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The CircRNAs for Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapy in Alzheimer’s Disease

Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2022年第12期13卷 507-526页

作者： Erika Alejandra Cabrera-Reyes Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Acosta mayte lizeth padilla-cristerna Marco Antonio Meraz-Ríos Department of Molecular Biomedicine Center of Investigation and Advances Studies IPN México City México

The structure and biological function of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in regulating gene expression in a cell is far from known. CircRNAs are unique molecules that contain potent regulatory elements. CircRNAs actively interact with miRNAs (sponging), affecting their regulation and functions. In addition, circRNAs have roles in transcriptional regulation, splicing, and peptide synthesis. With all these properties, circRNAs could play an essential role in diseases, especially Alzheimer’s. Their role in early diagnosis, previous to present symptoms, prognosis associated with neuropathological AD of specific circRNAs, and one of their primary functions is to act as a sponge for miRNAs, which could be a starting point for future gene therapy. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of these exciting molecules and their potential use as new markers for AD risk. This article will focus on circRNAs deregulated in Alzheimer’s.

关键词： CircRNA Alzheimer’s Disease miRNAs Diagnosis Therapy Dementia

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Review: Neuronal Differentiation Protocols of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2022年第1期13卷 15-71页

作者： Miguel A. Jiménez-Acosta Lory Jhenifer Rochín Hernández mayte lizeth padilla cristerna José Tapia-Ramírez Marco A. Meraz-Ríos Department of Molecular Biomedicine Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Instituto Politécnico Nacional México City México Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Instituto Politécnico Nacional México City México

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are self-renewing cells found in almost all postnatal organs and tissues in the perivascular region. These cells present multiple characteristics that make them candidates to be applied in cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases, such as their secretory action, migration to the lesion area, and immunomodulatory potential. These cells have a high capacity for mesodermal differentiation;however, numerous studies have shown that MSCs can also differentiate into neurons. However, despite positive results in multiple trials in which undifferentiated MSCs transplanted into animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, some studies suggest that the therapeutic effects obtained are enhanced by the use of MSCs differentiated towards the neuronal lineage before transplant. In this sense, there are several methods to induce in vitro reprogramming of MSCs towards the neuronal lineage, including chemical substances, growth factors, cocultures with neural lineage cells, transfection of genes, miRNAs, etc., and small molecules stand out. Therefore, this article compares multiple experimental tests in which these inducers promote neuronal differentiation of MSCs and identify those methods that originate an optimal neuronal differentiation. The analysis includes the percentage of differentiation, maturation, expression of neuronal markers, functionality, and cell survival considering the intrinsic characteristics of the MSCs used as the tissue of origin and the species from which they were isolated.

关键词： Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transdifferentiating Neuronal Differentiation Small Molecules miRNA Neural Induction

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