which led to national registration commenced in the early 1970s with the establishment of the first acupuncture courses. Decades of gradual development of courses from unaccredited part-time diplomas to accredited bachelor degrees, and the development, by the profession, of national consensus on educational standards were essential elements in the process which led to registration. Professional associations, such as the Australian Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine Association Ltd.(AACMA), also developed a framework of professional selfregulation, including Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, ongoing professional development requirements and Infection Control Guidelines, and provided leadership in the development of the profession. After decades of tribalism and division within the TCM profession, the National Academic Standards Committee brought almost all stakeholders together to reach a consensus on the Australian Guidelines for Traditional Chinese Medicine Education which were published by AACMA in 2001. Professional associations also collaborated on joint submissions to the government in support of registration, which was introduced first in the state of Victoria in 2000, and subsequently became national in 2012. Despite national registration, some barriers still remain, and professional associations continue to lobby the federal government for inclusion in Medicare, chronic disease management scheme, and Veterans

关键词： Acupuncture Chinese medicine Registration Regulation Education Standards Australia TCM

A Bayesian Mixture Model Approach to Disparity Testing

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Applied Mathematics 2024年第3期15卷 214-234页

作者： Gary C. mcdonald Department of Mathematics and Statistics Oakland University Rochester USA

The topic of this article is one-sided hypothesis testing for disparity, i.e., the mean of one group is larger than that of another when there is uncertainty as to which group a datum is drawn. For each datum, the uncertainty is captured with a given discrete probability distribution over the groups. Such situations arise, for example, in the use of Bayesian imputation methods to assess race and ethnicity disparities with certain insurance, health, and financial data. A widely used method to implement this assessment is the Bayesian Improved Surname Geocoding (BISG) method which assigns a discrete probability over six race/ethnicity groups to an individual given the individual’s surname and address location. Using a Bayesian framework and Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling from the joint posterior distribution of the group means, the probability of a disparity hypothesis is estimated. Four methods are developed and compared with an illustrative data set. Three of these methods are implemented in an R-code and one method in WinBUGS. These methods are programed for any number of groups between two and six inclusive. All the codes are provided in the appendices.

关键词： Bayesian Improved Surname and Geocoding (BISG) Mixture Likelihood Function Posterior Distribution Metropolis-Hastings Algorithms Random Walk Chain Independence Chain Gibbs Sampling WinBUGS

Comparison of Block Design Nonparametric Subset Selection Rules Based on Alternative Scoring Rules

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Applied Mathematics 2024年第5期15卷 355-389页

作者： Gary C. mcdonald Sajidah Alsaeed Department of Mathematics and Statistics Oakland University Rochester MI USA

This article compares the size of selected subsets using nonparametric subset selection rules with two different scoring rules for the observations. The scoring rules are based on the expected values of order statistics of the uniform distribution (yielding rank values) and of the normal distribution (yielding normal score values). The comparison is made using state motor vehicle traffic fatality rates, published in a 2016 article, with fifty-one states (including DC as a state) and over a nineteen-year period (1994 through 2012). The earlier study considered four block design selection rules—two for choosing a subset to contain the “best” population (i.e., state with lowest mean fatality rate) and two for the “worst” population (i.e., highest mean rate) with a probability of correct selection chosen to be 0.90. Two selection rules based on normal scores resulted in selected subset sizes substantially smaller than corresponding rules based on ranks (7 vs. 16 and 3 vs. 12). For two other selection rules, the subsets chosen were very close in size (within one). A comparison is also made using state homicide rates, published in a 2022 article, with fifty states and covering eight years. The results are qualitatively the same as those obtained with the motor vehicle traffic fatality rates.

关键词： Order Statistics Rank Scoring Methods Probability of a Correct Selection Subset Size Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatality Rates Homicide Rates Asymptotic Distributions

On Performance Characteristics of a Nonparametric Subset Selection Procedure with a Small Randomized Block Experimental Design

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Applied Mathematics 2024年第9期15卷 630-650页

作者： Gary C. mcdonald Sajidah Alsaeed Department of Mathematics and Statistics Oakland University Rochester MI USA

This article addresses the issue of computing the constant required to implement a specific nonparametric subset selection procedure based on ranks of data arising in a statistical randomized block experimental design. A model of three populations and two blocks is used to compute the probability distribution of the relevant statistic, the maximum of the population rank sums minus the rank sum of the “best” population. Calculations are done for populations following a normal distribution, and for populations following a bi-uniform distribution. The least favorable configuration in these cases is shown to arise when all three populations follow identical distributions. The bi-uniform distribution leads to an asymptotic counterexample to the conjecture that the least favorable configuration, i.e., that configuration minimizing the probability of a correct selection, occurs when all populations are identically distributed. These results are consistent with other large-scale simulation studies. All relevant computational R-codes are provided in appendices.

关键词： Rank Statistics Least Favorable Configuration Probability of Correct Selection Slippage Configuration Equal Spaced Configuration Counterexample Configuration

Investigation of HCAR2 antagonists as a potential strategy to modulate bovine leukocytes

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2024年第4期15卷 1567-1577页

作者： Laman K.Mamedova Kirby C.Krogstad Paiton O.mcdonald Laxman Pokhrel Duy H.Hua Evan C.Titgemeyer Barry J.Bradford Department of Animal Science Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan 48824USA Department of Animal Sciences and Industry Kansas State UniversityManhattanKS 66506USA Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology East LansingMI 48824USA Department of Chemistry Kansas State UniversityManhattanKS 66506USA

Background Dairy cows experiencing ketosis after calving suffer greater disease incidence and are at greater risk of leaving the herd. In vitro administration of beta-hydroxybutyric acid(BHBA;the primary blood ketone) has inhibitory effects on the function of bovine leukocytes. BHBA is a ligand of HCAR2 and the activation of these receptors promotes an anti-inflammatory response which may be related with immunosuppression observed in transition dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to identify and test antagonists for HCAR2 in bovine immune cells cultured with *** We observed expression of HCAR2 at the protein level within lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. The proportion of cells expressing HCAR2 tended to be greater in mid-lactation compared to early lactation cows;the increase was a result of increased proportion of T and B cells expressing HCAR2. Stimulation of HCAR2 with niacin or BHBA promoted Ca^(2+) mobilization in neutrophils and mononuclear cells. Mononuclear cells treated with BHBA had diminished intracellular Ca^(2+) responses when HCAR2 was knocked down by si RNA silencing, indicating Ca^(2+) mobilization was mediated by HCAR2 signaling. Two candidate antagonists for HCAR2, synthesized from niacin(NA-1 and NA-5), were tested;monocytes and neutrophils pre-treated with NA-1 and NA-5 had reduced Ca^(2+) mobilization after incubation with BHBA. Furthermore, NA-5 but not NA-1 prevented BHBA-associated reductions in cyclic *** We demonstrated that HCAR2 is present on bovine leukocytes and has greater expression later in lactation. We confirmed that BHBA and niacin derived HCAR2 antagonists alter bovine leukocyte activity. Our results demonstrate that both BHBA and niacin affect bovine leukocyte Ca^(2+) mobilization in a HCAR2-dependent manner.

关键词： Flow cytometry GPR109A HM74A Ketosis

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希腊:千年文明万顷碧波

初中生 2024年第6期 4-13页

作者： Allison mcdonald 不详

代代流传的希腊神话,影响至今的哲学思想,穿越千年的历史遗迹,都是人类文明发展的见证。蓝天、碧海,以及独具特色的白房子,构成了希腊蓝白相间的独特景观。本期《大千世界》,我们一起来感受希腊的历史、文化和美景。

关键词：蓝白相间万顷碧波历史遗迹希腊神话人类文明哲学思想 ,影响大千世界

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金城兰州,黄河明珠

初中生 2024年第21期 4-13页

作者： Allison mcdonald 不详

黄河流经兰州,如同一条巨龙婉蜓而过,为历史悠久的兰州城带来了无尽生机与活力。走在兰州,我们可以感受黄河的奔腾、中山桥的壮丽、白塔山的秀美,以及一碗牛肉面的香醇。本期《大千世界》,我们一起走进坐落在黄河之滨的兰州城。

关键词：中山桥黄河之滨牛肉面黄河明珠生机与活力兰州

A Bayesian Mixture Model Approach to Disparity Testing

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Neutrinos,Large Scientific Facilities and Science Innovation--An Interview with Prof,Arthur ***

Applied Mathematics（应用数学） 2024年第3期 214页

作者： Gary C.mcdonald

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Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 2017年第3期31卷 133-136页

作者： Arthur B.mcdonald 无不详 ihep

In the middle of May,2017,Professor Ar thur ***,director of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory(SNO)in Canada and Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics in 2015,visited the Institute of High Energy Physics(IHEP),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).After a brief visit to the laboratories for particle physics at IHEP,he shared his opinions on the future of neutrino physics,neutr ino exper iments,and other large scienti f ic faci l ities in China and worldwide.

关键词： Arthur B mcdonald Neutrinos Bay An Interview with Prof