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Assessment of Moisture Permeability and Closure Systems of High Density Polyethylene Plastic Bottles Used as Primary Packaging Containers for Moisture Sensitive Medicines

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2016年第8期7卷 321-325页

作者： Raphael Shedafa Prosper Tibalinda Vicky Manyanga Joseph Sempombe marry temu Nelson Masota Eliangiringa Kaale Christoph Bonsmann Medicinal Chemistry Department Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania Pharm R&D Laboratory School of Pharmacy Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania German Medical Aid Organization Tonisvorst Germany

Introduction: Moisture permeability and a loose closure system might allow a significant gain of moisture into container and this could lead to significant loss of potency of drug sensitive to moisture and as well promoting the growth of microorganisms. Typical examples of the drugs sensitive to moisture include Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF). Product claimed to be a “Tight container” does not make it a tight container until proved practically. A plastic container is tight if “not more than one of the 10 tested containers exceeds 100 mg per day per L in moisture permeability. Objectives: The goal of this study was to determine rate of moisture permeability of selected High Density Polyethylene plastic bottles for packaging of moisture sensitive medicines in particular Lamivudine/Tenofovir Disoproxil fumarate tablets. Methodology: The determination of rate of moisture permeability was achieved by assessing closure systems of plastics as per USP 37 method, while the difference in absorption pattern was achieved by assessing the spectrum obtained through transmittance by Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR). The plastic bottles were randomly selected from supplier A, B and C. Results: The plastic bottles from supplier A and B had an average moisture permeability of 12.57 and 51.55 mg/day/L with none of the containers exceeding moisture permeability of 100 mg/day/L whereas containers from supplier C had an average of 149.95 mg/day/L with seven of the containers exceeding of 100 mg/day/L. Conclusion: Containers from supplier A and B met the USP specifications hence could be used as primary packaging for moisture sensitive medicines whereas the containers from supplier C did not meet the USP specifications for them to be regarded as “Tight Containers” and hence, unsuitable for packaging of moisture sensitive medicines.

关键词： Moisture Permeability Closure System Primary Packaging Containers

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Modelling the Kinetics of Jatropha Oil Transesterification

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Energy and Power Engineering 2015年第4期7卷 135-143页

作者： Aldo A. Okullo Abraham K. temu Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Kyambogo University (KYU) Kampala Uganda Department of Chemical and Mining Engineering University of Dar Es Salam (UDSM) Dar Es Salaam Tanzania

Kinetics of a chemical reaction provides an important means of determining the extent of the reaction and in reactor designs. Transesterification of jatropha oil with methanol and sodium hydroxide as a catalyst was conducted in a well mixed reactor at different agitation speeds between 600 and 800 rpm and temperature range between 35°C and 65°C. The effect of variation of temperature and mixing intensity on rate constants were studied. The initial mass transfer controlled stage was considered negligible using the above impeller speeds and second order mechanism was considered for the chemically controlled kinetic stage. Samples were collected from the reaction mixture at specified time intervals and quenched in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and sulphuric acid. The mixture was centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 15 minutes and the methyl ester was separated from the glycerol. The ester was washed with warm water (50°C), dried and analysed using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (GC/FID) to determine free and total glycerine and methyl ester. A mathematical model was fitted using second order rate law. High temperature and high mixing intensity increased reaction rates. The model fitted well with a high correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.999.

关键词： Second Order Kinetics Rate Constants Jatropha Oil Transesterification

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Environmental Burden of Charcoal Production and Use in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2011年第10期2卷 1364-1369页

作者： Neema Msuya Enock Masanja Abrahamu Kimangano temu 不详

Tanzanian forests are excessively threatened by increased charcoal production fuelled by increased demand crucially in Dar es Salaam city which consumes nearly 70% of all the charcoal produced in the country. Through use of ecological modeling software STELLA? the environmental burden of charcoal production and use in Tanzania has been established. The study has revealed that the country losses 150,433 ha of forest per year. Due to increase in population by year 2030 almost 2.8 million ha of forests will have been lost. This is equivalent to 8.5% of the total forest cover the country had in 2009. The environmental burden includes air pollution characterized by a total emission of 49, 1.0, and 9.0, 12 million tonnes of CO2, SO2, NOx, and CH4, respectively by 2030. Other adverse impacts include loss of forest cover which ultimately causes degradation of soil quality by increased soil erosion, degradation of water sources and disruption of rainfall pattern including inducing draught. Taking into account that the agriculture in Tanzania is primarily rain fed, this has an adverse impact in agricultural production. In the current exploitation of this important natural resource, its sustainability is severely challenged and the whole concept of the forest being renewable is put into question. From these findings, it is recommended that concrete and deliberate efforts be made to reduce and eventually prohibit the use of charcoal in cities and towns.

关键词： Charcoal Production Environmental Burden Forest Loss Ecological Model

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Pre-Formulation Development of Lamivudine 300 mg and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) 300 mg Fixed Dose Combination Tablets

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2016年第7期7卷 247-254页

作者： Prosper Tibalinda Dickson Pius Raphael Shedafa Nelson Masota Mary temu Eliangiringa Kaale Pharm R&D Laboratory School of Pharmacy Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) Dar es Salaam Tanzania Medicinal Chemistry Department Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Introduction: In this study, physical and chemical characteristics of Lamivudine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) and potential excipients were systematically followed and documented [1]. Objective: The objective of this scientific work was to carry out pre-formulation studies including compatibility studies on Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate with their potential excipients prior a direct compression process [2]. Methodology: The interaction was studied in three set of environments namely uncontrolled room conditions for Zone VI b (30°C ± 2°C), oven conditions in which the oven was set at 50°C and accelerated climatic conditions in which a climatic chamber was set at 40°C ± 2°C/75% ± 5% Relative Humidity (RH %). Sample preparation was done by mixing the amount of formulation excipients to active substances at a ratio of 1:10, whereas active substance to another active substance at a ratio of 1:1, active substance to coating materials at 1:4, coating materials to the whole set of excipients 1:4. The whole set of samples was geometrically mixed and triturated by mortar and pestle to very fine uniform powder to ensure homogeneity of the mixture. HPLC analytical method was used for simultaneous quantitative determination of lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Transmittance of the mixture was determined by Near Infra-Red (NIR) technique. Results: The amount of Lamivudine as on day 0 was comparable to day 90 for in all tested conditions (Room, Oven and Climatic Chamber), whereas for Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate only the amount of the drug at Room (30°C ± 2°C) was comparable to results on day 90. A significant drop of amount of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) exposed to moisture (Climatic chamber at 40°C ± 2°C/75% ± 5% Relative Humidity (RH %)) and temperature of 50°C was observed. Colour change was observed for samples subjected to moisture (Climatic chamber at 40°C ± 2°C/75% ± 5% Relative Humidity (RH %)) and as well picked up in the NIR r

关键词： Compatibility Interaction Pre-Formulation Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate

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Nitrogen Fertilizer and Panicle Removal in Sweet Sorghum Production: Effect on Biomass, Juice Yield and Soluble Sugar Content

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Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2017年第1期7卷 14-26页

作者： Maru K. Kering Vitalis W. temu Laban K. Rutto Virginia State University Agriculture Research Station Petersburg VA USA

Alternative and renewable bio-based energy sources are gaining prominence worldwide. Sweet sorghum is currently being evaluated throughout the world because its stem juices are rich in sugars that can be directly fermented to ethanol. In this two-year study, sweet sorghum varieties;Dale, Theis, Topper 76-6, and M81E (Obtained from Mississippi State University Experiment Station, MS) and CHR-SW8 (Obtained from Chromatin Inc., IL) were used. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates of 0, 40, 80 or 120 kg·N·ha-1 were applied to experimental units. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with treatments in a split-split plot arrangement with three replications. Nitrogen rate was the main plot, cultivar as sub-plot, and panicle removal as sub-plot. Results showed that N application increased fresh stem yield, juice volume, but had minimal effect on juice soluble sugar concentration. Compared to controls, application of ≥40 kg·N·ha-1 increased fresh yield and juice by >60% and 10%, respectively. There were also variety differences in harvested fresh biomass, juice volume and oBrix, and soluble sugar content. Dale and Theis consistently showed lower sucrose compared to other varieties over the two years. Panicle removal during early reproductive phase increased oBrix, sucrose and total sugar content in all varieties. Across the two years of study, panicle removal increased oBrix by more than 10%, sucrose and total sugar increased by more than 20%. Selection of varieties that produce high juice volume with high sugar content and strategies to inhibit seed formation may result in improved juice quality.

关键词： Sweet Sorghum Juice Sugar Panicle Nitrogen

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Population and housing grid spatialization in Yunnan Province based on grid sampling and application of rapid earthquake loss assessment:the Jinggu Ms6. 6 earthquake

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Geodesy and Geodynamics 2014年第4期5卷 25-33页

作者： Ding Wenxiu Li Xiaoli Li Zhiqiang Dou aixia Zhang Yimei temu Qile Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy Institute of SeismologyChina Earthquake Administration Institute of Geophysics & Geomatics China University of Geosciences Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Institute of Earthquake Scinence China Earthquake Administration

Population and housing grid data spatialization hased on 340 grid samples （ 1 kmx 1 kin） is used in- stead of regional statistical data to simulate the population and housing distribution data of Yunnan Province （ 1 km×1 kin） for rapid loss assessment ibr the Jinggu Ms6.6 earthquake. The resuhs indicate that the method reflects the actual population and housing distribution and that the assessment results are eredihle. The method can be used to quickly provide spatial orientation disaster information after an earthquake.

关键词： population grid spatialization housing grid spatialization rapid earthquake loss assessment Jinggu earthquake

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Early Forage Biomass and Sward Structures of Native Warm-Season Grasses Established at Different Seedling Densities

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2018年第4期9卷 832-844页

作者： Vitalis W. temu Christos Galanopoulos Maru K. Kering Laban K. Rutto Agricultural Research Station Virginia State University Petersburg USA

Effects of transplanted seedling density and species on sward structure of native warm-season grass (NWSG) stands were compared in a randomized complete block design. About 6-week-old NWSG (big bluestem (BB, Andropogon gerardii Vitman), eastern gamagrass (GG, Tripsacum dactyloides L.), indiangrass [IG, Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] and switchgrass (SG, Panicum virgatum) seedlings were transplanted in 45-cm wide rows on clean-tilled seedbeds. Within-row spacing was 30, 25, or, 20 cm giving 10, 12, and 15 plants m-2 as low, medium, and high seedling density, respectively. During establishment, the stands were allowed uninterrupted first year growth without fertilizers or irrigation but when necessary, tall-growing broadleaf weeds were mechanically removed. In the following spring, all dead standing biomass was mowed down to allow emerging tillers access to sunlight. During the second year after planting, early-spring basal diameters, row-length intercepted by the NWSG crowns, mid-summer sward heights, and percentage bare ground were determined. From the second June after planting, and for two consecutive years, plots were harvested twice year-1 to assess forage biomass. Data showed that, unlike species, seedling density had no effect on the assessed parameters. Cumulative forage biomass, in kg DM ha-1, was the least for GG (4901) at low and the most (18,245) for SG at high seedling density during the second year. Corresponding values for the third year were 4500 and 7799 kg DM ha-1. Basal diameters ranged from 18 cm (BB) to 24 cm (IG) while percent row intercepts were from 6 (GG) to 46 (IG) with sward heights measuring 41 cm (IG) to 54 cm (GG). In each stand, percent ground cover by the NWSGs, and at every seedling density, averaged 60.5. Transplanting at ≥10 plant m-2 resulted in harvest-ready stands by the second year of establishment. And while close spacing favored the NWSGs against weeds, data showed that an initial plant density of >10 plants m-2 may not result

关键词： Forage Native Warm-Season Grass Establishment Transplant Seedling Density Yield Cover Habitat Quality Sward Structure

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Strategic options for syphilis control in Papua New Guineae impact and cost-effectiveness projections using the syphilis interventions towards elimination (SITE) model

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2021年第1期6卷 584-597页

作者： Shepherd Machekera Peniel Boas Poruan temu Zimmbodilion Mosende Namarola Lote Angela Kelly-Hanku S.Guy Mahiane Robert Glaubius Jane Rowley Anup Gurung Eline Korenromp Government of Papua New Guinea National Department of HealthAOPI CenterWaigani DrivePO Box5896Port MoresbyPapua New Guinea World Vision International Ruta PlaceMorata StGordons.P.O Box 4254BorokoNational Capital DistrictPort MoresbyPapua New Guinea UNAIDS Papua New Guinea Country Office Port MoresbyPapua New Guinea WHO Papua New Guinea Country Office Communicable Disease&Health Emergency Dept.AOPI CentreWaigani DrivePort MoresbyPapua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research 441 Homate StreetPO Box 60GorokaEastern Highland ProvincePapua New Guinea Kirby Institute UNSW SydneyWallace Wurth BuildingHigh StreetUNSW Australia KensingtonNSW 2052SydneyAustralia Avenir Health ModellingPlanning and Policy Analysis Dept.655 Winding Brook DriveGlastonburyCT06033USA Independent Consultant 135 Gloucester TerraceW26DXLondonUK Avenir Health ModellingPlanning and Policy Analysis Dept.150 Route de FerneyPO box 2100CH-1211 Geneva 2Switzerland

Objectives:Papua New Guinea(PNG)has among the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections(STIs)globally and is committed to reducing their *** Syphilis Interventions Towards Elimination(SITE)model was used to explore the expected impact and cost of alternative syphilis intervention scale-up ***:SITE is a dynamical model of syphilis transmission among adults 15-49 *** are divided into nine groups based on sexual behaviour and into six stages of *** model was calibrated to PNG using data from routine surveillance,biobehavioural surveys,research studies and program *** included syphilis prevalence,risk behaviours,intervention coverage and service delivery unit *** compared different interventions(clinical treatment,contact tracing,syphilis screening,and condom promotion)for incidence and cost per infection averted over ***:Increasing treatment coverage of symptomatic primary/secondary-stage syphilis cases from 25-35%in 2020 to 60%from 2023 onwards reduced estimated incidence over 2021-2030 by 55%,compared to a scenario assuming constant coverage at 2019-2020 *** introduction of contact tracing in 2020,assuming 0.4 contacts per symptomatic person treated,reduced incidence over 2021-2030 by 10%.Increasing screening coverage by 20-30 percentage points from the 2019-2020 level reduced incidence over 2021-2030 by 3e16%depending on the target ***-up clinical,symptom-driven treatment and contact tracing had the lowest cost per infection averted,followed by condom promotion and periodic screening of female sex workers and men who have sex with ***:PNG could considerably reduce its syphilis burden by scaling-up clinical treatment and contact tracing alongside targeted behavioural risk reduction *** is a useful tool countries can apply to inform national STI programming and resource allocation.

关键词： Syphilis Prevention Treatment Cost-effectiveness Resource allocation National program strategy

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Bacterial Isolates and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern among Patients with Infected Wounds Admited in Orthopaedic and Trauma Ward in Tertiary Care Hospital North-Eastern Tanzania

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2022年第7期10卷 83-96页

作者： Lee Kapalisya Mwakalinga Rogers Joachim temu Pius Gerald Horumpende Nicolaus Ngowi Anthony Japhet Pallangyo Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology Facult of Medicine Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College Moshi Tanzania Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center Moshi Tanzania Kilimanjaro College of Health and Allied Sciences Moshi Tanzania Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute Moshi Tanzania Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center Moshi Tanzania Lugalo General Military Hospital Military College of Medical Sciennces Dar es Salaam Tanzania

The hospital environment contributes to wound infections. Effects of such infections include prolonged hospitalization, increased morbidity, potential for antibiotics resistance and mortality due to sepsis. An updated knowledge of antibiotics susceptibility profiles of clinical isolates will assist both in choosing the most appropriate antibiotic treatment for wound infections and help in curbing the escalation of drug resistance. Cross sectional hospital based study, analysis of 125 pus samples collected from January 2018 to December 2020 was conducted. Identification and characterization of isolates were performed on the basis of Gram staining, microscopic characteristics, colony characteristic, and biochemical tests using standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibilities of bacterial isolates were determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion. A total of 125 pus samples were studied, 94 (75%) were from male patients, mean age was 38.5 (SD ± 19) years. Single bacterial isolates were recovered from 120 (96%) samples, 67 (53.6%) shows Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR) pattern, 74 (59.2%) were gram negative, the predominant organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus 46 (36.8%). Gram negative isolates showed high resistance to ampicillin and cephalosporins. Gram positive isolates showed high resistance to erythromycin. Both gram positive and negative were found to be highly susceptible to gentamicin, amikacin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. The study showed that Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli are the major bacteria isolated from pus samples. High proportion (53.6%) of the isolates was MDR. In the light of these findings, a change in antibiotic prescription policy is required at this hospital.

关键词： Pus Bacteria Antibiotic Tanzania

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Analysis of Flow Dynamics in the High-Flux Gas-Solid Riser Using Trajectory Distances across Attractors Reconstructed from Solid Concentration Signals

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Engineering（科研） 2018年第10期10卷 688-703页

作者： Justin M. Jeremiah Samwel V. Manyele Abraham K. temu Jesse-X. Zhu Department of Chemical and Mining Engineering University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering University of Western Ontario London ON Canada

The study of the entrance and wall dynamics of a high-flux gas-solid riser was conducted using trajectory distances of the reconstructed attractors from solid concentration signals collected from a 76 mm internal diameters and 10 m high riser of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) system. The riser was operated at 4.0 to 10.0 m/s gas velocity and 50 to 550 kg/m2s solids flux. Spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst particles with 67 μm mean diameter and density of 1500 kg/m3 together with 70% to 80% humid air was used. Solid concentration data were analyzed using codes prepared in FORTRAN 2008 to get trajectories of the reconstructed attractors and their distances apart. Trajectory distances were found to increase from the centre towards the wall indicating the expansion of the attractor. The probability density function (PDF) of the trajectory distances changes from single peak at the centre to multiple peaked profiles in the wall region. Multiple peaked profiles indicate multifractal flow behaviours. Cumulative distribution functions (CDF) of the trajectory distances changes from single S-shaped at the centre to multiple S-shaped profiles in some locations of the wall region indicating multifractal flow behaviours. The PDF distribution of these distances at the entrance section and in the wall region forms different types of statistical distributions showing differences in gas-solid flow structures in various spatial locations of the wall region and the entrance sections. Most of the distributions at the centre fall under the Gumbel max distribution for all flow development sections of the riser, especially at air velocities of 5.5 m/s and 8 m/s showing uniform flow structures. Further, it was found that increase of the number of the phase space reconstruction embedding dimension increases the trajectory distances between the state vectors leading to the expansion of the attractor.

关键词： Trajectory Distance Probability Density Function Cumulative Distribution Function Euclidian Distance High-Flux Riser

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