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Biva.ia.e a.a.ysis of Polluta.ts Monthly Ma.ima.in Mexico City Using Extreme Va.ue Distributions a.d Copula

Journa. of Environmenta. Protection 2024年第7期15卷 796-826页

作者： Jua. a. Va.quez-Mora.es Elia.e R. Rodrigues Hortensia.J. Reyes-Cerva.tes Fa.ulta. de Ciencia. Fsico-Ma.emtica. Benemrita Universidad Autnoma de Puebla Puebla Mexico Instituto de Ma.emtica. Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico Mexico City Mexico

In the present work, we a.e interested in studying the joint distributions of pa.rs of the monthly ma.ima.of the polluta.ts used by the environmenta. a.thorities in Mexico City to cla.sify the a.r qua.ity in the metropolita. a.ea. In order to obta.n the joint distributions a.copula.will be considered. Since we a.e a.a.yzing the monthly ma.ima. the extreme va.ue distributions of Weibull a.d Fréchet a.e ta.en into a.count. Using these two distributions a. ma.gina. distributions in the copula.a.Ba.esia. inference wa. ma.e in order to estima.e the pa.a.eters of both distributions a.d a.so the a.socia.ion pa.a.eters a.pea.ing in the copula.model. The polluta.ts ta.en into a.count a.e ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ca.bon monoxide, a.d pa.ticula.e ma.ter with dia.eters sma.ler tha. 10 a.d 2.5 microns obta.ned from the Mexico City monitoring network. The estima.ion wa. performed by ta.ing sa.ples of the pa.a.eters genera.ed through a.Ma.kov cha.n Monte Ca.lo a.gorithm implemented using the softwa.e OpenBugs. Once the a.gorithm is implemented it is a.plied to the pa.rs of polluta.ts where one of the coordina.es of the pa.r is ozone a.d the other va.ies on the set of the rema.ning polluta.ts. Depending on the polluta.t a.d the region where they were collected, different results were obta.ned. Hence, in some ca.es we ha.e tha. the best model is tha. where we ha.e a.Fréchet distribution a. the ma.gina. distribution for the mea.urements of both polluta.ts a.d in others the most suita.le model is the one a.suming a.Fréchet for ozone a.d a.Weibull for the other polluta.t. Results show tha., in the present ca.e, the estima.ed a.socia.ion pa.a.eter is a.good representa.ion to the correla.ion pa.a.eters between the pa.r of polluta.ts a.a.yzed. a.ditiona.ly, it is a.stra.ghtforwa.d ta.k to obta.n these correla.ion pa.a.eters from the corresponding a.socia.ion pa.a.eters.

关键词： Copula Extreme Va.ue Distribution Ba.esia. Inference a.r Pollution Mexico City

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Eva.ua.ion a.d Prediction of Groundwa.er Qua.ity in the Municipa.ity of Za.Kpota.(South Benin) Using Ma.hine Lea.ning a.d Remote Sensing

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Journa. of Wa.er Resource a.d Protection 2024年第7期16卷 502-522页

作者： Jennifer a. a.lonsou Firmin M. a.a.dedji a.douka.im a.a.sa.e Consola. a.ihou Ma.a.Da.uda La.ora.oire dHydrologie a.plique (LHa. Institut National de lEau (INE) University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC) Abomey-Calavi Benin Centre dExcellence da.rique pour lEa. et la.sa.nissement (C2Ea. University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC) Abomey-Calavi Benin Depa.tment of Wa.er Directora.e of Zou Water Service Bohicon Benin

a.cessing drinking wa.er is a.globa. issue. This study a.ms to contribute to the a.sessment of groundwa.er qua.ity in the municipa.ity of Za.Kpota.(southern Benin) using remote sensing a.d Ma.hine Lea.ning. The methodologica. a.proa.h used consisted in linking groundwa.er physico-chemica. pa.a.eter da.a.collected in the field a.d in the la.ora.ory using a.NOR 1994 sta.da.dized methods to sa.ellite da.a.(La.dsa.) in order to sketch out a.groundwa.er qua.ity prediction model. The da.a.wa. processed using QGis (Semi-a.toma.ic Plugin: SCP) a.d Python (Jupyter Netebook: Prediction) softwa.es. The results of wa.er a.a.ysis from the sa.pled wells a.d boreholes indica.ed tha. most of the wa.er is a.idic (pH va.ying between 5.59 a.d 7.83). The wa.er wa. modera.ely minera.ized, with conductivity va.ues of less tha. 1500 μs/cm overa.l (59 µS/cm to 1344 µS/cm), with high concentra.ions of nitra.es a.d phospha.es in pla.es. The dyna.ics of groundwa.er qua.ity in the municipa.ity of Za.Kpota.between 2008 a.d 2022 a.e a.so ma.ked by a.regression in la.d use units (a.regression in vegeta.ion a.d ma.shla.d forma.ion in fa.or of built-up a.ea., ba.e soil, crops a.d fa.low la.d) revea.ed by the dia.hronic a.a.ysis of sa.ellite ima.es from 2008, 2013, 2018 a.d 2022. Surveys of loca. residents revea.ed the use of herbicides a.d pesticides in a.ricultura. fields, which a.e the ma.n drivers contributing to the groundwa.er qua.ity deteriora.ion observed in the study a.ea. Field surveys revea.ed the use of herbicides a.d pesticides in a.ricultura. fields, which a.e fa.tors contributing to the deteriora.ion in groundwa.er qua.ity observed in the study a.ea. The results of the groundwa.er qua.ity prediction models (a.N, RF a.d LR) developed led to the conclusion tha. the model ba.ed on a.tificia. Neura. Networks (a.N: R2 = 0.97 a.d RMSE = 0) is the best for groundwa.er qua.ity cha.ges modelling in the Za.Kpota.municipa.ity.

关键词： Groundwa.er La.d Use Electrica. Conductivity Ma.hine Lea.ning Za.Kpota

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Bio-Fertilizer Improved Oil Pa.m Seedling Growth

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a.erica. Journa. of Pla.t Sciences 2024年第7期15卷 455-466页

作者： Ga.riel Dda.ulira.F. Ma.ika.a. a.iimwe L. Zuba.ri M. Otuba Horticulture & Oil Pa.m Progra. National Crops Resources Research Institute Kampala Uganda

In most fa.ming systems newly introduced commercia. fertilizers to be a.cepted, a.opted a.d used by fa.mers, their effectiveness a.d a.propria.e a.plica.ion ra.es must be exhibited. This study wa. conducted to va.ida.e the effect a.d ra.es of a.bio-fertilizer (super a.ric) on oil pa.m seedling growth. The tria. wa. la.d out in a.ra.domized complete block design (RCBD) with three a.plica.ion ra.es of 0, 4 a.d 8 ml/L of wa.er (trea.ments) replica.ed thrice. Following the a.plica.ion of super a.ric to oil pa.m seedlings for a.period of six months, observa.ions dra.n from the a.a.ysis of growth da.a.were a. follows: Three months a.ter trea.ment, super a.ric significa.tly (P a.ed the height a.d brea.th of oil pa.m seedling compa.ed to those which were not a.plied with super a.ric. The results a.so showed tha. when super a.ric wa. a.plied a. a.ra.e of 4 ml/L, the lea. length a.d brea.th were higher compa.ed to the control were super a.ric wa. not used. Furthermore, a.plica.ions of super a.ric improved oil pa.m seedling nitrogen upta.e by 31% in trea.ment groups a. compa.ed to the control which expla.ned the height a.d brea.th increa.e in the oil pa.m seedlings tha. were a.plied with super a.ric. On the other ha.d, the effect of super a.ric a.plica.ion on phosphorus upta.e by seedlings wa. not significa.t. a.though the height, brea.th, lea. width a.d length were a.l significa.tly a.fected by super a.ric a.plica.ion, the number of oil pa.m lea.es a.d spea.s were not a.fected for the period the experiment wa. conducted. Six months a.ter a.plica.ion of super a.ric the growth of oil pa.m seedlings wa. fa.ora.ly impa.ted, hence we recommend super a.ric to be promoted a.ong oil pa.m seedling growers.

关键词： Bio-Fertilizer Seedling Growth a.plica.ion Ra.es Super a.ric

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Effective Utiliza.ion of Government-Provided CTI by Sma.l Businesses within the Defense Industria. Ba.e

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Journa. of Informa.ion Security 2024年第2期15卷 196-217页

作者： Josia. Dykstra.La.rence a. Gordon Ma.tin P. Loeb Benja.in Wa.l Lei Zhou Na.iona. Security a.ency Fort Meade MD USA Robert H. Smith School of Business University of Maryland College Park MD USA

There a.e two broa. objectives of the resea.ch reported in this pa.er. First, we a.sess whether government-provided cyber threa. intelligence (CTI) is helpful in preventing, or responding to, cyber-a.ta.ks a.ong sma.l businesses within the U.S. Defense Industria. Ba.e (DIB). Second, we identify wa.s of improving the effectiveness of government-provided CTI to sma.l businesses within the DIB. Ba.ed on a.questionna.re-ba.ed survey, our findings suggest tha. government-provided CTI helps businesses within the DIB in preventing, or responding to, cyber-a.ta.ks providing a.firm is fa.ilia. with the CTI. Unfortuna.ely, a.la.ge percenta.e of sma.l firms a.e not fa.ilia. with the government-provided CTI feeds a.d consequently a.e not utilizing the CTI. This la.ter situa.ion is la.gely due to fina.cia. constra.nts confronting sma.l businesses tha. prevent firms from ha.ing the wherewitha. necessa.y to effectively utilize the government-provided CTI. However, we found a.significa.t positive a.socia.ion between a.firm’s fa.ilia.ity with the government-provided CTI a.d whether a.firm is being periodica.ly reviewed by the Defense Counterintelligence a.d Security a.ency (DCSa. or is complia.t with the Cybersecurity Ma.urity Model Certifica.ion (CMMC) progra.. The findings from our study a.so show tha. the pa.ticipa.ing firms believe tha. externa. cyber threa.s a.e more likely to be the ca.se of a.future cybersecurity brea.h tha. interna. cybersecurity threa.s. Fina.ly, our study found tha. the portion of the IT budget tha. sma.l businesses within the DIB spend on cybersecurity-rela.ed a.tivities is dependent on the perception tha. a.firm would be the ta.get of a. externa. cyber-a.ta.k.

关键词： Government-Provided CTI Sma.l Businesses Defense Industria. Ba.e

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Integra.ed a.proa.hes of Mecha.ica. Ba.rier, Insecticide a.d Bota.ica.s a.a.nst Ma.go Mea.ybug (Drosicha.ma.gifera.)

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a.va.ces in Entomology 2024年第3期12卷 195-202页

作者： N. a.hter M. Z. a.a. M. a. Ra.a.a. M. R. U. Mia. I. H. Mia. M. a. La.if Depa.tment of Entomology Faculty of Agriculture Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka Bangladesh Depa.tment of Entomology Faculty of Agriculture Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University Gazipur Bangladesh Depa.tment of Pla.t Pa.hology Faculty of Agriculture Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka Bangladesh Depa.tment of Pla.t Pa.hology Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University Gazipur Bangladesh

a. experiment wa. conducted to test the effica.y of a.mecha.ica. ba.rier a.ound the tree trunk with one spra. of Cypermethrin @ 1 ml/l a.d turmeric powder extra.t @ 15 g/500ml of wa.er a.plied in integra.ed a.proa.hes a.a.nst ma.go mea.ybug on ma.go tree. There were 7 trea.ments including a.control. The trea.ments were Mecha.ica. ba.rier, Cypermethrin spra. @ 1 ml/l, Turmeric powder spra. @ 15 g/500ml of wa.er, Cypermethrin spra. + Turmeric spra., Cypermethrin spra. + Mecha.ica. ba.rier, Turmeric + Mecha.ica. ba.rier a.d untrea.ed control. Three-yea.-old ma.go pla.ts gra.ted from a.5-yea.-old ma.go tree (Va.iety a.ropa.i) a.d pla.ted in pots were used in the experiment. The trea.ment, Cypermethrin spra. + Mecha.ica. ba.rier ga.e the highest reduction of ma.go mea.ybug popula.ion 87.06% to 93.90% followed by Turmeric spra. + Mecha.ica. ba.rier a.d showed 81.13% to 86.04% a.d Mecha.ica. ba.rier a.one showed 81.13% to 84.59% popula.ion reduction. Turmeric powder extra.t showed only (8.42% to 23.77%) popula.ion reduction of ma.go mea.ybug which wa. lowest compa.ed to other trea.ments.

关键词： Ma.go Mea.ybug Integra.ed Ma.a.ement

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Ma.hine-lea.ning ba.ed la.dslide susceptibility modelling with empha.is on uncerta.nty a.a.ysis

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Geoscience Frontiers 2023年第6期14卷 327-340页

作者： a.L.a.hu C.D.a.u mariano Di Na.oli Pra.a. Pra.a.h Girish Gopina.h E.Sha.i Vinod Cha.dra Depa.tment of Clima.e Va.ia.ility a.d a.ua.ic Ecosystems Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies(KUFOS)KochiKerala 682508India Depa.tment of Geology University of KeralaThiruvananthapuramKerala 695581India Depa.tment of Ea.th Environment and Life SciencesUniversity of GenoaCorso Europa26Genoa 16132Italy Depa.tment of Computer Science University of KeralaThiruvananthapuramKerala 695581India

La.dslide susceptibility ma.s a.e vita. tools used by decision-ma.ers to a.opt mitiga.ion stra.egies for future *** this context,resea.ch on la.dslide susceptibility modelling ha. become a.topic of releva.ce a.d is in consta.t *** va.ious ma.hine-lea.ning techniques(MLTs)ha.e been identified for la.dslide susceptibility modelling,the uncerta.nty inherent in the models is ra.ely *** present study a.tempts to qua.tify the uncerta.nty a.socia.ed with la.dslide prediction models by developing a.new methodologica. fra.ework ba.ed on the ensembles of the eight *** methodology ha. been tested a. the highla.ds of the southern Western Gha.s region(Kera.a.India.,where la.dslides ha.e frequently been *** la.dslide conditioning fa.tors ha.e been identified a. pa.t of this study,a.d their a.socia.ion wa. correla.ed with 671 historic la.dslides in the study *** study used four ensemble models such a. the mea. of proba.ilities,the media. of proba.ilities,the weighted mea. of proba.ilities,a.d the committee *** weighted mea. of proba.ility wa. proved to be the best model ba.ed on the a.era.e of 800 sta.da.one MLTs,viz.,receiver opera.ing cha.a.teristics,true skill sta.istics,a.d a.ea.under curve with corresponding va.ida.ion ***,a. uncerta.nty a.a.ysis wa. ca.ried out on the coefficient of va.ia.ion.a.confident ma. wa. genera.ed to represent the distinct zona.ion of la.dslide susceptibility a.ea. with definite uncerta.nty *** 74%of the pa.t la.dslides fa.l in the higher susceptibility-low uncerta.nty *** is a.so inferred tha. such micro-level zona.ion ba.ed on MLTs ma. improve the efficiency of la.dslide susceptibility ma.s a.d ma. help in a.cura.ely identifying la.dslide-prone a.ea. in the *** confident ma.s thus genera.ed ca. be used a. a.rea.y reference to the pla.ners for the formula.ion of la.dslide a.a.ta.ion stra.egies a. micro-sca.es.

关键词： La.dslides Ma.hine-lea.ning Ensemble model Kera.a India

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Pha.e dia.ra. of a.distorted ka.ome a.tiferroma.net a.d a.plica.ion to Y-ka.ella.ite

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npj Computa.iona. Ma.eria.s 2022年第1期8卷 79-88页

作者： Ma. Hering Fra.cesco ferrari a.eksa.da. Ra.popov Igor I.Ma.in Roser Va.entí Ha.a.d O.Jeschke Joha.nes Reuther Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Ma.eria.ien und Energie Hahn-Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany Da.lem Center for Complex Qua.tum Systems a.d Fa.hbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin14195BerlinGermany Institute for Theoretica. Physics Goethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Straße 160438Frankfurt am MainGermany Depa.tment of Physics a.d a.tronomy and Quantum Science and Engineering CenterGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVA22030USA Resea.ch Institute for Interdisciplina.y Science Okayama UniversityOkayama700-8530Japan

We investiga.e the ma.netism of a.previously unexplored distorted spin-1/2 ka.ome model consisting of three symmetry-inequiva.ent nea.est-neighbor a.tiferroma.netic Heisenberg couplings J_(■),J,a.d J′,a.d uncover a.rich ground sta.e pha.e dia.ra. even a. the cla.sica. *** a.a.ytica. a.guments a.d numerica. techniques we identify a.collinea. Q^(→)=0 ma.netic pha.e,two unusua. non-collinea. copla.a. Q^(→)=(1/3,1/3)pha.es a.d a.cla.sica. spin liquid pha.e with a.degenera.e ma.ifold of non-copla.a. ground sta.es,resembling the ja.med spin liquid pha.e found in the context of a.bond-disordered ka.ome *** further show with density functiona. theory ca.cula.ions tha. the recently synthesized Y-ka.ella.ite Y_(3)Cu_(9)(OH)_(19)C_(l8) is a.rea.iza.ion of this model a.d predict its ground sta.e to lie in the region of Q^(→)=(1/3,1/3)order,which rema.ns sta.le even a.ter the inclusion of qua.tum fluctua.ion effects within va.ia.iona. Monte Ca.lo a.d pseudofermion functiona. renorma.iza.ion *** presented model opens a.new direction in the study of ka.ome a.tiferroma.nets.

关键词： group distorted dia.ra.

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Exploring Trees Diversity a.d Ecologica. Va.ue of Mounta.n Forests in the Blue Nile Region of Suda.

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Open Journa. of Ecology 2024年第3期14卷 245-256页

作者： Da.a.a.la.M. Da.a.a.la.Ha.tha. H. Gibreel a.med a. H. Siddig Yousif E. Ya.oub Ha.him a. a.delka.im Kha.ir H.T. Sa.ed a.med I. a.uelba.ha. Fa.ulty of Forestry-Sha.ba. University of Khartoum Khartoum Sudan Ha.va.d Forest Harvard University Petersham MA USA Fa.ulty of Forest Science a.d Wood Technology University of Gezira Wad-Medani Sudan Depa.tment of Forestry a.d Ra.ge Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Alsalam University Alfula Sudan Forest Resea.ch a.d Gum a.a.ic Centre Agricultural Research Corporation Khartoum-Soba Sudan

We ca.ried out this resea.ch a. a.u-Ga.da. Na.ura. Forest Reserve (a.FR) which is loca.ed ea.t of Blue Nile River, in Blue Nile Sta.e, Suda.. It a.ms a. exploring tree composition a.sessing their diversity indices, a.d ecologica. importa.ce va.ues. For survey of types a.d estima.ion of density of tree species in the forest, we ra.domly distributed 97 circula. sa.ple plots (0.1 hecta.e (ha.). In ea.h sa.ple plot we identified a.l trees to the species level, recorded their frequencies a.d computed species diversity a.d importa.ce va.ue indices (IVI). a.tota. of 13 tree species, which belong to 12 genera.a.d nine fa.ilies, were identified in the tree la.er of the forest. Mea. tree density in a.FR wa. 116 trees/ha. composed ma.nly of Boswellia.pa.yrifera.(Del.) Hochst. (48), followed by Combretum ha.tma.nia.u (19) a.d La.nea.fruticosa.(18). Fa.a.ea. wa. the most common fa.ily followed by Combreta.ea. a.d Ma.va.ea.. B. pa.yrifera.Delile Hochst wa. the most a.unda.t while a.a.ia.seya. wa. the lea.t a.unda.t species. Species richness (R = 1.71), evenness (E = 0.69), domina.ce (0.24) indices a.d Simpson’s Index of Diversity (D' = 0.76) suggest a.modera.e diversity, modera.e numbers of individua.s in ea.h species a.d a.modera.e community sta.ility. The resea.ch provides empirica. results on diversity a.d ecologica. importa.ce va.ue of species, signifies the urging need to sa.egua.d threa.ened species a.d to prioritize them for conserva.ion, a. well a. the need to promote ma.a.ement of a.unda.t species to provide multiple forest ecosystem services.

关键词： Tree Species Diversity Dry-La.d Forest Suda.

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Synergistic Intera.tions of Soil a.d Vegeta.ion in a.roforestry Systems in Mitiga.ing Clima.e Cha.ge in Upper Ea.t Region, Gha.a

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a.erica. Journa. of Clima.e Cha.ge 2024年第2期13卷 140-162页

作者： Joshua.a. a.ombire a.dul-Wa.a. M. Imoro Eunice Essel Na.g B. Douti Depa.tment of Environmenta. Science C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences Navrongo Ghana Depa.tment of Forestry a.d Forest Resources Ma.a.ement University for Development Studies Tamale Ghana Depa.tment of Crop Science a.d Biotechnology C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences Navrongo Ghana

Clima.e cha.ge ha. been a.globa. pa.demic with its a.verse impa.ts a.fecting environments a.d livelihoods. This ha. been la.gely a.tributed to a.thropogenic a.tivities which genera.e la.ge a.ounts of Green House Ga.es (GHGs), nota.ly ca.bon dioxide (CO2), metha.e (CH4), a.d nitrous oxide (N2O) a.ong others. In the Upper Ea.t of Gha.a. clima.e cha.ge ma.ifests in erra.ic ra.nfa.ls, drought, high tempera.ures, high wind speeds, high intensity ra.nfa.l, windstorms, flooding, declining vegeta.ion cover, perennia. deva.ta.ing bushfires etc. Pra.tices such a. burning fa.m residues, use of dung a. fuel for cooking, excessive a.plica.ion of nitrogenous fertilizers, a.d deforesta.ion tha. a.e preva.ent in the region exa.erba.e the situa.ion. a.though, efforts ma.e by governmenta. a.d none-governmenta. orga.iza.ions to mitiga.e clima.e cha.ge through a.foresta.ion, a.roforestry a.d promotion of less fuelwood consuming cook stoves, la.d ma.a.ement pra.tices a.ta.onize these efforts a. more CO2 is genera.ed tha. the ca.rying ca.a.ity of vegeta.ion in the region. Resea.ch findings ha.e esta.lished the role of trees a.d soil in ca.bon sequestra.ion in mitiga.ing clima.e. However, there is limited knowledge on how the vegeta.ion a.d soil in a.roforestry interpla. in mitiga.ion clima.e cha.ge. It is a.a.nst this ba.kground tha. this review seeks to investiga.e how vegeta.ion a.d soil in a. a.roforestry intera.t synergistica.ly to sequester ca.bon a.d contribute to mitiga.ing clima.e cha.ge in Upper Ea.t region of Gha.a. In this review, it wa. discovered soil stored more ca.bon tha. vegeta.ion in a. a.roforestry system a.d is much effective in mitiga.ing clima.e cha.ge. It wa. found out tha. in order to ma.e soil a.d vegeta.ion in a. a.roforestry system intera.t synergistica.ly to effectively mitiga.e clima.e cha.ge, Clima.e Sma.t a.riculture pra.tice which integra.es trees, a.d perennia.s crops effectively mitiga.es clima.e. The review concluded tha. tilla.e pra.tices tha. ensure r

关键词： Clima.e Cha.ge Ca.bon Sequestra.ion a.roforestry Photosynthesis Nutrient Mining Synergistic

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Sea.Cucumber Fishery in a.rora. Philippines

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Open Journa. of Ecology 2024年第2期14卷 101-113页

作者： Ma.ia.Cristina.B. Ca.a.a.Michelle a. Resueño Eusebio V. a.ga.a Depa.tment of Forestry a.d Environmenta. Sciences Aurora State College of Technology Baler Aurora Philippines

This study wa. conducted to provide a.prelimina.y a.sessment of the sea.cucumber fishery in a.rora. Philippines. This wa. conducted from Februa.y to June 2013. a.l sea.cucumber ga.herers a.d tra.ers, obta.ned through snowba.l sa.pling, in ea.h identified sea.cucumber fishery a.ea.in six coa.ta. municipa.ities (Ba.er, Dipa.ula., Dina.unga., Ca.igura., Dila.a. a.d Dinga.a.) were interviewed using a.structured interview schedule a.d focused group discussions (FGD). Results revea.ed tha. ga.hering sea.cucumbers were a.complished by ha.dpicking, skin diving or compressor diving. a.tota. of 15 commercia. species were regula.ly ga.hered. Out of this, three species a.e of very high economic va.ue (≥Php 4000/kg) (Holothuria.nobilis, Holothuria.sca.ra. a.d a.tinopyga.leca.ora.. The a.era.e number of kilogra.s ha.vested per hour per trip ra.ges from 0.21 (Holothuria.fuscopuncta.a. to 2.71 (Holothuria.sca.ra., while the a.era.e size of commonly ga.hered sea.cucumber va.ies a.ong species with Holothuria.leca.ora.showed a. a.era.e length (29.26 cm) grea.er tha. recorded 24 cm. Processing ma.nly involves wa.hing, slicing, boiling, drying a.d pa.king. Processed sea.cucumbers or trepa. were sold to middlemen or direct buyers who usua.ly offered higher prices (36.36% up to 69.20%) tha. the former. Problems encountered by sea.cucumber ga.herers a.d tra.ers include a.decline in tota. ca.ch, a.shift in a.ea.of collection from intertida. zones to deeper wa.ers, a. increa.e in the number of hours spent in finding a.d ga.hering sea.cucumbers, the use of compressors in ga.hering, the decline of la.ger species a.d ga.hering of sma.ler sizes in huge a.ount, the a.sence of conserva.ion progra. for sea.cucumber, a.d the lenient implementa.ion of government policies with rega.ds to coa.ta. resources ma.a.ement.

关键词： a.sessment Sea.Cucumber Trepa.g Fishery

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