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Effects of Information Feedback of Task Performance on Social Loafing

Psychology Research 2014年第9期4卷 734-741页

作者： Atsuo murata Okayama University Okayama Japan

Social dilemma situations in an organization, under which uncooperative behaviors frequently occur, can lead to violation of social rules, and at the worst case, it cannot help suffering from serious accidents or scandals. In a variety of social dilemma situations, it is necessary to promote cooperative behavior somehow and optimize interests of society or organization. Social loafing, in a sense, corresponds to defective behavior in a social dilemma situation. Therefore, it is important for organizational managers to take proper measures so that social loafing does not lead to serious accidents. In this study, an attempt was made to explore social loafing in order to get insights into the prevention of accidents caused by such a behavior. Controlling the number of members in a group and the information feedback condition of task performance as experimental factors, it was explored how these factors affected the social loafing under a dual-task situation where participants were required to conduct both main calculation task and secondary vigilance (monitoring) task. The number of members in a group significantly (p < 0.05) affected the performance of the primary calculation task, and the perormance of the primary calculation task increased with the increase of the number of members in a group, and both number of members and information feedback method significantly (p < 0.01) affected the percentage correct in the secondary vigilance task. As the number of members increased, the performance of secondary vigilance (monitoring) task tended to decrease. The feedback of performance information by dint of information feedback on own performance of both primary and secondary tasks, or information feedback on performance of both primary and secondary as a group was found to be effective for restraining social loafing.

关键词：信息反馈反馈效应社会惰化绩效性能实验严重事故控制部件

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Loss Aversion Underlying Violation

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Psychology Research 2015年第4期5卷 225-231页

作者： Atsuo murata Okayama University Okayama Japan

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Verification of MPG Illusion When Fuel Efficiency Is Expressed by km/1

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Psychology Research 2016年第6期6卷 319-326页

作者： Atsuo murata Okayama University Okayama Japan

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Cultural Difference and Cognitive Biases as a Trigger of Critical Crashes or Disasters<br/>—Evidence from Case Studies of Human Factors Analysis

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2017年第9期7卷 399-415页

作者： Atsuo murata Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University Okayama Japan

On the basis of the analysis of past case studies of crashes or disasters, it has been clarified how cultural difference and cognitive biases become a trigger of serious crashes or disasters. Heuristic-based biases such as confirmation bias, groupthink, and social loafing surely appeared in the process of crash or disaster breakout. Overconfidence-bases biases such as illusion of control, fallacy of plan, and optimistic bias are also ubiquitous in the route to a critical crash or disaster. Moreover, framing biases contribute to the distorted decision making, and eventually turn into the main cause of critical crash or disaster. In this way, as well as human factors or ergonomics approaches for designing man-machine systems, the prevention and the deletion of cognitive biases are indispensable for the preventing serious crashes or disasters from occurring. Until now, the distortion of decision making has not been discussed from the cultural differences of way of thinking. As well as a variety of cognitive biases, cultural difference in behavior is expected to be important for understanding the root causes of critical crash or disaster. We found that cultural difference distorted judgment through case studies of critical crashes or disasters. It was also demonstrated that considering cultural difference, as well as cognitive biases, is important to prevent irrational and biased decision making from occurring in safety management.

关键词： Cultural Difference Decision Making Safety Culture Cognitive Bias Irrationality

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Coin-structured tunable beam shaping assembly design for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy for tumors at different depths and sizes

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2023年第12期34卷 66-76页

作者： Zhao‑Peng Qiao Yao‑Cheng Hu Quan‑Xu Jiang Jing‑Jing Fan Isao murata Rui‑Rui Liu Bo Wang Sheng Wang Department of Nuclear Science and Technology School of Energy and Power EngineeringXi’an Jiao-Tong UniversityNo.28Xianning West RoadXi’an 710049China XJTU-Huzhou Neutron Science Laboratory Science Valley Medium‑Sized Building#1Huzhou 313000China RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics RIKENWakoSaitama 351‑0198Japan Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuitaOsaka 565‑0871Japan Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute Emory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA School of Mathematics and Statistics NingBo UniversityNo.818 Fenghua RoadNingbo 315211China

In the past decade,boron neutron capture therapy utilizing an accelerator-based neutron source(ABNS)designed primarily for producing epithermal neutrons has been implemented in the treatment of brain tumors and other *** specifications for designing an epithermal beam are primarily based on the IAEA-TECODC-1223 report,issued in 2001 for reactor neutron *** on this report,the latest perspectives and clinical requirements,we designed an ABNS capable of adjusting the average neutron beam *** design was based on a 2.8 MeV,20 mA proton beam bombarding a lithium target to produce neutrons that were subsequently moderated and tuned through a tunable beam shaping assembly(BSA)which can modify the thicknesses and materials of the coin-shaped moderators,back reflectors,filters,and *** simulation results demonstrated that epithermal neutron beams for deep seated tumor treatment,which were generated by utilizing magnesium fluoride with lengths ranging between 28 and 36 cm as the moderator,possessed a treatment depth of 5.6 cm although the neutron flux peak shifts from 4.5 to 1.0 *** utilizing a thinner moderator,a less accelerated beam power can meet the treatment ***,higher powers reduced the treatment *** contrast,employing a thick moderator can reduce the skin *** scenarios that required relatively low energy neutron beams,the removal of the thermal neutron filter can raise the thermal neutron flux at the beam *** the depth of the dose rate peak could be adjusted between 0.25 and 2.20 cm by combining magnesium fluoride and polyethylene coins of different ***,this device has a better adaptability for the treatment of superficial ***,the tunable BSA provides greater flexibility for clinical treatment than common BSA designs that can only adjust the port size.

关键词： Boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT) Accelerator-based neutron source(ABNS) Beam shaping assembly(BSA) Treatment depth

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Long-lived neutron-induced radioisotopes in OKTAVIAN facility concrete wall after 38 year-operation

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辐射防护 2020年第6期40卷 577-582页

作者： Fajar Panuntun Shingo Tamaki Sachie Kusaka Fuminabo Sato Isao murata Graduate School of Engineering Osaka UniversityYamadaoka 2-1SuitaOsaka565-0871Japan

An intense 14 MeV neutron source facility named OKTAVIAN was installed in the A15 building,Osaka University in *** the operation period,new radioisotopes with various half-life have been produced as neutron activation products in its concrete wall *** this work,we investigated the concrete wall in the heavy irradiation room of OKTAVIAN using gamma spectrometry method to discover the presence of radioisotope having large half-life value(long-lived radioisotope)as neutron activation *** simulations were performed prior to measurement to predict the presence of long-lived radioisotopes by employing MCNP5 and FISPACT codes.A pre-calibrated Germanium detector with high energy resolution was employed to measure the *** long-lived activation products have been observed such as 152 Eu,54 Mn,65 Zn,22 Na and 60 *** activity of each radioisotope was derived after estimating the detector efficiency using *** a result of the measurement and analysis,the followings are concluded:(1)Though presence of activation products represents radiological risk to everyone who performs an experimental activity in the irradiation room of the OKTAVIAN facility,the present result shows that past experiments were carried out safely without any significant additional exposure dose coming from the wall for the last 38 years.(2)The approximated total fluence of D-T neutrons to the wall was successfully estimated from the produced radioisotope,152 Eu,because it has the longest half-life of 13.5 years among the observed radioisotopes.(3)From the results of(1)and(2),it could be possible to estimate the total activity of the concrete wall in the OKTAVIAN facility,which is very essential and important information,because this would be very valuable for decommissioning or disposal of the facility in the future.

关键词： OKTAVIAN concrete wall shielding long-lived neutron-induced product total fluenced D-T neutron

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Spouting behavior of binary particle mixtures of different densities: Fluid dynamics and particle segregation

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Particuology 2019年第1期17卷 58-66页

作者： K.G. Santos R.C. Santana D.L. Souza V.V. murata M.A.S. Barrozo Federal University ofTriangulo Mineiro Chemical Engineering DepartmentUniverdecidade CampusUberabaMGBrazil Federal University of Uberlandia Chemical Engineering SchoolUberlandiaMG. Brazil

Numerous industrial applications of spouted beds involve a mixture of granular particles, where differences in particle size, density, and shape can cause particle segregation, affecting the quality of flow and decreasing product homogeneity. The aim of this study was to investigate the particle segregation and fluid dynamics of a conical spouted bed operating with a binary mixture of particles of different densities. Using glass beads and polyethylene particles with a diameter of 4 mm, we determined the effects of the mass fraction of denser particles and static bed height on the minimum spouting condition and mixture index. The pressure drop and airflow in the minimum spouting condition increased with an increase in bed height or jetsam concentration. Regarding particle segregation, the jetsam particles tended to concentrate near the bottom, at the spout–annulus interface because they have a shorter trajectory than the lighter particles in the fountain region. Jetsam-rich mixtures with high initial static bed heights exhibited more efficient particle mixing, excluding those at the bottom of the bed.

关键词： Density Segregation Spouted bed Binary mixtures

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Development of beta ray scanner for imaging foliar uptake of radiocesium

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2017年第2期1卷 76-80页

作者： Fuminobu Sato Tomonori Okumura Yushi Kato Isao murata Toshiyuki Iida Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University2-1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka 565-0871Japan

Large quantities of radionuclides were released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant(FDNPP)into the atmosphere,which then contaminated the soil and vegetation surrounding the *** research on radiocesium contamination of agricultural products and wild plants is ***,we developed a simple beta ray scanner to obtain radiographs of the transport and foliar uptake of *** simple beta ray scanner comprised a beta ray detector,a motorized sample stage,a shielding box,and a personal *** rays released from radiocesium were detected effectively using a plastic scintillator plate coupled to multipixel photon counter *** spatial resolving power was approximately 6 mm×4 mm(FWHM).In a preliminary experiment,a drop of radiocesium solution was placed on the upper surface of a radish ***-lapse images of radiocesium in the leaf were obtained by the beta ray *** of isotope transport in the leaf were successfully obtained with the beta ray *** beta ray scanner will be used in our future research on the mechanism of the foliar uptake of radiocesium.

关键词： Beta ray scanner Multipixel photon counter Foliar uptake of radiocesium Artificial climate germination box

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Efficacy of additional treatment with azathioprine in a patient with prednisolone-dependent gastric sarcoidosis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第47期22卷 10471-10476页

作者： Masaki murata Mitsushige Sugimoto Yoshihiro Yokota Hiromitsu Ban Osamu Inatomi Shigeki Bamba Ryoji Kushima Akira Andoh Department of Gastroenterology Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital Division of Digestive Endoscopy Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital

Gastric sarcoidosis with noncaseating granuloma is rare. Although corticosteroid produces a dramatic clinical response, it is unknown whether azathioprine show efficacy in prednisolone-dependent cases. Here, we report a case of gastric sarcoidosis in a 25-year-old man with severe epigastlargia. Gastroendoscopy revealed multiple map-like ulcerations. Histological examination showed multiple noncaseating granulomatous lesions in gastric mucosa, which were incompatible with diagnoses of Crohn's disease or tuberculosis. He was started on prednisolone at 30 mg/d, and his symptoms improved within 7-d. The prednisolone was gradually tapered by 5 mg every 2-wk, but oral azathioprine at 50 mg was added after symptoms recurred at tapered dose of 10 mg. Endoscopy 4-wk later showed healing ulcers, and, lymphocytic infiltration was absent. The efficacy of additional azathioprine in gastric sarcoidosis is not well defined. Here, we report a case of prednisolone-dependent gastric sarcoidosis that improved after additional azathioprine, and also review the literature concerning the treatment, especially for prednisolone-dependent cases.

关键词： Azathioprine Granulomatous inflammation Prednisolone Gastric sarcoidosis Helicobacter pylori

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Micropulse laser trabeculoplasty under maximal tolerable glaucoma eyedrops:treatment effectiveness and impact of surgical expertise

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2021年第3期14卷 388-392页

作者： Shinji Kakihara Takao Hirano Akira Imai Taihei Kurenuma Yoshiaki Chiku Toshinori murata Department of Ophthalmology Shinshu University School of MedicineMatsumotoNagano 390-8621Japan

AIM:To evaluate the effectiveness of micropulse laser trabeculoplasty(MLT)for eyes with open angle glaucoma(OAG)under maximal tolerable glaucoma eyedrops and to assess the effect of expertise performing MLT on its clinical ***:Medical records of 42 consecutive eyes of 34 patients diagnosed with OAG who underwent MLT were retrospectively *** effectiveness was determined using the Kaplan-Meier survival *** was defined as an intraocular pressure(IOP)reduction of21 mm Hg during two consecutive follow-up visits,or surgical intervention for *** determine the impact of MLT surgical expertise on clinical effectiveness,the eyes were divided into two groups according to whether the procedure was conducted by an experienced specialist(defined as a glaucoma specialist who had conducted at least ten MLT procedures)or a less experienced glaucoma *** difference in expertise was determined using a log-rank ***:MLT was conducted by three glaucoma *** overall survival rates were 0.76,0.48,and 0.44 at 1,3,and 6 mo,*** survival rates for MLT performed by a less experienced glaucoma specialist were 0.62,0.31,and 0.25(n=21 eyes)at 1,3,and 6 mo,respectively,whereas the survival rates for MLT performed by an experienced glaucoma specialist were 0.90,0.64,and 0.64(n=21 eyes)at 1,3,and 6 mo,*** log-rank test showed a significant difference in the survival curves of the two groups(P=0.0061).CONCLUSION:The 6-month effectiveness of MLT for controlling IOP is relatively limited in eyes with OAG using maximal tolerable glaucoma ***,its effectiveness may be improved if performed by a glaucoma specialist with sufficient MLT experience.

关键词： micropulse laser trabeculoplasty open angle glaucoma inter-operator variability

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