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Environmental and Socio- Economic Impact of Wastewater in Wadi- Qana Drainage Basin- Salfeet- Palestine

Journal of Geographical Research 2018年第1期1卷 1-6页

作者： Shawkat Naser marwan ghanem Birzeit University Geography Dep. P.O.Box 14 Birzeit West Bank Palestine

This study discussed the social- economic and environmental impacts of wastewater on Qana drainage basin. This study has been accomplished through carrying out biological and physio-chemical characterization for water samples from various springs in Qana valley in order to specify the quality of the springs' water. Moreover, the socio-economic effects of wastewater on the population in the study area were discussed. The study was relied mainly on using the analytical field methodology to analyse the samples of the springs water. It also used the applied quantitative methodology to check the results of the questionnaire that was distributed between the farmers in Qana valley. The study has found that the flowing wastewater from the Israeli settlements that lie in the study area is regarded as the main source in polluting the underground water in the basin. The results also revealed that 84% of the population of the Palestinian villages that lie in Qana basin use open septic tanks in getting rid of their wastewater then draining it in the nearby valleys which in turn increased the percentage of pollution. Moreover, results also pointed that 82% of Qana valley population has left their homes in Qana valley to the nearby villages because of the spread of bad smells in the valley. The results also revealed that 45.5% of Qana valley farmers have stopped planting their agricultural lands because of wastewater which in turn lowers the percentage of agricultural production. The analyses showed that all the springs in the study area are biologically polluted by the bacteria which is regarded as an indicator wastewater pollution. The chemical analyses also revealed that all elements lie within the allowed limits according to the World Health Organization except iron which exceeded the allowed limits in Al-Fawwar and Al-Maasser springs which indicates the pollution of these springs.

关键词： Qana Salfeet Spring Wastewater pollution

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Spring Water Qualitative Assessment in Mountainous Areas, Case Study: Soreq Catchment/Ramallah/West Bank

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2015年第11期7卷 851-859页

作者： Hassan Jebreen marwan ghanem Birzeit University Ramallah Palestine

The hydrochemical characteristics of spring waters in the Soreq-Catchment were determined to identify pollutants in the springs. The ion concentrations were within the allowable WHO limits except two springs located within the center of the populated areas. The water of most of the springs is contaminated with fecal coliform and total coliform. The concentration of nitrate shows moderate values below the WHO limits. The springs in the study area show higher concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Mn, As, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Al, Fe, and V) exceeding the permissible standards set by WHO (2007). Most springs in the study area are of water type (Ca-Mg-HCO3-). Piper’s classification ranges from normal earth alkaline water with prevailing bicarbonate and chloride in both seasons. Comparing the quality of spring water with standards for different uses proved that some springs are unsuitable for human drinking purposes.

关键词： Hydrochemistry Soreq West Bank Spring Water

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Pollution Aspects Interconnections to Socio-economical impact of Natuf Springs-Palestine

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Journal of Geographical Research 2021年第1期4卷 67-74页

作者： Anwar Atta marwan ghanem Birzeit University P.O.Box 14BirzeitRamallahPalestine Birzeit University Geography Dep.P.O.Box 14BirzeitRamallahPalestine

This study aims at determining the types of pollutants and their sources for the springs in the Natuf catchment/Palestine in addition to evaluating the socio-economic environmental impact on water utilization from residential *** spring water samples were collected for hydrochemical qualitative analyses of major and trace elements as well as microbiological analyses in the summer of *** spring water samples on the Piper Diagram indicated the water type of Mg-Ca-HCO3-and eleven samples could be classified as fresh *** questionnaires were distributed to the farmers and land owners in order to study the impact of socio-economic and environmental conditions for the spring water *** study shows that 90%of local people are using the springs for agricultural *** spring water chemical analysis indicates that they are free from industrial pollutants in regards that 84%of them are located away from the dumping *** study shows that respondents are not interested in rain water harvesting during winter season,because 44%of them have their own *** existence of the water network as well as the absence of the related authority role's contributes to the reduction of people’s dependence on spring *** results will be used for the qualitative aspects potentiality of the appropriated rainwater harvesting techniques to be installed in the *** is recommended to establish a qualitative monitoring network in Natuf watershed as well as for the springs of the other catchments in the west Bank.

关键词： Pollution aspects Hydrochemistry Socio-economy Natuf catchment

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Groundwater Assessment for the NW of Auja Tamaseeh Basin in Tulkarem Area, West Bank

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2012年第6期4卷 407-413页

作者： Nizar Samhan marwan ghanem Birzeit University Ramallah Palestine

The study aims to assess groundwater in Auja—Tamaseeh basin in Tulkarem area—West Bank. A steady state calibration flow model as well as solute transport model were built using the visual Modflow software. A stress period of 10 years (2005 - 2015) was assigned to study its tendency to contamination. The model results show that there is a pollution risk due to the human activities in the area. The groundwater situation will be harmful if there is no action done by the water-decision makers to preserve the aquifers from deterioration and contamination.

关键词： Groundwater Tulkarem West Bank Nitrate Chlorite Solute Transport Model

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Feasibility of Protection Zones for Water Resources in Arid Areas: Case Study;Duyuk Nueimah Shosa Springs, Jericho, Palestine

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2015年第2期6卷 110-117页

作者： marwan ghanem Mahmoud Hammad Birzeit University Rammallah Palestine IWRM Bethlehem Palestine

Urbanization and different human-economic activities put increasing pressure on the ground water quality, which is considered as the main drinking water resources in Palestine. Protecting the spring water resources in Palestine is one major issue for the continuity of the availability of the water resources. An economic feasibility study was conducted for the Nuewimah-Shosha-Dyuk spring system in order to assess the economical factor for the induced methodology of the protection zones. The spring system has multiple users from different sectors (i.e., domestic, agriculture, commercial and public use) and multi-year cost benefit analysis technique used to show the feasibility of water protection zones on the long run. The study shows that even in arid areas in Palestine, small quantities are derived from springs-implementation of water protection zones is still feasible;the results of this study emphasize on importance and feasibility of water resources protection zones.

关键词： Water Protection Zones Cost Benefit Analysis Protection Zones Guidelines Nueimah Spring System Jericho Area

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Rainfall Trends in the District of Ramallah and Al-Bireh, Palestine

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2010年第4期2卷 345-352页

作者： Hussein Al-Rimmawi marwan ghanem Ibrahim Shalash 不详

Linear regression and moving averages were used to analyze the patterns of rainfall in eight station in the district of Ramallah and Al-Bireh for the period from 1950’s to present. Data analysis showed that a ten years period variability of rainfall but with consistency. It also showed that rainfall in the studied area is not decreasing as mentioned in several previous studies. This area is mountainous and enjoys the Mediterranean climates.

关键词： Linear Regression Moving Averages Rainfall Trends West Bank (Palestine) Mediterranean

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Groundwater Pollution Due to Pesticides and Heavy Metals in North West Bank

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2011年第4期2卷 429-434页

作者： marwan ghanem Subhi Samhan Erick Carlier Wasim Ali Bir Zeit University P.O.Box 14 Ramallah West Bank Polytech Lille Universite lille1 Lille France PWA Ramallah Wasim Ali KIT Karlsruhe Germany.

This study aims at determining the quantitative effect of pesticides including 2, 4-D dichlorphenoxy acetic acids, Paraquat, Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-striazine), and MCPP 2-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) pro-panioic acid on groundwater quality due to agricultural in Jenin and Tulkarem, northern part of the West Bank. The concentrations of pesticides in Jenin was found to be higher than those in Tulkarem where the majority of the samples taken had concentration 10 μg/L. It is concluded that the contamination of the tested wells was due to pesticides and not wastewater disposal, since most of the samples were free from pathogenic indicators. Results revealed that using these wells for drinking purposes has a potentially high health risk. This is mainly due to the uncontrolled industrial and agricultural activity as well as the lack of monitoring. Concentrations of heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu) were also quantitatively determined for the same period extending from April, 2004 to May, 2005. Concentrations of Pb and Cr in most of the tested wells in Tulkarem complied with the WHO guideline;while nitrate (NO3) and potassium (K) concentrations exceeded the permissible concentra-tions.

关键词： Pesticides Groundwater Pollution Water Quality West Bank

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Hydro-Geochemistry and Application of Water Quality Index (WQI) for Ground Water Quality Assessment, Wadi Al-Samen—Hebron—West Bank

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2023年第10期15卷 481-508页

作者： Waseem Al-Tamimi Fadoua Hamzaoui-Azaza marwan ghanem Rachida Bouhalila Modeling Hydraulic and Environmental Laboratory National Engineering School of Tunis University of Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia Laboratory of Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum Geology (SBPG) Geology Department Faculty of Sciences of Tunis University of Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia Department of Geography Birzeit University Ramallah West Bank Palestine

Located south of the West Bank, Wadi Al-Samen is considered one of the most important sources of groundwater recharge for the eastern aquifer in Hebron. It is polluted by sewage originating from domestic and industrial consumption in the Hebron area. Water quality assessment is an important criterion for achieving sustainable development. To evaluate water quality, twenty samples were collected from groundwater sources for two seasons and were analyzed for Physical properties (Total dissolved solids (TDS), Electrical conductivity (EC), potential hydrogen (pH), Temperature (T)), Four major cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+ and K+), and the Major anions (HCO-3, Cl-, and SO2-4);geochemical methods such as Piper scheme were used for the sample result analysis. To characterize wastewater components, six samples were collected from the Wadi discharge for two seasons and were analyzed (potential hydrogen (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The results of nitrate levels showed that 20% of the ground water samples exceeded the standard limit of the World Health Organization (WHO). The quality of drinking water was assessed using the Water Quality Index (WQI), which suggests that 10% of samples are classified from poor to very poor. The abundance of cations from highest to lowest was found to be: Ca;Mg;Na, and for the anions it is HCO3;Cl;SO4. The dominant hydrochemical facies of 35% of collected aquifer samples reveal that Ca-Mg-Na-Cl-HCO3 are in the domain. Evaluation of irrigation suitability was performed using parameters of Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), electric conductivity (EC), and Salinity. The results in both rounds for EC showed that all water sources are suitable for irrigation according

关键词： Drinking and Irrigation Suitability Water Quality WHO Guidelines Wadi Al-Samen West Bank

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Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts Assessment of Using Different Rainwater Harvesting Techniques in Sarida Catchment, West Bank, Palestine

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Journal of Geographical Research 2020年第2期3卷 1-5页

作者： marwan Ghaleb ghanem Wasim Ahmed Sameer Shadeed Michel Riksen Birzeit University Palestinian Ministry of Health RamallahPalestinian An-Najah National University NablusPalestinian Wageningen University&Research WageningenNetherlands

A statistically representative questionnaire targeted people using rainwater harvesting(RWH)techniques in rural communities of Sarida catchment,West Bank,Palestine was distributed and *** main objective of this study is to assess the social,economic,and environmental impacts of adopting RWH techniques(***,concrete and clay ponds,Wadi ponds,earth dams,and stone terraces)in different uses to increase water *** results showed a simple sharing of the female component among beneficiaries,while concrete ponds and cisterns were the most used ***,social impacts were noticeable by sharing the same RWH structure and reflected to responsibility skills and role exchange *** the other hand,RWH techniques showed a significant economic impact for end users represented by enhancing domestic,agricultural,and recreational activities leading to good profit *** addition to food security as output,the most important environmental impact was water wasting prevention,which in turn could be linked to sustainable water management and considered as universal challenge for future generations.

关键词： Rainwater harvesting Social Economic Environment Food security Sarida West Bank Palestine

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Assessment of Artificial Recharge Test in Jeftlik – Faria Area, West Bank

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2011年第3期3卷 186-191页

作者： marwan ghanem Amer Marei Heinz Hoetzl Leif Wolf Wasim Ali Amjad Assi 不详

An artificial recharge test site was selected in the Jeftlik area of the foot prints of the Faria basin, in the Upper Jordan Rift Valley. The artificial pond infiltration type of 26 meters diameter and 2.85 meters depth was used. It is a hyperbolic form of 500 cubic meters volume. The integration parameters of hydrogeological settings, hydrochemical characteristics of allocated water bodies, geophysical investigations and the potentiality of the aquifer system in the area were used for the test area selection. The test site area lies within the shallow Pleistocene aquifer of 30-50 meters saturated thickness. One groundwater well of 19 m distance and two groundwater wells of 1 km far distance were used for the system monitoring. The filled water in the test system comes from the wadi water floods brought by 1.5 km of open canal. The sub-catchment is of 3 km2. The recharge rate within the Pleistocene aquifer was determined. This experiment is tested for the water quality type fillings of the first flushing water floods, the water flood in the middle of the winter season and the pumped water from other wells far away from the experiment.

关键词： Artificial Recharge Jeftlik Area Faria Area Jordan Rift Valley

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