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全球海洋通量联合研究(JGOFS)实施十年后海洋生物地球化学的全新观点

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AMBIO－人类环境杂志 2001年第B5期30卷 4-28页

作者： MichaelJ.R.Fasham BeatrizM.Balio margaretc.bowles 许天虎伦敦皇家学会会员和南安普敦海洋学中心乔治.狄肯分部生物模拟小组

关键词： JGOFS 全球海洋通量联合研究海洋生物海洋监测地球化学

Sex determination in mammalian germ cells

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2015年第3期17卷 427-432页

作者： Cassy M Spiller Josephine bowles Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queens/and Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia

Germ cells are the precursors of the sperm and oocytes and hence are critical for survival of the species. In mammals, they are specified during fetal life, migrate to the developing gonads and then undergo a critical period during which they are instructed, by the soma, to adopt the appropriate sexual fate. In a fetal ovary, germ cells enter meiosis and commit to oogenesis, whereas in a fetal testis, they avoid entry into meiosis and instead undergo mitotic arrest and mature toward spermatogenesis. Here, we discuss what we know so far about the regulation of sex-specific differentiation of germ cells, considering extrinsic molecular cues produced by somatic cells, as well as critical intrinsic changes within the germ cells. This review focuses almost exclusively on our understanding of these events in the mouse model.

关键词： germ cells meiosis oocytes sex determination processes spermatozoa

Male sex determination： insights into molecular mechanisms

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2012年第1期14卷 164-171,180页

作者： Kathryn McClelland Josephine bowles Peter Koopman Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia

Disorders of sex development often arise from anomalies in the molecular or cellular networks that guide the differentiation of the embryonic gonad into either a testis or an ovary, two functionally distinct organs. The activation of the Y-linked gene Sry （sex- determining region Y） and its downstream target Sox9 （Sry box-containing gene 9） triggers testis differentiation by stimulating the differentiation of Sertoli cells, which then direct testis morphogenesis. Once engaged, a genetic pathway promotes the testis development while actively suppressing genes involved in ovarian development. This review focuses on the events of testis determination and the struggle to maintain male fate in the face of antagonistic pressure from the underlying female programme.

关键词： gonadal knockout mice sex determination sex-determining region Y protein sex disorders sex reversal sexual development testis

The consequences of genomic architecture on ecological speciation in postglacial fishes

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Current Zoology 2013年第1期59卷 53-71页

作者： Sean M. ROGERS Jonathan A. MEE Ella bowles Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada

The quest for the origin of species has entered the genomics era. Despite decades of evidence confirming the role of the environment in ecological speciation, an understanding of the genomics of ecological speciation is still in its infancy. In this review, we explore the role of genomic architecture in ecological speciation in postglacial fishes. Growing evidence for the num- ber, location, effect size, and interactions among the genes underlying population persistence, adaptive trait divergence, and re- productive isolation in these fishes reinforces the importance of considering genomic architecture in studies of ecological speci- ation. Additionally, these populations likely adapt to new freshwater environments by selection on standing genetic variation, as de novo mutations are unlikely under such recent divergence times. We hypothesize that modular genomic architectures in post- glacial fish taxa may be associated with the probability of population persistence. Empirical studies have confirmed the genic na- ture of ecological speciation, implicating surprisingly extensive linkage disequilibrium across the genome. An understanding of these genomic mosaics and how they contribute to reproductive barriers remains unclear, but migration rates and the strength of selection at these loci is predicted to influence the likelihood of population divergence. Altogether, understanding the role of ge- nomic architecture is an important component of speciation research and postglacial fishes continue to provide excellent organ- isms to test these questions, both from the perspective of variation in architectures among taxa, and with respect to the distinct environments they have colonized. However, more empirical tests of ecological speciation predictions are needed [Current Zoo- logy 59 （1）： 53-71, 2013].

关键词： Adaptation Ecological speciation Genomic architecture Modularity Postglacial fishes QTL

Dickens and the stenographic mind

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Dickens and the stenographic mind

Genetic basis for body size variation between an anadromous and two derived lacustrine populations of threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus in southwest Alaska

作者： Hugo bowles.

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Current Zoology 2016年第1期62卷 71-78页

作者： Ella bowles Rebecca A. JOHNSTON Stevi L. VANDERZWAN Sean M. ROGERS Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary 2500 University Dr. N.W. Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4Canada

Body size is a highly variable trait among geographically separated populations. Size-assortative reproductive isolation has been linked to recent adaptive radiations of threespine stickleback （Gasterosteus aculeatus） into freshwater, but the genetic basis of the commonly found size differ- ence between anadromous and derived lacustrine sticklebacks has not been tested. We studied the genetic basis of size differences between recently diverging stickleback lineages in southwest Alaska using a common environment experiment. We crossed stickleback within one anadromous （Naknek River） and one lake （Pringle Lake） population and between the anadromous and two lake populations （Pringle and JoJo Lakes）, and raised them in a salinity of 4-6 ppt. The F1 anadromous and freshwater forms differed significantly in size, whereas hybrids were intermediate or exhibited dominance toward the anadromous form. Additionally, the size of freshwater Fls differed from their wild counterparts, with within-population Fls from Pringle Lake growing larger than their wild counterparts, while there was no size difference between lab-raised and wild anadromous fish. Sexual dimorphism was always present in anadromous fish, but not in freshwater, and not always in the hybrid crosses. These results, along with parallel changes among anadromous and fresh- water forms in other regions, suggest that this heritable trait is both plastic and may be under di- vergent and/or sexual selection.

关键词： adaptation body size common garden genetic basis threespine stickleback.

Delayed diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency following post-hepatectomy liver failure: A case report

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第11期22卷 3289-3295页

作者： Benjamin Norton Jemimah Denson Christopher Briggs Matthew bowles David Stell Somaiah Aroori Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry Tamar Science Park Department of Histopathology Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust Peninsula HPB Unit Derriford Hospital

Post-hepatectomy liver failure(PHLF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality following major liver resection. The development of PHLF is dependent on the volume of the remaining liver tissue and hepatocyte function. Without effective pre-operative assessment, patients with undiagnosed liver disease could be at increased risk of PHLF. We report a case of a 60-year-old male patient with PHLF secondary to undiagnosed alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency(AATD) following major liver resection. He initially presented with acute large bowel obstruction secondary to a colorectal adenocarcinoma, which had metastasized to the liver. There was no significant past medical history apart from mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. After colonic surgery and liver directed neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, he underwent a laparoscopic partially extended right hepatectomy and radio-frequency ablation. Post-operatively he developed PHLF. The cause of PHLF remained unknown, prompting reanalysis of the histology, which showed evidence of AATD. He subsequently developed progressive liver dysfunction, portal hypertension, and eventually an extensive parastomal bleed, which led to his death; this was ultimately due to a combination of AATD and chemotherapy. This case highlights that formal testing for AATD in all patients with a known history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heavy smoking, or strong family history could help prevent the development of PHLF in patients undergoing major liver resection.

关键词： Post-hepatectomy liver failure Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency Hepatectomy Functional liver remnant Liver resection

A PRELIMINARY REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SICHUAN-TIBET BOUNDARY

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地质学报 1934年 131-153+155-163页

作者： GORDON T. bowles University of Pennsylvania

INTRODUCTION During the year 1930-31, while holding a schularship from the Harvard-Yenching Institute, I received permission from the Institute to engage in ethnological and anthropological research on behalf of the U... 详细信息

关键词： A PRELIMINARY REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SINO-TIBETAN BORDER OF SZECHWAN

高级汉语学习者语块识解研究——来自有声思维法的启示

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世界汉语教学 2020年第3期34卷 416-432页

作者：郑航张妍 Melissa bowles 中山大学中文系(珠海) 北京语言大学汉语国际教育研究院美国伊利诺伊香槟分校西葡语系

本文通过静默条件和有声思维条件下两个词语判断任务,分别考察高级汉语二语学习者对熟语(大吃一惊)和匹配非熟语语块(大吃一顿)的识别与理解。研究结果显示,母语者对语块的识别与理解程度基本一致,而二语学习者对语块的理解程度则远低... 详细信息

本文通过静默条件和有声思维条件下两个词语判断任务,分别考察高级汉语二语学习者对熟语(大吃一惊)和匹配非熟语语块(大吃一顿)的识别与理解。研究结果显示,母语者对语块的识别与理解程度基本一致,而二语学习者对语块的理解程度则远低于对语块的识别程度;母语者对熟语和非熟语语块的识解同等熟练,而二语者对熟语的识解水平显著低于对非熟语的识解水平。有声思维报告还呈现了学习者在语块理解中的五类规律性错误。研究表明,结合有声思维法的混合型实验不仅能够测量学习者的语块习得程度,而且能够揭示语块习得问题及其背后的原因,为教学实践提供更直观的参考,是汉语二语习得研究的另一种研究范式。

关键词：二语习得语块识解词语判断有声思维法