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Evolution of herbs: key to the conundrum might be tolerance not avoidance

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2021年第5期14卷 911-919页

作者： Adam Klimes martin weiser Tomás Koubek Tomás Herben Department of Botany Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityBenatska 212801 PragueCzech Republic Department of Functional Ecology Institute of BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesDukclska 13537901 TrehonCzecli Republic Department of Population Ecology Institute of BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesZamek 125243 PruhoniceCzech Republic

Aims Woody plants represent the ancestral growth form in angiosperms with herbs evolving repeatedly from *** there are a number of hypotheses about drivers of the evolution of the herbaceous habit,the ability to avoid frost damage in winter by discarding their aboveground biomass has often been invoked as the main force in their *** propose instead that any unpredictable disturbance might have been much more important than the seasonal frost,as herbs easily survive repeated *** We tested this hypothesis by comparing herbs and woody plants in their ability to deal with three types of simulated disturbances,more predictable winter freezing,less predictable spring freezing and *** was made in an experimental common garden setup with 20 species differing in *** evaluated the effects of these disturbances on mortality and regrowth of *** Findings Herbs did not have an advantage over woody plants in survival when exposed to winter *** less predictable conditions of spring freezing herbs survived the treatment better than woody plants and this advantage was even larger in case of the simulated herbivory *** advantage of herbs over woody plants in less predictable conditions suggests that herbaceous growth form might be an adaptation to unpredictable disturbance,which herbs are able to tolerate thanks to their ability to survive loss of aboveground ***,factors such as mammal herbivory or fire might have been the most likely factors in the transition from woody species to herbs.

关键词： common garden experiment herbivory predictability spring freezing winter freezing

嫦娥四号能量中性原子观测揭示太阳风与月面相互作用新特征

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空间科学学报 2022年第1期42卷 11-24页

作者：谢良海张爱兵李磊王慧姿史全岐张江王文静 weiser martin 张艺腾孔令高冯永勇周斌王劲东中国科学院国家空间科学中心空间天气学国家重点实验室北京100190 中国科学院国家空间科学中心北京100190 中国科学院大学北京100049 山东大学空间科学与物理学院威海264209 瑞典空间物理研究所基律纳SE-981

与地球不同,月球暴露在太阳风中。太阳风注入到月面,与月壤相互作用,部分太阳风质子以能量中性原子(Energetic Neutral Atom, ENA)的形式被月表散射。另外,月球局部地区的磁异常能阻挡太阳风到达月面,并形成微磁层,成为月面天然的保护... 详细信息

与地球不同,月球暴露在太阳风中。太阳风注入到月面,与月壤相互作用,部分太阳风质子以能量中性原子(Energetic Neutral Atom, ENA)的形式被月表散射。另外,月球局部地区的磁异常能阻挡太阳风到达月面,并形成微磁层,成为月面天然的保护屏障。然而以往相关的观测数据都来自轨道器,月面的真实情况无从知晓。嫦娥四号任务搭载的中性原子探测仪首次在月面就位测量ENA,为研究月面和太阳风相互作用提供了新的视角。本文综述了嫦娥四号的ENA探测,重点介绍了一些不同于以往遥感观测的新现象,包括月面ENA反射率较高,ENA通量向低能段聚集,以及除了氢ENA还有其他重成分ENA等。分析上游太阳风观测数据发现,月面对太阳风的作用主要体现在105~523 eV能量段,且在磁异常下游时ENA通量整体偏低。利用全球Hall MHD数值模拟,证明了微磁层是造成ENA通量降低的原因。同时,还发现月球微磁层的形成与太阳风动压以及离子惯性长度有关,微磁层内的静电场使得太阳风减速和偏转,对应的电势差为50~260 V。

关键词：太阳风–月面相互作用能量中性原子微磁层嫦娥四号

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肛裂临床诊治指南（第三次修订）

中华胃肠外科杂志 2013年第7期16卷 689-690页

作者： Farshid Araghizadeh ~ Robin Boushey Sridhar Chalasani George Chang Robert Cima Gary Dunn Daniel Feingold Philip Fleshner Daniel Geisler Jill Genua Sharon Gregorcyk Daniel Herzig Andreas Kaiser Ravin Kumar David Larson Steven Mills John Monson P. Terry Phang Feza Remzi David Rivadeneira Howard Ross Peter Senatore Elin Sigurdson Thomas Stahl Scott Steele Scott Strong Charles Tement Judith Trudel Madhulika Varnna martin weiser 丁义江(译) 皇甫少华(译) 丁曙晴(译) 美国结直肠外科医师协会不详

“美国结直肠外科医师协会（American Societyof ColonandRectal ***）”（协会）致力于推进结直肠和肛门疾病的相关理论以及预防和诊疗水平的提高，给患者提供优质的医疗服务。“标准委员会”由协会中在结直肠外科方面有显著专长的成... 详细信息

“美国结直肠外科医师协会（American Societyof ColonandRectal ***）”（协会）致力于推进结直肠和肛门疾病的相关理论以及预防和诊疗水平的提高，给患者提供优质的医疗服务。“标准委员会”由协会中在结直肠外科方面有显著专长的成员组成。该委员会的建立是为了引领国际结直肠和肛门疾病诊治的发展，以建立具有循证医学证据的临床诊疗指南。指南是涵盖性的，非指令性的，目的是为临床决策提供信息，而非具体的治疗方法。指南适用于所有相关的医护人员以及希望得到相应指南中疾病的相关诊治信息的患者。

关键词：诊治指南临床决策结直肠外科修订肛裂医师协会肛门疾病循证医学证据

Performance and calibration of quark/gluon-jet taggers using 140 fb^(-1) of pp collisions at √s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

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Chinese Physics C 2024年第2期48卷 1-25页

作者： G. Aad B. Abbott K. Abeling N.J. Abicht S.H. Abidi A. Aboulhorma H. Abramowicz H. Abreu Y. Abulaiti B.S. Acharya C. Adam Bourdarios L. Adamczyk S.V. Addepalli M.J. Addison J. Adelman A. Adiguzel T. Adye A.A. Affolder Y. Afik M.N. Agaras J. Agarwala A. Aggarwal C. Agheorghiesei A. Ahmad F. Ahmadov W.S. Ahmed S. Ahuja X. Ai G. Aielli A. Aikot M. Ait Tamlihat B. Aitbenchikh I. Aizenberg M. Akbiyik T.P.A. Åkesson A.V. Akimov D. Akiyama N.N. Akolkar K. Al Khoury G.L. Alberghi J. Albert P. Albicocco G.L. Albouy S. Alderweireldt M. Aleksa I.N. Aleksandrov C. Alexa T. Alexopoulos F. Alfonsi M. Algren M. Alhroob B. Ali H.M.J. Ali S. Ali S.W. Alibocus M. Aliev G. Alimonti W. Alkakhi C. Allaire B.M.M. Allbrooke J.F. Allen C.A. Allendes Flores P.P. Allport A. Aloisio F. Alonso C. Alpigiani M. Alvarez Estevez A. Alvarez Fernandez M. Alves Cardoso M.G. Alviggi M. Aly Y. Amaral Coutinho A. Ambler C. Amelung M. Amerl C.G. Ames D. Amidei S.P. Amor Dos Santos K.R. Amos V. Ananiev C. Anastopoulos T. Andeen J.K. Anders S.Y. Andrean A. Andreazza S. Angelidakis A. Angerami A.V. Anisenkov A. Annovi C. Antel M.T. Anthony E. Antipov M. Antonelli F. Anulli M. Aoki T. Aoki J.A. Aparisi Pozo M.A. Aparo L. Aperio Bella C. Appelt A. Apyan N. Aranzabal S.J. Arbiol Val C. Arcangeletti A.T.H. Arce E. Arena J-F. Arguin S. Argyropoulos J.-H. Arling O. Arnaez H. Arnold G. Artoni H. Asada K. Asai S. Asai N.A. Asbah J. Assahsah K. Assamagan R. Astalos S. Atashi R.J. Atkin M. Atkinson H. Atmani P.A. Atmasiddha K. Augsten S. Auricchio A.D. Auriol V.A. Austrup G. Avolio K. Axiotis G. Azuelos D. Babal H. Bachacou K. Bachas A. Bachiu F. Backman A. Badea P. Bagnaia M. Bahmani A.J. Bailey V.R. Bailey J.T. Baines L. Baines O.K. Baker E. Bakos D. Bakshi Gupta V. Balakrishnan R. Balasubramanian E.M. Baldin P. Balek E. Ballabene F. Balli L.M. Baltes W.K. Balunas J. Balz E. Banas M. Bandieramonte A. Bandyopadhyay S. Bansal L. Barak M. Barakat E.L. Barberio D. Barberis M. Barbero M.Z. Barel K.N. Barends T. Barillari M-S. Barisits T. Barklow P. Baron D.A. Baron Mo The ATLAS Collaboration

The identification of jets originating from quarks and gluons,often referred to as quark/gluon tagging,plays an important role in various analyses performed at the Large Hadron Collider,as Standard Model measurements and searches for new particles decaying to quarks often rely on suppressing a large gluon-induced *** paper describes the measurement of the efficiencies of quark/gluon taggers developed within the ATLAS Collaboration,using √s=13 TeV proton–proton collision data with an integrated luminosity of 140 fb^(-1) collected by the ATLAS *** taggers with high performances in rejecting jets from gluon over jets from quarks are studied:one tagger is based on requirements on the number of inner-detector tracks associated with the jet,and the other combines several jet substructure observables using a boosted decision tree.A method is established to determine the quark/gluon fraction in data,by using quark/gluon-enriched subsamples defined by the jet *** in tagging efficiency between data and simulation are provided for jets with transverse momentum between 500 GeV and 2 TeV and for multiple tagger working points.

关键词： ATLAS JET QUARK GLUON TAGGING