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Body size structure of Pleistocene mammalian communities: what support is there for the “island rule”?

Integrative Zoology 2009年第4期4卷 341-356页

作者： maria r.palombo Department of Earth Sciences University of Rome“La Sapienza”RomeItaly

Islands are often regarded by scientists as living laboratories of evolution and an optimal context for the study of forces influencing evolution and *** main issues have been attentively scrutinized and debated:the loss of biodiversity and the peculiar changes undergone by island settlers,primarily changes in size of endemic *** time,several hypotheses have been formulated to explain the causal mechanism of body size *** of those islands where mainland taxa migrate more than once provide the most interesting data to answer the question of whether or not trends of insular taxa result from a predictable response to differences in competition and availability of niches between insular and mainland *** contribute to the debate,the body size structure of the Pleistocene mammalian faunas from two Mediterranean islands,Sicily and Crete,were analyzed and compared with the structure of coeval mainland *** results obtained suggest that:(i)size of endemic species does not directly depend on the area of islands;(ii)evolution and size of endemic species seems somewhat affected by the degree of isolation(constraining coloniza-tion from mainland)and physiography(sometimes permitting adaptive radiation);(iii)in unbalanced insular communities,the shift in size of non-carnivorous species largely depends on the nature of competing species;and(iv)body size of carnivorous species mainly depends on the size of the most available ***,it is rational to suppose that the body size of insular mammals mainly results from the peculiar biological dynamics that characterizes unbalanced insular *** interaction,particularly the intraguild competition,is the major driver behind the evolution of insular communities,leading towards an optimization of energy balance through a change in body size of endemic settlers.

关键词： body size islands mammals Mediterranean Pleistocene.Body size structure of Sicilian and Cretan Pleistocene fauna

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Biochronology,paleobiogeography and faunal turnover in western Mediterranean Cenozoic mammals

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Integrative Zoology 2009年第4期4卷 367-386页

作者： maria r.palombo Department of Earth Sciences University of Rome“La Sapienza”RomeItaly

Cenozoic terrestrial mammals from Sardinia contribute substantial information for reconstructing the complex his-tory of the western *** occurrence of endemic perissodactyls in Eocene marine and marsh deposits suggests the existence of ecological or physical barriers between the Corso-Sardinian massif and the Iberian-Occitanic *** the end of the Oligocene,isolation of Sardinia was almost complete,although a migration from Europe occurred at the beginning of the Early Miocene,as indicated by the unbalanced endemic fauna from *** the Late Miocene,the Tusco-Sardinian palaeobioprovince came into existence as an isolated region inhab-ited by the quite diversified,but notably endemic,Oreopithecus *** was definitely isolated from Tuscany by the Messinian,but temporary connections with the European mainland possibly allowed the colonization of forerunners of some Sardinian Pliocene *** the Plio-Pleistocene,Sardinia maintained permanent ***,sea level drop,resulting in a relatively short distance between Sardinia and the European mainland,allowed different migratory *** the Late Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene–Holocene,two main mammalian faunal complexes(FC)can be recognized:the Nesogoral FC(Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene)and the Microtus(Tyrrhenicola)FC(late Early Pleistocene–Early Holocene).At the transition from Nesogoral to Microtus(Tyrrhenicola)FC,approximately 47%of the genera and 76%of the species disappeared,while approximately 58%of the genera and 71%of the species appeared.A noticeable turnover followed the arrival of Neolithic man and his accompanying ***,Praemegaceros was still present at about 7000 years BP,while Microtus(Tyrrhenicola)and Prolagus are respectively recorded in the Bronze and Iron Ages.

关键词： biochronology Cenozoic faunal turnovers mammals Sardinia

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Insular mammalian fauna dynamics and paleogeography:A lesson from the Western Mediterranean islands

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Integrative Zoology 2018年第1期13卷 2-20页

作者： maria rita palombo Department of Earth Science Sapienza University of RomeRomaItaly CNr-IGAG Monterotondo(Roma)Italy

Since the time of Darwin(1859)and Wallace(1869),islands have been regarded by scientists as a prime target for scrutinizing the forces that may influence evolution and diversification and important elements in biogeographic *** research aims to scrutinize whether and to what extent the composition and structure of past mammal insular faunas and their changes through time may provide sound clues for inferring the paleogeographical evolution of a *** a case study,I critically analyzed the dynamics shown by the Plio-Pleistocene mammalian fauna of 3 Western Mediterranean insular districts,the Balearic Islands,Sardinia and Sicily,each characterized by its own peculiar paleobiogeographical evolutionary *** revision of faunas and the critical analysis of the dispersal ability of the ancestors of island settlers have allowed hypothesizing on the time and mode of island *** results obtained confirm that the early isolation of the Balearic Islands from the mainland led to the establishment of an endemic fauna since the pre-Messinian Miocene(?Astaracian European Land Mammal Age,MN7/8),and that Sardinia has definitely been isolated since the Pliocene,although dispersal events led to some faunal turnovers during the *** addition,the results suggest for Sicily a complex,still imperfectly disentangled history of alternate phases of complete separation and sporadic,more or less difficult connections with southern Italy.

关键词： dispersal islands mammal Plio–Pleistocene Western Mediterranean

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The intriguing giant deer from the Bate cave (Crete): could paleohistological evidence question its taxonomy and nomenclature?

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Integrative Zoology 2022年第1期17卷 54-77页

作者： maria rita palombo Marco ZEDDA CNr-IGAG c/o Department of Earth Sciences Sapienza UniversityRomaItaly Department of Veterinary Medicine University of SassariItaly

The research describes for the first time a possible case of pituitary gigantism in fossil mammals,precisely in *** pathology was detected in 2 long bones(tibia and metatarsus)belonging to an individual of an unusual large size found at the Bate cave(rethymnon,Northern Crete).It formed the basis of Candiacervus major,the largest among the endemic deer species recorded in the Pleistocene-Early Holocene of *** and histomorphological examinations highlighted a reduction in cortical bone thickness and the presence of wide lacunae inside of the bone *** pathological conditions suggest a pituitary gigantism diagnosis also supported by some morphological evidence,such as the extremely elongated distal part of the metatarsal diaphysis,the proportionally small proximal epiphysis,and some bone *** diagnosis of a case of pituitary gigantism as presumed responsible for the extraordinary elongation of the tibia and the metatarsal bone is intriguing as they are,respectively,the paratype and the holotype of the *** species represents a case of a deviation from the“island rule”in Pleistocene large *** new evidence recommends a taxonomic and nomenclatural revision of this *** main outcomes of this research are as follows:(i)a case of pituitary gigantism is described for the first time in an extinct mammal;(ii)it is underlined that paleohistology may provide interesting clues for disentangling taxonomic and nomenclatural issues;(iii)one of the very few cases of gigantism in insular mammals is being questioned.

关键词： Candiacervus major Cretan deer island rule paleohistology pituitary gigantism

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Lights and shadows in the evolutionary patterns of insular bovids

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Integrative Zoology 2014年第2期9卷 213-228页

作者： roberto rOZZI maria rita palombo Department of Earth Sciences SapienzaUniversity of RomeRomeItaly Consiglio Nazionale delle ricerche-Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria(DNr-IGAG) RomeItaly

Endemic bovids are intriguing elements of insular *** living species include the Japanese serow(Cap-ricornis crispus)and the Formosan serow(***),the tamaraw from Mindoro,Philippines,(Bubalus min-dorensis)and the anoas(*** and ***),2 species of dwarf buffalos endemic to Sulawesi,*** endemic bovids are only recorded in some Asian,North American and Western Mediterranean *** we present a comprehensive overview of the changes in body size and evolutionary patterns ex-hibited by both extant and extinct insular *** appraisal indicates that each insular representative of Bo-vidae shows its own peculiar evolutionary model,albeit some parallel trends exist(*** in body size,allometric changes in limb bones,alteration of the life history traits).Some changes in morphology(*** simplification of horn cores,the increase in hypsodonty,the acquisition of a‘low-gear’locomotion),for in-stance,appear as common,albeit not general,patterns triggered by a combination of selective *** size patterns support the‘generality of the island rule’and suggest that biotic interaction had/have a major role in in-fluencing body size evolution in these species,although in different ways on different *** things consid-ered,available evidence suggest that a major role in the evolution of insular bovids is played by the structure of the insular community,the nature of available niches and by the dynamics of ecological interactions.

关键词： evolutionary island shadow

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Paleontology and evolution-part I

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Integrative Zoology 2014年第2期9卷 107-110页

作者： maria rita palombo Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Sapienza Universitàdi roma rome Italy

Evolution is one of the central unifying concepts of natural history and modern *** it is well documented by many lines of evidence from a number of scientific disciplines(***,molecular biolo-gy,comparative anatomy,biogeography),its major sup-port indeed comes from the fossil record,where the his-tory of life can be seen unravelling through geological deep *** have modified their characteris-tics over time,and new taxa have incessantly *** mechanisms and causal factors have been shap-ing this multifaceted evolutionary history?

关键词： anatomy evolution record

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Do methods for predicting paleohabitats apply for mountain and insular fossil bovids?

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Integrative Zoology 2013年第3期8卷 244-259页

作者： roberto rOZZI maria rita palombo Department of Earth Sciences SapienzaDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of Rome Consiglio Nazionale delle ricerche–Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria(CNr-IGAG) RomeItaly

A variety of methods have been developed to use bovid postcranial elements in the functional morphology approach to paleohabitat *** study represents a first attempt at testing morphometric methods based on astragalus and phalanges on extant mountain-dwelling bovids and insular fossil bovids from Sardinia assigned to the so-called‘Nesogoral group’,already regarded as close to the Caprini *** intended to answer the questions whether a classic four-habitats model could be successfully applied to extant mountain-dwelling bovids,and whether results obtained could support the hypothesis of a radiative evolution for the Sardinian *** obtained,on the one hand,highlighted some inadequacies of the method if not applied to African bovids;on the other hand,they stressed the difficulties of discriminating habitat preferences of Sardinian taxa only based on biometry of astragalus and ***,statistical habitat predictions suggest the contemporaneous presence in Sardinia of bovids having about the same size,but inhabiting different environments,giving support to the hypothesis that Sardinian representatives of the genus Nesogoral originated from a still unknown ancestor by an adaptive radiation evolutionary process.

关键词： Bovidae ecological morphology paleoecology Pleistocene Sardinia

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Paleontology and evolution-part II

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Integrative Zoology 2014年第4期9卷 379-382页

作者： maria rita palombo Department of Earth Sciences Sapienza University of rome rome Italy

Explaining the history of life through geological deep time is undoubtedly a fascinating and challenging task that intrigued scientists even before the inception of Darwin’s *** fossil record,bearing witness to the changing of life and the continuous origination of new organisms in the course of time,on one hand represents the primary evidence for evolution,and on the other provides hints for deciphering dynamic processes and factors shaping the long,multifaceted evolutionary history of the *** at the past,therefore,is of crucial importance in the never-ending cognitive process of deciphering the way we came to be here.

关键词： doubt plain Biosphere

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Complementary roles of glial cells in generating region-specific neuroinflammatory responses and phagocytosis in Parkinson’s disease

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Neural regeneration research 2025年第10期20卷 2917-2918页

作者： Leyre Ayerra maria S.Aymerich Universidad de Navarra Facultad de CienciasDepartamento de Bioquímica y GenéticaPamplonaSpain CIMA-Universidad de Navarra PamplonaSpain IdiSNA Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de NavarraPamplonaSpain

Neuroinflammation is associated with Parkinson’s disease:reactive gliosis and neuroinflammation are hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease(PD),a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic *** has long been considered a mere consequence of neuronal loss,but whether it promotes PD or is a key player in disease progression remains to be *** leukocyte antigen.

关键词： inflammation leukocyte generating

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Calcium-sensitive protein MLC1 as a possible modulator of the astrocyte functional state

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Neural regeneration research 2025年第7期20卷 2008-2010页

作者： Elena Ambrosini Angela Lanciotti maria Stefania Brignone Department of Neuroscience Istituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly

Astrocytes,the main population of glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS),exert essential tasks for the control of brain tissue homeostasis,supporting neuron and other glial cell activity from the developmental stage to adult *** maintain the optimal functionality of the brain,astroglial cells are particularly committed to reacting to every change in tissue homeostatic conditions,from mild modifications of the physiological environment,a process called astrocyte activation,to the more severe alterations occurring in pathological situations causing astrocyte reactivity or reactive astrogliosis(Escartin et al.,2021).During these reactive states,astrocytes mount an active,progressive response encompassing morphological,molecular,and interactional remodeling,leading to the acquisition of new functions and the loss of others,whose intensity,duration,and reversibility are dependent on the nature of the stimulus and regulated in a context-specific manner.

关键词： alterations modulator maintain

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