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Design of a Social Marketing Plan on Salt Reduction for the Control and Treatment of Noncommunicable Diseases in Costa Rica

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2023年第11期14卷 1057-1077页

作者： Adriana Blanco-Metzler Hilda Patricia Nuñez-Rivas marlene roselló-araya Karol Madriz-Morales Karla Benavides-Aguilar Marco Castro-araya Unit of Health and Nutrition Costa Rican Institute of Research and Teaching in Nutrition and Health Tres Rios Costa Rica Dirección de Investigación y Tecnologías en Salud Ministerio de Salud San José Costa Rica Independent Researcher Tres Rios Costa Rica Dirección de Atención al Cliente Ministerio de Salud San José Costa Rica

High blood pressure and other non-communicable diseases associated with excessive salt/sodium consumption represent a major challenge to the health of the world’s population. Consumption is a human behavior that is usually influenced by significant factors, internal and external to people. The design of a national social marketing intervention is described. The whole process was developed by a national interdisciplinary team over the course of a decade (2011-2022). Its purpose is to promote changes in this behavior, through gradual reduction of salt/sodium consumption in the target populations of Costa Rica, for the prevention and control of associated diseases. The process includes four phases: research, situation analysis, creation of a proposal for the social marketing strategy, and implementation and evaluation. Last phase was not developed by the research team. The main inputs used to design this intervention were the data generated in three qualitative researchers carried out by the national work team and the social marketing regional plan for salt consumption reduction in Latin America. By analyzing these research data, marketing mix components were determined for designing the intervention. The marketing strategy is promotional and is based on encouraging a natural diet with less sodium using natural seasonings and adding less discretional salt and industrialized products high in sodium, in the preparation of food and dishes. The primary key audience is the mother of the school-aged child, and the secondary is the adult caregivers of this child. It is expected that in the short term, health promoters from different government and non-state sectors will contribute to the implementation of the national social marketing plan, to achieve, in the medium or long term, a consumption that approaches five grams of salt per person per day. This plan is a country initiative to position the value of a natural diet with less sodium and to contribute to the prevention and

关键词： Salt Social Marketing Behavior Change Noncommunicable Diseases Sodium

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Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Perceptions for Salt/Sodium Reduction in the Gastronomic Sector of Costa Rica

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2023年第11期14卷 1094-1118页

作者： Hilda P. Núñez-Rivas marlene roselló-araya Adriana Blanco-Metzler Benavides-Aguilar Karla Karol Madriz-Morales Unit of Health and Nutrition of the Costa Rican Institute of Research and Education on Nutrition and Health (INCIENSA) Cartago Costa Rica Independent Researcher Cartago Costa Rica Directorate of Research and Health Technologies Ministry of Health San José Costa Rica

Excess sodium intake is associated with high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. This study examined food services in Costa Rica as a major source of sodium. The research included six cafeterias, six fast food establishments, 13 restaurants, and 15 diners using non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Interviews were conducted with workers to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding salt reduction. The findings were analyzed to determine effective intervention strategies. Participants showed regular knowledge about salt/sodium. While they recognized the link with high blood pressure, understanding of other health problems was limited. Positive attitudes were observed toward healthy cooking and reducing sodium in pre-prepared food, especially in restaurants. Over 70% expressed a desire to reduce salt in food services, with more than 80% indicating a need for staff training, particularly in cafeterias lacking knowledge of low-salt preparations. High-sodium ingredients were prevalent, with saltshakers and sauces readily available. However, some individuals were reluctant to reduce salt/sodium intake, citing concerns about taste, food variety, and customer complaints. Obstacles to reducing salt/sodium levels included limited accessibility and the cost of low-sodium ingredients. The data collection tools and methodologies used in this study can serve as a foundation for future investigations and strategies to reduce salt consumption in food services. The study recommends government support for transforming the gastronomic sector and implementing regulations and knowledge enhancement. Collaboration with the productive sector is crucial for creating healthy environments. This research presents valuable evidence regarding the utilization of salt and sodium in the gastronomic sector, thereby assisting in the decision-making process for public health initiatives and the prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases. It highlights the significance of tackl

关键词： Salt Sodium Gastronomic Sector Food Environment Knowledge Attitudes Practices Perceptions Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases

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Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with peginterferon alfa-2a for chronic hepatitis C: A case report

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World Journal of Hepatology 2010年第4期2卷 162-166页

作者： Mumtaz A Niazi Ashaur Azhar Kashif Tufail Eyob L Feyssa Stephen F Penny marlene McGregory Victor araya Jorge A Ortiz Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation Albert Einstein Healthcare Network Philadelphia PA 19141 United States Bay Health Medical Center Dover DE 19901 United States

The recommended therapy for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is the combination of a Pegylated interferon and Ribavirin. Almost all such patients on combination therapy experience one or more adverse events during the course of treatment. Significant neurological side effects are rare. A few cases of Bell's Palsy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and even one case of acute demyelinating polyneuropathy with atypical features for Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) associated with Interferon therapy have been reported but no report of GBS with typical features has been published. We present a case report of typical GBS associated with Peginterferon alfa-2a and Ribavirin used for treatment of CHC infection.

关键词： Guillain-Barre syndrome Polyneuropathy Acute demyelinating polyneuropathy Pegylated interferon Chronic hepatitis C

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