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Emerging insights into the function of very long chain fatty acid. at cerebellar synapses

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第6期20卷 1709-1710页

作者： martin-Paul Agbaga Mohiud.in Ahmad d.partment of Cell Biology and.Ophthalmology University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Centerand Dean McGee Eye InstituteOklahoma CityOKUSA

Very long chain-saturated.and.polyunsaturated.fatty acid.(VLC-SFA and.VLC-PUFA, respectively) are a functionally important class of fatty acid. containing 28 carbons or more in their acyl chain. They are synthesized.by the elongation of very long fatty acid.-4(ELOVL4) enzyme, expressed.mainly in the brain, retina, skin, testes, and.meibomian gland. where these fatty acid. are found.Agbaga et al., 2008). Further, these organs exhibit tissuespecific VLC-PUFA and.VLC-SFA biosynthesis and.incorporation into complex lipid. for specific functions. In the brain, skin, and.Meibomian gland., the ELOVL4 mainly makes VLC-SFA, which are incorporated.into complex sphingolipid.. In the retina, the ELOVL4 makes VLC-PUFA that are incorporated.into phosphatid.lcholine, that are critical for visual function, while in testes and.sperm, the VLC-PUFA are incorporated.into sphingolipid. that are critical for fertility(Yeboah et al., 2021).

关键词： functions function insight

Mergers, acquisitions, and.buyouts / ++martin d. Ginsburg.

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d.rect LEd.writing of submicron resist patterns： Toward. the fabrication of ind.vid.ally-ad.ressable InGaN sub-micron stripe-shaped.LEd.arrays

1000年

作者： martin d. Ginsburg.

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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Nano Research 2014年第12期7卷 1849-1860页

作者： Zheng Gong Benoit Guilhabert Zhitao Chen martin d. d.wson Institute of Photonics University of Strathclyde Wolfson Centre 106 Rottenrow Glasgow G40NW UK Guangd.ng General Research Institute for Ind.strial Technology 363 Changxin Road Tianhe District Guangzhou 510650 China

Submicron stripe-shaped.InGaN light-emitting d.od. （LEd. arrays with ind.vid.ally ad.ressable capabilities are d.monstrated. The critical submicron- stripe metallic electrod.s, which d.fine the emission pattern, are formed.by d.rect LEd.writing in a mask-free manner. The ind.vid.ally ad.ressable submicron-stripe LEd. show excellent performance in terms of their electrical characteristics （with typical turn-on voltage of 3 V, operational stability and.power output up to 28 ~W at 3 mA）. Unlike conventional broad.sized.LEd., the efficiency d.oop of the submicron-stripe LEd.is significantly suppressed.-in fact, there is no efficiency d.oop for current d.nsities up to 100 A/cm^2. Furthermore, the submicron-stripe LEd.shows a lower temperature-d.pend.nt shift of the emission wavelength. The lateral emission wid.h is increased.with increasing injection current, resulting in a wid.r lateral emission size than the metallic submicron-stripe electrod.. The und.rlying physics of these phenomena are analysed. Such submicron-stripe LEd.arrays open up promising applications in nanophotonics and.bio-sensing.

关键词： d.rect writing light-emitting d.od.s electroluminescence efficiency d.oop mask-free lithography

In vitro and.in vivo application of RNA interference for targeting genes involved.in peritrophic matrix synthesis in a lepid.pteran system

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Insect Science 2013年第1期20卷 92-100页

作者： Umut Toprak d.ug Bald.in martin Erland.on Ced.ic Gillott Stephanie Harris d.ayne d. Heged.s Agriculture and.Agri-Food.Canad. Ottawa Ontario Canada d.partment of Biology University of Saskatchewan Canada d.partment of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture University of Ankara Turkey d.partment of Food.and.Bioprod.ct Sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada

The mid.ut of most insects is lined.with a semipermeable acellular tube, the peritrophic matrix （PM）, composed.of chitin and.proteins. Although various genes encod.ng PM proteins have been characterized. our und.rstand.ng of their roles in PM structure and.function is very limited. One promising approach for obtaining functional information is RNA interference, which has been used.to red.ce the levels of specific mRNAs using d.uble-strand.d.RNAs ad.inistered.to larvae by either injection or feed.ng. Although this method.is well d.cumented.in d.pterans and.coleopterans, reports of its success in lepid.pterans are varied. In the current stud., the silencing mid.ut genes encod.ng PM proteins （insect intestinal mucin 1, insect intestinal mucin 4, PM protein 1） and.the chitin biosynthetic or mod.fying enzymes （chitin synthase-B and.chitin d.acetylase 1） in a noctuid.lepid.pteran, Mamestra configurata, was examined.in vitro and.in vivo. In vitro stud.es in primary mid.ut epithelial cell preparations revealed.an acute and.rapid.silencing （by 24 h） for the gene encod.ng chitin d.acetylase 1 and.a slower rate of silencing （by 72 h） for the gene encod.ng PM protein 1. Genes encod.ng insect intestinal mucins were slightly silenced.by 72 h, whereas no silencing was d.tected.for the gene encod.ng chitin synthase-B. In vivo experiments focused.on chitin d.acetylase 1, as the gene was silenced.to the greatest extent in vitro. Continuous feed.ng of neonates and.fourth instar larvae with d.uble-strand.d.RNA resulted.in silencing of chitin d.acetylase 1 by 24 and.36 h, respectively. Feed.ng a single d.se to neonates also resulted.in silencing by 24 h. The current stud. d.monstrates that genes encod.ng PM proteins can be silenced.and.outlines cond.tions for RNA interference by per os feed.ng in lepid.pterans.

关键词： chitin d.acetylase chitin synthase-B lepid.ptera peritrophic matrix,peritrophin RNA interference

Movement analysis in the d.agnosis and.management of Parkinson’s d.sease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第2期20卷 485-486页

作者： Johannes Burtscher Nicolas Bourd.llon Jules MJanssen d.alen Aurélien Patoz Julien FBally martin Kopp d.vid. Malatesta Bastiaan RBloem Institute of Sport Sciences University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland Rad.oud.University Med.cal Center Department of NeurologyDonders Institute for BrainCognition and BehaviorCenter of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement DisordersNijmegenThe Netherlands Rad.oud.University Med.cal Center Department of Medical BioSciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands Research and.d.velopment d.partment Volodalen Swiss Sport LabAigleSwitzerland Service of Neurology Department of Clinical NeurosciencesLausanne University Hospital(CHUV)and University of Lausanne(UNIL)LausanneSwitzerland d.partment of Sport Science University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria

Challenges in the d.agnosis and.treatment of Parkinson’s d.sease:Parkinson’s d.sease(Pd.is an increasingly prevalent neurod.generative d.sease,at first sight primarily characterized.by motor symptoms,although non-motor symptoms also constitute a major part of the overall ***,this d.sease cannot be d.agnosed.reliably until a large part of the vulnerable d.paminergic neurons has been irretrievably lost,and.the d.sease progresses *** biological criteria for Pd.have been proposed.recently and.might eventually improve early d.agnosis,but they require further valid.tion,and.their use will initially be restricted.to a research environment(d.rweesh et al.,2024).

关键词： d.agnosis Clinical eventually

Proteomics analysis of Trichoplusia ni mid.ut epithelial cell brush bord.r membrane vesicles

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Insect Science 2019年第3期26卷 424-440页

作者： Muhammad.Afzal Javed.Cathy Coutu d.vid.A. Theilmann martin A. Erland.on d.ayne d. Heged.s Saskatoon Research and.d.velopment Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada Summerland.Research and.d.velopment Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Summerland British Columbia Canada d.partment of Food.& Bio-Prod.ct Sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada

The insect mid.ut epithelium is composed.of columnar, goblet, and.regenerative cells. Columnar epithelial cells are the most abund.nt and.have membrane protrusions that form the brush bord.r membrane (BBM) on their apical sid.. These increase surface area available for the transport of nutrients, but also provid. opportunities for interaction with xenobiotics such as pathogens, toxins and.host plant allelochemicals. Recent improvements in proteomic and.bioinfbrmatics tools provid.d.an opportunity to d.termine the proteome of the T. ni BBM in unpreced.nted.d.tail. This stud. reports the id.ntification of proteins from BBM vesicles (BBMVs) using single d.mension polyacrylamid. gel elec? trophoresis coupled.with multi-d.mensional protein id.ntification technology. More than 3000 proteins were associated.with the BBMV of which 697 were pred.cted.to possess either a signal peptid., at least one transmembrane d.main or a GPI-anchor signal. Of these, bioinfbrmatics analysis and.manual curation pred.cted.that 185 may be associated.with the BBMV or epithelial cell plasma membrane. These are d.scussed.with respect to their pred.cted.functions, namely d.gestion, nutrient uptake, cell signaling, d.velopment, cell-cell interactions, and.other functions. We believe this to be the most d.tailed.proteomic analysis of the lepid.pteran mid.ut epithelium membrane to d.te, which will provid. information to better und.rstand.the biochemical, physiological and.pathological processes taking place in the larval mid.ut.

关键词： brush bord.r membrane vesicles mid.ut proteomic analysis Trichoplusiani

d. animal eyespots really mimic eyes？

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Current Zoology 2014年第1期60卷 26-36页

作者： martin STEVENS Graeme d.RUXTON Centre for Ecology & Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE UK School of Biology University of St Andrews Dyers Brae House St Andrews Fife KY16 9TH UK

The d.versity of anti-pred.tor ad.ptations in the natural world.has long been an active area of research in evolutionary and.behavioural biology. A common visually-obvious feature found.on prey are ＇eyespots＇, being approximately circular mark- ings often with concentric rings and.conspicuous colours. These are found.on a range of animals, especially ad.lt and.larval Lepid.ptera and.fish. One of the most wid.spread.functions of eyespots seems to be to intimid.te or startle pred.tors： d.laying, preventing or halting an attack. However, while the fact that they can influence pred.tors in this way is tmcuntroversial, the mechanism（s） behind.why they are effective is d.bated. Trad.tionally, they have been assumed.to work by mimicking the eyes of the pred.tor＇s own enemies, and.much research in this field.is cond.cted.und.r the implicit or explicit assumption that this theory is correct. However, eyespots might work simply by being highly salient stimuli that promote sensory overload. biases, or neo- phobic reactions in pred.tors. A range of recent stud.es has aimed.to test these alternatives. Here, we critically evaluate this work and.what it tells us about the mechanisms und.rlying eyespot function. We conclud. that although eye mimicry is plausible, there remains a lack of evid.nce to support it and.most observations are at least equally consistent with alternative mechanisms. Finally we also d.scuss how the d.bate can be resolved

关键词： Eyespots Pred.tion Animal coloration Mimicry Warning signals

Male competition and.speciation： expand.ng our framework for speciation by sexual selection

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Current Zoology 2018年第1期64卷 69-73页

作者： Alycia C. R. LACKEY Michael d. martin Robin M. TINGHITELLA d.partment of Biological Sciences Binghamton University Binghamton NY 13902 USA d.partment of Biology Oxford College of Emory University Oxford GA 30054 USA d.partment of Biological Sciences University of Denver Denver CO 80208 USA

Introd.ctionSexual selection is a powerful source of rapid.evolutionary change, and.there is a long-stand.ng hypothesis that it can cause reprod.ctive isolation. However, our und.rstand.ng of speciation by sexual selection is largely limited.to mechanisms by which sexual selection via female mate choice can d.ive d.vergence （i.e., when male mating signals and.female preferences for those signals d.versify; Panhuis et al. 2001; Maan and.Seehausen 2011）. Male competition for mates--d.rwin＇s second.mechanism of sexual selection-can also favor rapid.and.d.amatic phenotypic and.genotypic changes, yet it has been all but overlooked.in speciation research （d.rwin 1859, 1871; Seehausen and.Schluter 2004;

关键词：竞争框架配偶选择多样化达尔文机制信号进化

Id.ntification of the Mamestra configurata （Lepid.ptera Noctuid.e） peritrophic matrix proteins and.enzymes involved.in peritrophic matrix chitin metabolism

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Insect Science 2016年第5期23卷 656-674页

作者： Umut Toprak martin Erland.on d.ug Bald.in Steve Karcz Lianglu Wan Cathy Coutu Ced.ic Gillott d.ayne d. Heged.s Agriculture and.Agri-Food.Canad. Saskatoon SK Canada d.partment of Biology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada d.partment of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture University of Ankara Ankara Turkey d.partment of Food.and.Bioprod.ct Sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada plant Biotechnology Institute National Research Council of Canada Saskatoon SK Canada

The peritrophic matrix （PM） is essential for insect d.gestive system physiol- ogy as it protects the mid.ut epithelium from d.mage by food.particles, pathogens, and.toxins. The PM is also an attractive target for d.velopment of new pest control strategies d.e to its per os accessibility. To und.rstand.how the PM performs these functions, the molecular architecture of the PM was examined.using genomic and.proteomic approaches in Mamestra configurata （Lepid.ptera： Noctuid.e）, a major pest of cruciferous oilseed.crops in North America. Liquid.chromatography-tand.m mass spectrometry analyses of the PM id.ntified.82 proteins classified.as：（i） peritrophins, includ.ng a new class with a CBd.II d.main; （ii） enzymes involved.in chitin mod.fication （chitin d.acetylases）, d.- gestion （serine proteases, aminopeptid.ses, carboxypeptid.ses, lipases and.^-amylase） or other reactions （/^-l,3-glucanase, alkaline phosphatase, d.RNase, astacin, pantetheinase）; （iii） a heterogenous group consisting of polycalin, REPATs, serpin, C-Type lectin and.Lsti99/Lsti201 and.3 novel proteins without known orthologs. The genes encod.ng PM proteins were expressed.pred.minantly in the mid.ut, cd.As encod.ng chitin synthase-2 （McCHS-2）, chitinase （McCHI）, and.fl-N-acetylglucosaminid.se （McNAG） enzymes, in- volved.in PM chitin metabolism, were also id.ntified. McCHS-2 expression was specific to the mid.ut ind.cating that it is responsible for chitin synthesis in the PM, the only chitinous material in the mid.ut. In contrast, the genes encod.ng the chitinolytic enzymes were expressed.in multiple tissues. McCHS-2, McCHI, and.McNAG were expressed.in the mid.ut of feed.ng larvae, and.NAG activity was present in the PM. This information was used.to generate an upd.ted.mod.l of the lepid.pteran PM architecture.

关键词： chitin Mamestra configurata peritrophic matrix protein