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Urban heat mitigation by green and blue infrastructure:Drivers,effectiveness,and future needs

The Innovation 2024年第2期5卷 145-166页

作者： Prashant Kumar Sisay E.Debele Soheila Khalili Christos H.Halios Jeetendra Sahani Nasrin Aghamohammadi maria de fatima Andrade maria Athanassiadou Kamaldeep Bhui Nerea Calvillo Shi-Jie Cao frederic Coulon Jill L.Edmondson David fletcher Edmilson Dias de freitas Hai Guo matthew C.Hort madhusudan Katti Thomas rodding Kjeldsen Steffen Lehmann Giuliano maselli Locosselli Shelagh K.malham Lidia morawska rajan Parajuli Christopher D.f.rogers runming Yao fang Wang Jannis Wenk Laurence Jones Global Centre for Clean Air research(GCArE) School of SustainabilityCivil and Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildford GU27XHUK Institute for Sustainability University of SurreyGuildford GU27XHSurreyUK School of Built Environment University of ReadingWhiteknightsReading RG66BUUK School Design and the Built Environment Curtin University Sustainability Policy InstituteKent StBentley 6102Western Australia Harry Butler Institute Murdoch UniversityMurdoch 6150Western Australia Atmospheric Sciences Department Institute of AstronomyGeophysics and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of Sao PauloSao Paulo 05508-090Brazil met Office FitzRoy RoadExeter EX13PBUK Department of Psychiatry and Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences Wadham CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK Centre for Interdisciplinary methodologies University of WarwickWarwickUK School of Architecture Southeast University2 SipailouNanjing 210096China Cranfield University School of WaterEnvironment and EnergyCranfield MK430ALUK Plants PhotosynthesisSoil ClusterSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffield S102TNUK UK Centre for Ecology&Hydrology Environment Centre WalesDeiniol RoadBangor LL572UWUK Air Quality Studies Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina Department of forestry and Environmental resources Faculty Excellence Program for Leadership in Public ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityChancellorRaleighNC 27695USA Departments of Architecture&Civil Engineering and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BathBath BA27AYUK School of Architecture University of NevadaLas VegasNV 89154USA Department of Tropical Ecosystems functioning Center of Nuclear Energy in AgricultureUniversity of São PauloPiracicaba 13416-000Sao PauloBrazil School of Ocean Sciences Bangor UniversityMenai BridgeAnglesey LL595 ABUK International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health Science and Engine

The combination of urbanization and global warming leads to urban overheating and compounds the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events due to climate ***,the risk of urban overheating can be mitigated by urban green-blue-grey infrastructure(GBGI),such as parks,wetlands,and engineered greening,which have the potential to effectively reduce summer air *** many reviews,the evidence bases on quantified GBGI cooling benefits remains partial and the practical recommendations for implementation are *** systematic literature review synthesizes the evidence base for heat mitigation and related co-benefits,identifies knowledge gaps,and proposes recommendations for their implementation to maximize their *** screening 27,486 papers,202 were reviewed,based on 51 GBGI types categorized under 10 main *** GBGI(green walls,parks,street trees)have been well researched for their urban cooling ***,several other GBGI have received negligible(zoological garden,golf course,estuary)or minimal(private garden,allotment)*** most efficient air cooling was observed in botanical gardens(5.0±3.5℃),wetlands(4.9±3.2℃),green walls(4.1±4.2℃),street trees(3.8±3.1℃),and vegetated balconies(3.8±2.7℃).Under changing climate conditions(2070–2100)with consideration of rCP8.5,there is a shift in climate subtypes,either within the same climate zone(e.g.,Dfa to Dfb and Cfb to Cfa)or across other climate zones(e.g.,Dfb[continental warm-summer humid]to BSk[dry,cold semi-arid]and Cwa[temperate]to Am[tropical]).These shifts may result in lower efficiency for the current GBGI in the *** the importance of multiple services,it is crucial to balance their functionality,cooling performance,and other related co-benefits when planning for the future *** global GBGI heat mitigation inventory can assist policymakers and urban planners in prioritizing effective interventions to reduce the risk of urban overheating,fi

关键词： estuary walls extreme

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metabolic disease and the liver: A review

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World Journal of Hepatology 2024年第1期16卷 33-40页

作者： márcia Vargas Sheila de Castro Cardoso Toniasso Patricia G riedel Camila Pereira Baldin francielle Lopes dos reis robson martins Pereira maria Carlota Borba Brum Dvora Joveleviths mario reis Alvares-da-Silva Program of Graduate Science in Gastroenterology and Hepatology Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre 90040-060Rio Grande do SulBrazil School of medicine Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre 90040-060Brazil Program of Graduate Science in Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinicas Hospital of Porto AlegrePorto Alegre 90410000Brazil medicine faculty federal University of rio Grande do Sul Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre 90040-060Brazil Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinicas Hospital of Porto AlegrePorto Alegre 90035007Brazil

metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(mASLD)is the most common liver disease worldwide,with an estimated prevalence of 31%in Latin *** presence of metabolic comorbidities coexisting with liver disease varies substantially among *** is acknowledged that obesity is boosting the type 2 diabetes mellitus“epidemic,”and both conditions are significant contributors to the increasing number of patients with *** steatohepatitis represents a condition of chronic liver inflammation and is considered the most severe form of *** diagnosis is based on the presence of steatosis,noninvasive scores and altered liver *** scores of liver fibrosis,such as serum biomarkers,which should be used in primary care to rule out advanced fibrosis,are simple,inexpensive,and widely ***,guidelines from international hepatology societies recommend using noninvasive strategies to simplify case finding and management of high-risk patients with mASLD in clinical ***,there is no definite pharmacological treatment for the *** public health policies to treat patients with risk factors for mASLD prevention is essential.

关键词： Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Primary care metabolic risk Liver metabolism

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The Use of Secondary Grape Biomass in Beef Cattle Nutrition on Carcass Characteristics, Quality and Shelf Life of meat

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food and Nutrition Sciences 2024年第6期15卷 447-469页

作者： Vitor L. molosse Guilherme L. Deolindo rafael V. P. Lago Bruna Klein Claiton A. Zotti marcelo Vedovato marcylene V. da Silveira Priscila m. Copetti maria r. C. Schetinger Juscivete f. favero Eliana L. fiorentin Aleksandro S. da Silva Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC) Chapec Brazil Department of Animal Science UDESC Chapec Brazil Department of Animal Science Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina Xanxere Brazil Dean Lee research and Extension Center Louisiana State University Alexandria LA USA Department of Biochemistry Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Brazil Department of medicina Veterinria UNOCHAPEC Chapec Brasil

We determined whether the inclusion of 100 g/kg dry matter of grape pomace silage (GPS) and grape pomace bran (GPB) as substitutes for other traditional fiber sources in the diet of steers (Charolais x Nellore) would improve carcass characteristics, meat quality and composition, and shelf life. Twenty-four animals (248 ± 19.32 kg of initial body weight) were fed a high concentrate diet for 121 days. Carcass characteristics were measured, and the longissimus dorsi muscle was analyzed for fatty acid (fA) profile and composition. The meat was sliced and stored in air-permeable packages for 10 days. On each sampling day (d 1, 3, 7, and 10), oxidative stability, bacterial load, lipid and protein oxidation, and staining were analyzed. The experimental diets influenced the pH of cold carcasses only. The GPS group had a higher pH than the control. The GPS and GPB groups showed improved oxidant status (i.e., lower lipid peroxidation and concentrations of reactive oxygen species were in the meat of both groups than in control). On the first day of storage, the antioxidant enzyme glutathione S-transferase activity was more significant in the meat of the GPS and GPB groups than in the control. The bacterial loads in the meat were attenuated by GPS inclusion;there were lower total coliform counts and a trend toward lower counts for enterobacteria in the control group. The diets altered the fA profile of the meat;i.e., the GPB diet allowed for a more significant amount of the n-6 omegas in the meat, while the GPS diet showed a tendency for a more significant amount of n-6 and 9 omegas. Both diets (GPS and GPB) increased the amounts of long-chain fAs. The GPS diet decreased saturated fA levels. We conclude that the dietary treatments GPS and GPB are a promising alternative to maintain meat quality standards throughout in real-world retail conditions. These treatments gave rise to an improvement in the nutritional value of the meat due to the more significant amounts of fAs that im

关键词： Animal Nutrition Antioxidant Biomass Grape meat Quality microbiology residue

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Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor in Glioblastoma multiforme:a systematic review going beyond pathologic implications

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Oncology research 2024年第8期32卷 1239-1256页

作者： DImITrA P.VAGELI PANAGIOTIS G.DOUKAS KErASIA GOUPOU ANTONIOS D.BENOS KYrIAKI ASTArA KONSTANTINA ZACHArOULI SOTIrIS SOTIrIOU maria IOANNOU Department of Surgery Yale UniversityNew HavenCT 06510USA Department of Pathology Faculty of MedicineSchool of Health SciencesUniversity of ThessalyLarissa41500Greece Department of medicine Rutgers/Saint Peter’s University HospitalNew BrunswickNJ 08901USA Department of Neurology Army Share Fund Hospital(NIMTS)Athens11521Greece Laboratory of Embryology Faculty of MedicineSchool of Health SciencesUniversity of ThessalyLarissa41500Greece

Glioblastoma multiforme(GBm)is an aggressive primary brain tumor characterized by extensive heterogeneity and vascular *** conditions in the tissue microenvironment are considered a pivotal player leading tumor ***,hypoxia is known to activate inducible factors,such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha(HIf-1α),which in turn can stimulate tumor neo-angiogenesis through activation of various downward mediators,such as the vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGf).Here,we aimed to explore the role of HIf-1α/VEGf immunophenotypes alone and in combination with other prognostic markers or clinical and image analysis data,as potential biomarkers of GBm prognosis and treatment *** performed a systematic review(medline/Embase,and Pubmed database search was completed by 16th of April 2024 by two independent teams;PrISmA 2020).We evaluated methods of immunoassays,cell viability,or animal or patient survival methods of the retrieved studies to assess unbiased *** used inclusion criteria,such as the evaluation of GBm prognosis based on HIf-1α/VEGf expression,other biomarkers or clinical and imaging manifestations in GBm related to HIf-1α/VEGf expression,application of immunoassays for protein expression,and evaluation of the effectiveness of GBm therapeutic strategies based on HIf-1α/VEGf *** used exclusion criteria,such as data not reporting both HIf-1αand VEGf or *** included 50 studies investigating in total 1319 GBm human specimens,18 different cell lines or GBm-derived stem cells,and 6 different animal models,to identify the association of HIf-1α/VEGf immunophenotypes,and with other prognostic factors,clinical and macroscopic data in GBm prognosis and therapeutic *** found that increased HIf-1α/VEGf expression in GBm correlates with oncogenic factors,such as mir-210-3p,Oct4,AKT,COX-2,PDGf-C,PLDO3,m2 polarization,or ALK,leading to unfavorable *** HIf-1α/VEGf expression correlates with f

关键词： Glioblastoma multiforme(GBm) Astrocytoma Grade III Astrocytoma Grade IV Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha(HIf-1α) Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGf)

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Adsorption of yttrium(Y^(3+)) and concentration of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum using chitin and chitin aerogel

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Journal of rare Earths 2024年第4期42卷 775-782页

作者： Glaydson S.dos reis Diana Pinto Sabrina f.Lütke Eder C.Lima Luis f.O.Silva Irineu A.S.De Brum Guilherme L.Dotto Department of forest Biomaterials and Technology Biomass Technology Centre Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaE13Swedn Universidad De La Costa Calle 58#55-66080002BarranquillaAtlanticoColombia research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering(ENGEPAC) Federal University of Santa MariaAv.Roraima100079705900Santa MariaRSBrazil Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul90040060Porto AlegreBrazil

Chitin powder and chitin-aerogel were prepared from shrimp wastes and used to uptake Y^(3+)from aqueous solutions and concentrate this rare earth element from phosphogypsum(PG).Chitin aerogel displays a specific surface area of 945 m^(2)/g,while chitin powder is 3.6 m^(2)/g,which largely influences its adsorption *** the adsorption in synthetic solutions,the effect of pH on Y^(3+)removal is strong for chitin powder *** contrast,no big pH influence was detected for chitin *** interactions and chelation can highlight the proposed mechanism of Y^(3+)on chitin adsorbents for the powder and ***,in addition to these interactions,pore filling/pore diffusion is the main mechanism of Y^(3+)removal in the chitin *** aerogel is efficient in concentrating 8 times the Y^(3+)from PG,a very complex *** complex chitin aerogel-Y^(3+)can be a secondary source of rare earth elements for other applications.

关键词： rare earths Sustainable material Chitin powder Chitin porous aerogel Yttrium adsorption and recovery

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Exome sequencing identifies a likely causative variant in 53%of families with ciliopathy-related features on renal ultrasound after excluding NPHP1 deletions

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Genes & Diseases 2024年第5期11卷 40-43页

作者： Konstantin Deutsch Verena Klambt Thomas m.Kitzler Tilman Jobst-Schwan ronen Schneider florian Buerger Steve Seltzsam Sherif El Desoky Jameela A.Kari farkhanda Hafeez maria Szczepanska Loai A.Eid Hazem S.Awad muna Al-Saffar Neveen A.Soliman Velibor Tasic Camille Nicolas-frank Kirollos Yousef Luca m.Schierbaum Sophia Schneider Abdul Halawi Izzeldin Elmubarak Katharina Lemberg Shirlee Shril Shrikant m.mane Nancy rodig friedhelm Hildebrandt Division of Nephrology Department of PediatricsBoston Children’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02215USA Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Nephrology and Metabolic DiseasesCharite Universitatsmedizin BerlinBerlin 13353Germany Berlin Institute of Health at Charitee Universitatsmedizin Berlin BIH Biomedical Innovation AcademyBIH Charite Clinician Scientist ProgramBerlin 10178Germany Department of Nephrology and Hypertension FriedrichAlexander-Universitat Erlangen-NurnbergErlangen 91054Germany Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine King Abdulaziz UniversityPediatric Nephrology Center of ExcellenceKing Abdulaziz University HospitalJeddah 21589Saudi Arabia Department of Pediatric Nephrology The Children’s Hospital and Institute of Child HealthLahore 54000Pakistan Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medical Sciences in ZabrzeMedical University of Silesia in KatowiceKatowice 40-752Poland Dubai Hospital and Al-Jalila Children’s Specialty Hospital Kidney Center of ExcellenceDubai 4545United Arab Emirates Department of Genetics and Genomics UAE UniversityAbu Dhabi 15551United Arab Emirates Department of Pediatrics Division of Genetics and GenomicsBoston Children’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02215USA Department of Pediatrics Center of Pediatric Nephrology and TransplantationKasr Al Ainy School of MedicineCairo UniversityCairo 11562Egypt Egypt Center for research and regenerative medicine(ECrrm) Cairo 11511Egypt medical faculty Skopje University Children’s HospitalSkopje 1000North Macedonia Department of Genetics Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT 06520USA

Nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies(NPHP-rC)represent one of the most common causes of chronic kidney disease in the first three decades of life and are characterized by a broad genetic and clinical heterogeneity.1 To date,more than 90 genes have been identified that cause autosomalrecessive NPHP-rC if mutated,accounting for up to 60%of cases.1 Among these,homozygous deletions of NPHP1 are the most common *** genes localize to primary cilia,basal bodies,or the centrosome and lead to a primary ciliary disruption if mutated,thereby causing a broad phenotypical spectrum.1 Patients that suffer from NPHP-rC can either have an isolated renal phenotype,such as polyuria,polydipsia,decreased urinary concentration ability,and secondary enuresis due to loss of tubular function,or present with extrarenal symptoms including retinal degeneration,cerebellar vermis hypoplasia,or hepatic *** are often diagnosed in early adolescence,reaching end-stage renal disease before 25 years of age,but early onset and rapidly progressive forms of NPHP-rC also exist.1 renal ultrasound indicates kidneys of normal or reduced renal length with increased echogenicity and corticomedullary cysts.

关键词： degeneration urinary likely

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melanocortin 3,5 receptors immunohistochemical expression in colonic mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease patients:A matter of disease activity?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2024年第9期30卷 1132-1142页

作者： Antonietta Gerarda Gravina Iacopo Panarese maria Consiglia Trotta michele D'Amico raffaele Pellegrino franca ferraraccio marilena Galdiero roberto Alfano Paolo Grieco Alessandro federico Hepatogastroenterology Division Department of Precision MedicineUniversity of Campania Luigi VanvitelliNaples 80138Italy Pathology Division Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Campania Luigi VanvitelliNaples 80138Italy Department of Experimental medicine Division of PharmacologyUniversity of Campania Luigi VanvitelliNaples 80138Italy Department of Advanced medical and Surgical Sciences(DAmSS) University of Campania Luigi VanvitelliNaples 80138Italy Department of Pharmacy University of Naples Federico IINaples 80131Italy

BACKGrOUND melanocortin 3 and 5 receptors(i.e.,mC3r and mC5r)belong to the melanocortin ***,data regarding their role in inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)are currently *** This study aims to ascertain their expression profiles in the colonic mucosa of Crohn’s disease(CD)and ulcerative colitis(UC),aligning them with IBD disease endoscopic and histologic *** Colonic mucosal biopsies from CD/UC patients were sampled,and immunohisto-chemical analyses were conducted to evaluate the expression of mC3r and *** sampling was performed on both traits with endoscopic scores(mayo endoscopic score and CD endoscopic index of severity)consistent with inflamed mucosa and not consistent with disease activity(i.e.,normal appearing mucosa).rESULTS In both CD and UC inflamed mucosa,mC3r(CD:+7.7 fold vs normal mucosa,Pfold vs normal mucosa,PmC5r(CD:+5.5 fold vs normal mucosa,Pfold vs normal mucosa,Pre significantly more expressed compared to normal *** mC3r and mC5r are expressed in the colon of IBD ***,expression may differ according to disease endoscopic activity,with a higher degree of expression in the traits affected by disease activity in both CD and UC,suggesting a potential use of these receptors in IBD pharmacology.

关键词： melanocortin 3 receptor melanocortin 5 receptor Ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease Inflammatory bowel disease

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Unveiling hidden outcomes in malignant gastric outlet obstruction research–insights from a"Pancreas 2000"review

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2024年第8期16卷 451-461页

作者： filipe Vilas-Boas Giacomo Emanuele maria rizzo Charles De Ponthaud Stuart robinson Sebastien Gaujoux Gabriele Capurso Giuseppe Vanella Bahadır Bozkırlı Department of Gastroenterology São João University HospitalPorto 4200Portugal Endoscopy Service Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic ServicesScientific Institute for ResearchHospitalization and Healthcare-The Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Highly Specialized TherapiesPalermo 90127SiciliaItaly Department of Digestive Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Liver TransplantationAP-HP Pitié-SalpêtriereSorbonne UniversitéParis 75013Île-de-FranceFrance Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant SurgeryFreeman HospitalNewcastle NE77DNNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom Division of Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy and Endosonography Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research CenterIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteVita-Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilano 20132Italy Department of General Surgery HPB-UnitAcıbadem Maslak HospitalIstanbul 34398Türkiye

malignant gastric outlet obstruction(mGOO)is a major condition affecting patients with periampullary tumors,including pancreatic *** current treatment options include surgical gastroenterostomy,endoscopic stenting and more recently EUS-guided *** studies comparing the outcomes of the three procedures focus on technical success,clinical success and ***“occult”outcomes relevant to the patient’s viewpoints and perspective may ultimately impact on cancer-related and overall survival,such as body mass composition,nutritional biomarkers,chemotherapy tolerance and patient-reported quality of *** aim of this review is to provide an overview of potential key outcomes that should be explored in future comparative research around mGOO treatment options.

关键词： malignant gastric outlet obstruction Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy Patient-reported outcomes Body composition Nutrition Quality of life

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Utilizing auxin dwarf genes to optimize seed yield and lodging resistance in rapeseed

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The Crop Journal 2024年第4期12卷 1208-1221页

作者： Hongxiang Lou Yan Peng Chunyun Wang Zongkai Wang Bowen Zhao Ali mahmoud El-Badri maria Batool Bo Wang Jing Wang Zhenghua Xu Jie Zhao Jie Kuai Guangsheng Zhou mOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and farming System in the middle reaches of the Yangtze river Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070HubeiChina National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070HubeiChina field Crops research Institute Agricultural Research CenterGiza 12619Giza GovernorateEgypt

Direct-seeding rapeseed production at high plant density raises the risk of *** investigated the use of dwarf genes to improve rapeseed plant architecture to balance yield and *** genotypes with different plant architectures(dwarf sca^(HS5),semi-dwarf+/sca^(HS5),and tall ^(HS5))were evaluated under varying nitrogen rates(N1,N2,and N3:120,240,and 360 kg N ha^(-1))and plant densities(D1,D2,and D3:15,45,and 75 plants m^(-2))from 2019 to *** results showed that increasing N rate positively influenced yield while decreasing lodging resistance in all *** plant density(D2-D3)enhanced lodging resistance and yield in sca^(HS5) and+/sca^(HS5),but reduced yield in ^(HS5).Compared to the two parents,+/sca^(HS5) exhibited moderate expressions of IAA3,GH3.15,and SAUr30 in stems under N2D3,resulting in reduced plant height and increased ***,+/sca^(HS5) had a thicker silique layer than ^(HS5) by 14.7%,and it had a significant correlation between branch height/angle and *** N rate led to increased lignin and pectin contents,while cellulose content *** plant density resulted in greater stem cellulose content and CSLA3/7 expression in sca^(HS5) and+/sca^(HS5),but decreased in ^(HS5).Compared to ^(HS5),+/sca^(HS5) exhibited higher expressions of ArAD1 and GAUT4,along with a 51.1%increase in pectin content,leading to improved lodging resistance under ***,+/sca^(HS5) showed a 46.4%higher yield and 38.9%lodging resistance than ^(HS5) under N2D3,while sca^(HS5) demonstrated strong lodging resistance but lower yield ***,this study underscores the potential of utilizing auxin dwarf genes to optimize the trade-off between yield and lodging resistance in rapeseed and the possibility of maximizing yield potential by optimizing the plant architecture of+/sca^(HS5) through nitrogen reduction and dense planting.

关键词： rapeseed Plant density Nitrogen Lodging Auxin

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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in the neuromuscular junction during developmental axonal competition and synapse elimination

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Neural regeneration research 2025年第2期20卷 394-401页

作者： Josep Tomàs Víctor Cilleros-mañé Laia Just-Borràs marta Balanyà-Segura Aleksandra Polishchuk Laura Nadal marta Tomàs Carolina Silvera-Simón manel m.Santafé maria A.Lanuza Unitat d’Histologia i Neurobiologia(UHNeurob) Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la SalutUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliReusSpain

During the development of the nervous system,there is an overproduction of neurons and *** competition between neighboring nerve endings and synapses performing different activity levels leads to their elimination or *** have extensively studied the involvement of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-Tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor neurotrophic retrograde pathway,at the neuromuscular junction,in the axonal development and synapse elimination process versus the synapse *** purpose of this review is to describe the neurotrophic influence on developmental synapse elimination,in relation to other molecular pathways that we and others have found to regulate this *** particular,we summarize our published results based on transmitter release analysis and axonal counts to show the different involvement of the presynaptic acetylcholine muscarinic autoreceptors,coupled to downstream serine-threonine protein kinases A and C(PKA and PKC)and voltage-gated calcium channels,at different nerve endings in developmental *** dynamic changes that occur simultaneously in several nerve terminals and synapses converge across a postsynaptic site,influence each other,and require careful studies to individualize the mechanisms of specific *** describe an activity-dependent balance(related to the extent of transmitter release)between the presynaptic muscarinic subtypes and the neurotrophin-mediated TrkB/p75NTr pathways that can influence the timing and fate of the competitive interactions between the different axon *** downstream displacement of the PKA/PKC activity ratio to lower values,both in competing nerve terminals and at postsynaptic sites,plays a relevant role in controlling the elimination of supernumerary ***,calcium entry through L-and P/Q-subtypes of voltage-gated calcium channels(both channels are present,together with the N-type channel in developing nerve terminals)contributes to red

关键词： acetylcholine release adenosine receptors axonal competition brain-derived neurotrophic factor calcium channels motor end-plate muscarinic acetylcholine receptors postnatal synapse elimination serine kinases tropomyosin-related kinase receptorB

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