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Responses to threat in a freshwater invader： longitudinal data reveal personality, habituation, and robustness to changing water temperatures in the ＂killer shrimp＂ dikerogammarus villosus （Crustacea： Amphipoda）

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Current Zoology 2016年第1期62卷 45-51页

作者： mark BRIFFA Natalie JONES Calum MACNEIL Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre School of Marine Science & Engineering Plymouth University Plymouth PL4 8AA UK department of Environment Food and Agriculture The Isle of Man GovernmentSt Johns IM4 3AS Isle of Man

Freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem integrity are under threat from biological invasions. The ＂killer shrimp＂ dikerogammarus villosus is a highly predatory amphipod that has spread readily across Central Europe and recently the UK and its arrival has been associated with the significant loss of resident species. despite this, studies of its behavioral ecology are sparse, even though its be- havior may contribute to its invasion success. For the first time, we investigated antipredator ＂fleeing＂ behavior in d. villosus and how this changed with water temperature. Three key patterns emerged from our analysis. First, within a particular temperature condition there are moderate but consistent among-individual differences in behavior. These are driven by a combination of mean level among-individual differences and within-individual relative consistency in behavior, and pro- vide the key marker for animal personalities. Second, the fleeing responses were not influenced by temperature and third, regardless of temperature, all individuals appeared to habituate to a repeated nondangerous stimulus, indicating a capacity for individual learning. We suggest that the antipreda- tor behavior of d. villosus contributes to its rapid spread and that consistent among-individual differ- ences in behavior may promote biological invasions across heterogeneous conditions. Robustness to changing water temperatures may also be potentially advantageous, particularly in an era of glo- bal climate change, where average temperatures could be elevated and less predictable.

关键词： invasions dikerogammarus villosus animal personalities habituation temperature.

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The relationship between intraspecific assortative mating and reproductive isolation between divergent populations

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Current Zoology 2012年第3期58卷 484-492页

作者： daniel I. BOLNICK mark KIRKPATRICK Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Section of Integrative Biology One University Station C0930 University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA Section of Integrative Biology One University Station C0930 University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA

The term ＇assortative mating＇ has been applied to describe two very different phenomena：（1） the tendency for indi- viduals to choose phenotypically similar mates from among conspecifics; or （2） the tendency to prefer conspecific over hete- rospecific mates （behavioral reproductive isolation）. Both forms of assortative mating are widespread in nature, but the relation- ship between these behaviors remains unclear. Namely, it is plausible that a preference for phenotypically similar conspecifics in cidentally reduces the probability of mating with phenotypically divergent heterospecifics. We present a model to calculate how the level of reproductive isolation depends on intraspecific assortative mating and the phenotypic divergence between species. For empirically reasonable levels of intraspecific assortment on a single trait axis, we show that strong reproductive isolation requires very substantial phenotypic divergence. We illustrate this point by applying our model to empirical data from threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus and darwin＇s Finches （Geospiza spp）. We conclude that typical levels of intraspecific assortment cannot generally be extrapolated to explain levels of interspecific reproductive isolation. Instead, reproductive isolation between species likely arises from different mate choice behaviors, or multivariate assortative mating [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 484-492, 2012].

关键词： Assortative mating Hybridization Mating preference Reproductive isolation Speciation

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Snow Water Equivalent Estimation for a Snow-Covered Prairie Grass Field by GPS Interferometric Reflectometry

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Positioning 2012年第3期3卷 31-41页

作者： mark d. Jacobson department of Mathematics Montana State University Billings Billings USA.

The amount of water stored in snowpack is the single most important measurement for the management of water supply and flood control systems. The available water content in snow is called the snow water equivalent (SWE). The product of snow density and depth provides an estimate of SWE. In this paper, snow depth and density are estimated by a nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm. The inputs to this algorithm are global positioning system (GPS) signals and a simple GPS interferometric reflectometry (GPS-IR) model. The elevation angles of interest at the GPS receiving antenna are between 50 and 300. A snow-covered prairie grass field experiment shows potential for inferring snow water equivalent using GPS-IR. For this case study, the average inferred snow depth (17.9 cm) is within the in situ measurement range (17.6 cm ± 1.5 cm). However, the average inferred snow density (0.13 ***-3) overestimates the in situ measurements (0.08 ***-3 ± 0.02 ***-3). Consequently, the average inferred SWE (2.33 ***-2) also overestimates the in situ calculations (1.38 ***-2 ± 0.36 ***-2).

关键词： Global Positioning System (GPS) GPS Interferometric Reflectometry (GPS-IR) Snow depth Snow density Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) Multipath Specular Reflection

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Role of Pulmonary Embolism Response Team in patients with intermediate-and high-risk pulmonary embolism:a concise review and preliminary experience from China

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2020年第8期17卷 510-518页

作者： Ying LIANG Shao-Ping NIE Xiao WANG Ashley Thomas Elizabeth Thompson Guan-Qi ZHAO Jing HAN Jing WANG mark J d Griffiths Emergency&Critical Care Center Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina Peri-Operative Medicine Barts Health NHS Trust LondonUK

Intermediate-and high-risk pulmonary embolism(PE)is a life-threatening medical emergency with high morbidity and *** of the treatment options for PE involve clinicians from multiple *** Embolism Response Teams(PERTs)have been developed to coordinate the multidisciplinary team of clinicians to streamline the decision making process and develop individualised treatment plans in a timely *** first PERT was established in 2012 and subsequently multiple centres worldwide have introduced this model for the management of intermediate-and high-risk *** this review,we evaluate the organisational structure and algorithms of different PERT services and compare data from pre-and post-PERT services to determine the impact of PERT on *** consider the cost and time implications of this multidisciplinary 24-hour service and suggest areas for further research and review.

关键词： Multidisciplinary Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary Embolism Response Team

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Polymer-mediated immunocamouflage of red blood cells: Effects of polymer size on antigenic and immunogenic recognition of allogeneic donor blood cells

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2011年第7期54卷 589-598页

作者： WANG dunCheng dana L. KYLUIK Kari L. MURAd Wendy M. TOYOFUKU mark d. SCOTT Canadian Blood Services Vancouver V6T 1Z3 British Columbia Canada Centre for Blood Research and the department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z3 British Columbia Canada department of Biology College of St. Rose Albany 12208 New York USA

developing a practical means of reducing alloimmunization in chronically transfused patients would be of significant clinical benefit. Immunocamouflaging red blood ceils （RBCs） by membrane grafting of methoxypoly（ethylene glycol）（mPEG） may reduce the risk of allo-immunization. The results of this study showed that antibody recognition of non-ABO antigens was sig- nificantly reduced in an mPEG-dose- and polymer size-dependent manner, with higher molecular weight mPEGs providing better immunoprotection. Furthermore, in vivo immunogenicity was significantly reduced in mice serially transfused with mPEG-modified xenogeneic （sheep; sRBCs）, allogeneic （C57B1/6）, or syngeneic （Balb/c） RBCs. Following a primary transfu- sion of sRBCs, mice receiving mPEG-sRBCs showed a 〉90% reduction in anti-sRBC IgG antibody levels. After two transfusions, mice receiving mPEG-sRBCs showed reductions of 〉80% in anti-sRBC IgG levels. Importantly, mPEG-modified autologous cells did not induce neoantigens or an immune （IgG or IgM） response. These data suggest that the global immuno- camouflage of RBCs by polymer grafting may provide a safe and cost-effective means of reducing therisk of alloimmunization.

关键词： methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) erythrocyte blood group antigens mice alloimmunization

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Moose at their bioclimatic edge alter their behavior based on weather, landscape, and predators

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Current Zoology 2018年第4期64卷 419-432页

作者： mark A. dITMER Ron A. MOEN Steve K. WINdELS James d. FORESTER Thomas E, NESS Tara R. HARRIS Conservation department Minnesota Zoo 13000 Zoo Boulevard Apple Valley MN 55124 USA department of Fisheries Wildlife and Conservation Biology University of Minnesota 2003 Upper Buford Circle Ste 135 St Paul MN 55108 USA Natural Resources Research Institute and department of Biology University of Minnesota Duluth 5013 Miller Trunk Highway Duluth MN 55811 USA Voyageurs National Park 360 Hwy 11 E International Falls MN 56649 USA

Populations inhabiting the bioclimatic edges of a species＇ geographic range face an increasing amount of stress from alterations to their environment associated with climate change. Moose Alces alces are large-bodied ungulates that are sensitive to heat stress and have exhibited population declines and range contractions along their southern geographic extent. Using a hidden markov model to analyze movement and accelerometer data, we assigned behaviors （rest, forage, or travel） to all locations of global positioning system-collared moose （n = 13, moose-years = 19） living near the southern edge of the species＇ range in and around Voyageurs National Park, MN, USA. We assessed how moose behavior changed relative to weather, landscape, and the presence of predators. Moose sig- nificantly reduced travel and increased resting behaviors at ambient temperatures as low as 15~C and 24~C during the spring and summer, respectively. In general, moose behavior changed season- ally in association with distance to lakes and ponds. Moose used wetlands for travel throughout the year, rested in conifer forests, and foraged in shrublands. The influence of wolves Canis lupus varied among individual moose and season, but the largest influence was a reduction in travel during spring when near a wolf home range core, primarily by pregnant females. Our analysis goes beyond habitat selection to capture how moose alter their activities based on their environment. Our findings, along with climate change forecasts, suggest that moose in this area will be required to further alter their activity patterns and space use in order to find sufficient forage and avoid heat stress.

关键词： Alces alces climate change heat stress moose temperature wolves

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Malignant hyperthermia in severe COVId-19:2 case reports

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Emergency and Critical Care Medicine 2021年第1期1卷 45-48页

作者： Solmaz Ehteshami-Afshar Roozbeh Nikooie Pranav Reddy Astha Chichra mark d.Siegel department of Medicine Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut

Malignant hyperthermia is a rare but potentially fatal *** present 2 cases of young patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVId-19)requiring intubation for hypoxic respiratory failure who both developed significant hyperthermia post intubation and were suspected to have malignant ***,the 2 patients had different responses to conservative management and *** cases highlight the increased challenge imposed by intubation complications when managing patients with COVId-19.

关键词： Case report COVId-19 Malignant hyperthermia

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Inter-annual variation of streamflow,precipitation and evaporation in a small humid watershed(Chengcun Basin,China)

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2014年第2期32卷 455-468页

作者： mark AMO-BOATENG 李致家管仪庆 College of Hydrology and Water Resources Hohai University

For sustainable water resource management,it is important to determine the relationship between streamfl ow and other variables that infl uence availability of water ***,many catchments do not have suffi cient data to allow for a more detailed study of these *** faced a similar challenge in the Chengcun Basin(limited historical data: from 1986–1999); and therefore we used a new approach to overcome *** found that,using nonparametric trend methods in conjunction with the climate elasticity analyses and the 2d visualization of hydrologic data,it is possible to assess the relationships between streamfl ow and other hydro-climatic *** the past,streamfl ow trends in the basin were more correlated with precipitation than with potential evapotranspiration(PET).In addition,there is a gradual shift in the hydrological regime of the catchment,which may affect the occurrence of available water resources and activities that depend on *** addition,based on our climate sensitivity analyses,the streamfl ow is dependent and more sensitive to variations in precipitation than to PET(δQ=0.79δP+0.42δE; precipitation elasticity,ε P=1.32; PET elasticity,ε E=-2.10).Therefore pending more detailed studies,the use of our approach will provide a rapid means to assess the variation of water resources(streamfl ow)in a *** the future,we hope to carry out related research in other watersheds and also perform a more detailed studies to improve upon the results of this study.

关键词： trend Mann-Kendall test climate elasticity Sen's slope streamflow 2d visualization hydrologic data

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Comments by opponents on the British Medical Association’s guidance on non-therapeutic male circumcision of children seem one-sided and may undermine public health

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2023年第5期12卷 244-262页

作者： Stephen Moreton Guy Cox mark Sheldon Stefan A Bailis Jeffrey d Klausner Brian J Morris CircFacts Warrington WA51HYCheshireUnited Kingdom Australian Centre for Microscopy&Microanalysis and School of Aeronautical Mechanical and Mechatronic EngineeringUniversity of SydneySydney 2006New South WalesAustralia Medical Humanities and Bioethics Program Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL 60661United States Cornerstone Therapy&Recovery Center St.PaulMN 55101United States department of Medicine Population and Public Health SciencesKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90089United States School of Medical Sciences University of SydneySydney 2006New South WalesAustralia

The British Medical Association(BMA)guidance on non-therapeutic circumcision(NTMC)of male children is limited to ethical,legal and religious *** we evaluate criticisms of the BMA’s guidance by Lempert et *** their arguments promoting autonomy and consent might be superficially appealing,their claim of high procedural risks and negligible benefits seem one-sided and contrast with high quality evidence of low risk and lifelong *** literature reviews by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the United States Centers for disease Control and Prevention in developing evidence-based policies,as well as risk-benefit analyses,have found that the medical benefits of infant NTMC greatly exceed the risks,and there is no reduction in sexual function and *** BMA’s failure to consider the medical benefits of early childhood NTMC may partly explain why this prophylactic intervention is discouraged in the United *** consequence is higher prevalence of preventable infections,adverse medical conditions,suffering and net costs to the UK’s National Health Service for treatment of *** of the issues and contradictions in the BMA guidance identified by Lempert et al stem from the BMA’s guidance not being sufficiently ***,that document called for a review by others of the medical issues surrounding *** societal factors apply,ultimately,NTMC can only be justified rationally on scientific,evidence-based *** are entitled to an accurate presentation of the medical evidence so that they can make an informed *** decision either for or against NTMC should then be respected.

关键词： Circumcision,Male Child Infections Risk Policy Public health

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Heme oxygenase-1 overexpression increases liver injury after bile duct ligation in rats

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第25期13卷 3478-3486页

作者： Matthias Froh Lars Conzelmann Peter Walbrun Susanne Netter Reiner Wiest Michael d Wheeler mark Lehnert Takehiko Uesugi Jurgen Scholmerich Ronald G Thurman department of Internal Medicine University of Regensburg Germany department of Urology University of Mainz Germany department of Pharmacology University of North Carolina United States

AIM： To investigate the effects of heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1） against oxidant-induced injury caused by bile duct ligation （BdL）.METHOdS： Either cobalt protoporphyrin （CoPP）, a HO-1 inducer, or saline were injected intraperitoneally in male Sd-rats. Three days later, BdL or sham-operations were performed. Rats were sacrificed 3 wk after BdL and livers were harvested for histology. Fibrosis was evaluated by sirius red staining and image analysis. Alpha-smooth muscular actin, which indicates activation of stellate cells, was detected by immunohistochemical staining, and q/tokine and collagen- Iα （Col- I α） mRNA expression was detected using RNase protection assays.RESULTS： Serum alanine transaminase increased 8-fold above normal levels one day after BdL. Surprisingly, enzyme release was not reduced in rats receiving CoPP. Liver fibrosis was evaluated 3 wk after BdL and the sirius red-positive area was found to be increased to about 7.8%. However, in CoPP pretreated rats sirius redpositive areas were increased to about 11.7% after BdL. Collagen-1 α and TGF-β mRNA increased significantly by BdL. Again, this effect was increased by HO-1 overexpression.CONCLUSION： Hepatic fibrosis due to BdL is not reduced by the HO-1 inducer CoPP. In contrast, HO-1 overexpression increases liver injury in rats under conditions of experimental chronic cholestasis.

关键词： Heme oxygenase-1 Bile duct ligation Chronic cholestasis Liver fibrosis Serum alaninetransaminase Transforming growth factor-13 Tumornecrosis factor- I ~ Type I collagen

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