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The Effects of Task Order Administration on Test Scores from the Trail Making Test: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Investigations

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2020年第1期10卷 68-78页

作者： Chie Takeda masako notoya Nobuyuki Sunahara Faculty of Health Sciences Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences and Disorders Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Kyoto University of Advanced Science Kyoto Japan

This research examines the effects of task administration on Trail Making Test performance. The TMT consists of two parts, TMT Part A and TMT Part B. Generally, it has been believed that the order the two parts are completed does not influence test results;however, there is one previous study that has suggested that the order is indeed an influential factor on test scores. To measure frontal lobe function, the present study used near-infrared spectroscopy to measure changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) in 48 young, healthy Japanese subjects as they completed Parts A and B. We subtracted the change in oxy-Hb while completing Part A from that while completing Part B (B-A Oxy-Hb) for a comparison to facilitate an investigation of how, or if, the order in which the TMT is taken influences test success. We found that when Part A was completed first, there were only small changes in the B-A oxy-Hb, but when Part B was completed first, there were larger changes. This study indicates that the order the tests are completed in may influence outcomes, thus assessments using the TMT must follow a consistent task order.

关键词： Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Prefrontal Cortex Trail Making Test Cognitive Function Healthy Subjects

The Influence of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia on the Autonomic Nervous System

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2017年第4期7卷 383-390页

作者： Daisuke Kimura Ken Nakatani masako notoya Aiko Imai Taro Ohtoshi Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Kansai University of Welfare Sciences Osaka Japan Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences and Disorders Kyoto Gakuen University Kyoto Japan Division of Occupational Therapy Faculty of Care and Rehabilitation Seijoh University Tōkai Japan

Stress is one of the most potent of many factors that can cause expression of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Stress can also increase autonomic nervous activity. This study aimed to examine the relationships between BPSD and autonomic function in the elderly with dementia. We recruited 35 participants diagnosed with dementia from nearby geriatric health service facilities. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory was used for the evaluation of BPSD, and a TAS 9 VIEW (manufactured by YKC) was used for the heart rate variability analysis to measure autonomic nervous system activity. We constructed a model in which the autonomic nervous system comprised a category and performed a structural equation modeling analysis to calculate the standardization coefficient and correlation coefficient for each factor. The results showed that the influence of BPSD resulted in suppression of sympathetic and enhancement of parasympathetic nervous system activity.

关键词： BPSD Autonomic Nervous System Activity Structural Equation Modeling Analysis

A Study on Visual Search during the Trail Making Test: Analysis Using an Eye Tracker

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Neuroscience & Medicine 2018年第3期9卷 116-122页

作者： Daisuke Kimura Taro Ohtoshi Hiroki Bizen Aiko Imai masako notoya Kazumasa Yamada Department of Occupational Therapy Faculty of Health Sciences Kansai University of Health Sciences Osaka Japan Faculty of Care and Rehabilitation Seijoh University Tōkai Japan Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences and Disorders Kyoto Gakuen University Kyoto Japan

The Trail Making Test A (TMT-A) is a task related to visual search. Therefore, performance in the TMT-A has a high possibility of being influenced by visual information, such as the arrangement of numbers. The purpose of this study was to measure eye movements during the TMT-A using an eye tracker, to analyze differences in enforcement and trace execution, and to examine appropriate inspection drawings as visual search tasks. Study 1 was performed in 14 young healthy subjects and Study 2 was performed in 6 young healthy subjects. The English and Japanese versions of the TMT-A were administered as usual and the subjects performed the traces in a sitting position. The eye movements of the subjects were measured during the task. We analyzed the combined motion angles of both eyes. We compared the average values (30 Hz/s) of movement in the horizontal (X-axis) and vertical (Y-axis) directions during the normal administration of the English and Japanese version of the TMT-A. We also compared the traces performed by the subjects. There were no differences in tracing or enforcement in the English version of the TMT-A. Especially in the vertical visualization operation, it was shown that the normal enforcement was fewer than the tracing, and almost no up-to-down search was performed. In contrast, the subjects performed visual searches in all directions during the Japanese version of the TMT-A.

关键词： Trail Making Test Eye Tracker Attention

A Comparison of Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test Scores: With/Without Mouthpiece and with/without Noise

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2017年第3期7卷 282-292页

作者： masako notoya Katsumi Inoue Ai Hirabayashi Kana Sakamoto Chihiro Sasaguchi Minoru Toyama Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences and Disorders Kyoto Gakuen University Kyoto Japan Graduate School of Medical Sciences College of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University Ishikawa Japan Asanogawa Hospital Kanazawa Japan Saiseikai Hospital Kanazawa Japan Hikone Chuo Hospital Shiga Japan

In the present study, the ROCF test was initially conducted involving 30 healthy young individuals, in a quiet environment as Experiment 1 to examine variations in the score among different methods to memorize the figure. In such an environment, no significant differences were observed in the score between the copying and outer speech groups, which suggested the possibility of some of the former groups having used outer speech in a voice too low to be heard or moving their lips without vocalization, achieving the same effect as outer speech, and consequently leading to the absence of differences from the outer speech group. On the other hand, the score markedly varied between the mouthpiece and copying or outer speech groups. As lip movements were suppressed in the former case, the unconscious use of outer speech was also prevented, possibly leading to poor results. Based on these findings, it may be possible to enhance the effects of rehabilitation in a clinical setting by promoting patients’ memorization using outer speech to vocalize the contents of training.

关键词： ROCF Test Promotion Visual Memory Outer Speech

Differences of Neglect in Peripersonal Space and Extrapersonal Space in a Patient with Unilateral Spatial Neglect

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Case Reports in Clinical Medicine 2018年第10期7卷 513-525页

作者： Daisuke Kimura Ken Nakatani masako notoya Aiko Imai Hiroki Bizen Minoru Toyama Kazumasa Yamada Department of Occupational Therapy Faculty of Health Sciences Kansai University of Health Sciences Osaka Japan Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Kansai University of Welfare Sciences Osaka Japan Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences and Disorders Kyoto Gakuen University Kyoto Japan Faculty of Care and Rehabilitation Seijoh University Aichi Japan

Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is characterized by neglect in peripersonal and extrapersonal space, the disparity of which is unknown. We assessed these forms of neglect in a patient with USN. We promoted sight scanning in extrapersonal space and used an eye camera to measure gaze movement. We found left-sided sight scanning in peripersonal space, but right-side-biased sight scanning in extrapersonal space. Additionally, line of sight was corrected when the patient was instructed to look left in extrapersonal space and to focus the line of sight at the center. Gaze measurement thus helped to assess disparities in spatial neglect in USN.

关键词： Unilateral Spatial Neglect Extrapersonal Space Peripersonal Space

Utility of Tracing as a Memory Storage Method

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2017年第2期7卷 216-222页

作者： Makana Tsutsui masako notoya Daisuke Kimura Ken Nakatani Takashi Fujita Nobuyuki Sunahara Katsumi Inoue Japanese Red Cross Kanazawa Hospital Ishikawa Japan Health Medical Department Kytogakuen University Kyoto Japan Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Kansai University of Welfare Sciences Osaka Japan Division of Occupational Therapy Faculty of Care and Rehabilitation Seijoh University Aichi Japan School of Health Sciences College of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University Ishikawa Japan

Although many studies have explored the utility of tracing as a rehabilitation approach for patients with aphasia and alexia and for Japanese patients with various disabilities, this may be the first study to demonstrate the superiority of tracing over copying for enhancing long-term memory. We investigated the utility of tracing as a memory storage method. Young and elderly participants learned a figure from the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test by copying or tracing its outline. They were asked to reproduce the figure after 3 min and 3 days. Although the copying group performed better than the tracing group in immediate recall after 3 min, the performance of the tracing and copying groups after 3 days was similar. Among younger participants, the tracing group achieved higher scores than the copying group after 3 days;however, the difference was not statistically significant. Copying as a learning strategy has a substantial temporal gradient of memory loss;tracing may be more appropriate for improving long-term memory. This result could have considerable practical usefulness, e.g., among professionals who provide memory training for the elderly. Tracing, which uses visuomotor memory, is acquired earlier than transcription. Tracing may be effective for rehabilitation because it is a developmentally appropriate approach to early instruction.

关键词： Visual Memory Learning Long-Term Memory

Head Position of Patients with Right Hemisphere Damage during a Visual Search Task in a Large Field

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2018年第2期8卷 190-202页

作者： Ken Nakatani Shusuke Takahashi Daisuke Kimura masako notoya Nobuyuki Sunahara Takashi Fujita Minoru Toyama Shinya Fukunaga Naoe Mori Kiyoe Sakai Shinya Fuwa Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Kansai University of Welfare Sciences Osaka Japan Department of Living and Welfare Faculty of Home Economics Kyoto Women’s University Kyoto Japan Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences and Disorders Kyoto Gakuen University Kyoto Japan School of Health Sciences College of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan Division of Occupational Therapy Faculty of Care and Rehabilitation Seijoh University Tōkai Japan Department of Sensory Science Faculty of Health Science and Technology Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare Kurashiki Japan

Spatial neglect syndrome with cerebral lesions is characterized by the ina-bility to orient, report, or respond to relevant visual stimuli contralateral to the lesions. In this study, we investigated the pattern of horizontal visual search in a large space;this search was performed by patients with right hemisphere damage caused by cerebrovascular disease. The neck rotation angle and search time in each increment were continuously recorded during the task, and quantitative data of the measurements were collected. Head position during the visual search task in a large space (%) was then calculated. We set angular bands in increments of 5 degrees from the midline on the left and right sides, and calculated the total search time in each angular band. In patients with unilateral spatial neglect (USN), the search time in the angular band of 5 - 9 on the right side was significantly longer (with USN 16.7%, without USN 4.5%, t = 2.52, df = 16, p < 0.05). Furthermore, in patients with neglect in the leftmost end area in a large space, the search time was significantly shorter in the angular band of 1 - 4 degrees to the left (with neglect 13.1%, without neglect 23.7%, t = 2.13, df = 16, p < 0.05), and tended to be long in the angular band of 5 - 9 to the right. The neck rotation angle and pattern during the search task in a large field deviated slightly to the right, and the search time slightly to the left was short. We believe that these results support the rightward deviation of the search pattern and frame of USN patients.

关键词： Head Position Neck Rotation Angle Unilateral Spatial Neglect Visual Exploration

Potential effects of mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles and exosomal miRNAs in neurological disorders

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第12期16卷 2359-2366页

作者： masako Nakano Mineko Fujimiya Department of Anatomy Sapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoHokkaidoJapan

Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent cells that possess anti-inflammatory,antiapoptotic and immunomodulatory properties.The effects of existing drugs for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease are limited,thus mesenchymal stem cell therapy has been anticipated as a means of ameliorating neuronal dysfunction.Since mesenchymal stem cells are known to scarcely differentiate into neuronal cells in damaged brain after transplantation,paracrine factors secreted from mesenchymal stem cells have been suggested to exert therapeutic effects.Extracellular vesicles and exosomes are small vesicles released from mesenchymal stem cells that contain various molecules,including proteins,mRNAs and microRNAs.In recent years,administration of exosomes/extracellular vesicles in models of neurological disorders has been shown to improve neuronal dysfunctions,via exosomal transfer into damaged cells.In addition,various microRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells that regulate various genes and reduce neuropathological changes in various neurological disorders have been identified.This review summarizes the effects of exosomes/extracellular vesicles and exosomal microRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells on models of stroke,subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage,traumatic brain injury,and cognitive impairments,including Alzheimer’s disease.

关键词： exosomes extracellular vesicles mesenchymal stem cells microRNA neurological disorders

The Emotional Expression Response of a Patient Based on their Facial Expression—Focus on Music Stimuli

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Health 2022年第11期14卷 1143-1160页

作者： masako Higo Chiharu Akazawa Department of Nursing Science Sonoda Women’s University Hyogo Japan Doctoral Program Graduate School of Nursing Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University Osaka Japan

Objective: To determine whether patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome respond to auditory stimuli based on changes in facial expressions. Participants: Six patients diagnosed with disorders of consciousness due to brain injury with permission for participation from their doctor. Design: In this hypothesis-driven observational study, the facial expressions of patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome were video-recorded for 5 min before and during auditory stimulation in three consecutive weekly sessions. Main Measures: Facial muscle movement was quantified using FaceReader® software (Noldus, Wageningen, Netherlands). Valence/action unit values were plotted to detail facial expression changes. Heart rate values were also plotted. These parameters were compared before and after stimulation. Results: No significant differences in valence integral values or average heart rate were observed between the pre- and intra-stimulus conditions. However, valence signals increased in approximately half of the sessions, indicating that some patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome may exhibit emotional responses to auditory stimuli. Analysis of action unit integral values indicated that movement of the eyebrows and eyelids on the upper part of the face occurred during auditory stimulation. Furthermore, the types of auditory stimuli differed depending on the session for the 12 sessions of voice stimuli, whereas the changes in average heart rate differed in each of nine sessions of music stimuli. Because the changes in average heart rate were similar, it is possible that musical stimuli are more suitable than voice stimuli. Conclusion: Some patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome may have an emotional response to auditory stimuli. Our findings indicate that it may be possible to distinguish the emotional expression response of a patient based on their facial expression.

关键词： Facial Expression Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome Music Stimuli