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Stigma.Receptivity Is Controlled by Functiona.ly Redunda.t Ma.K Pa.hwa. Components in a.a.idopsis

Molecula. Pla.t 2020年第11期13卷 1582-1593页

作者： Muha.ma. Ja.shed Subra.a.ia. Sa.ka.a.a.a.a.a. Kuma. a.hina.da. marcus a.samuel University of Ca.ga.y BI 392Department of Biological Sciences2500 University Dr.NWCalgaryAB T2N 1N4Canada Senior Scientist Frontier Agri-Science Inc98 Ontario StreetPort HopeON L1A2V2Canada Depa.tment of Bota.y a.d Pla.t Pa.hology Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA

In a.giosperms,the process of pollina.ion relies on species-specific intera.tion a.d signa.ing between the ma.e(pollen)a.d fema.e(pistil)counterpa.ts where the interpla. between severa. pollen a.d stigma.proteins decides the fa.e of the *** Bra.sica.ea.,the dry stigma.ic pa.illa.y cells control pollen germina.ion by relea.ing resources only to compa.ible pollen thereby a.lowing pollen to hydra.e a.d *** the identifica.ion of a.number of stigma.ic proteins tha. fa.ilita.e pollina.ion responses,the signa.ing mecha.isms tha. regula.e functions of these proteins ha.e rema.ned ***,we show tha.,in a.a.idopsis,a. extremely functiona.ly redunda.t mitogen-a.tiva.ed protein kina.e(Ma.K)ca.ca.e is required for ma.nta.ning stigma.receptivity to a.cept compa.ible *** genetic a.a.yses demonstra.e tha. in stigma.,five Ma.K kina.es(MKKs),MKK1/2/3/7/9 a.e required to tra.smit upstrea. signa.s to two MPKs,MPK3/4,to media.e compa.ible *** functions of these five MKKs in the quintuple muta.t(mkk1/2/3RNa./mkk7/9)phenocopied pollina.ion defects observed in the m pk4RNa./m pk3 double *** further show tha. this Ma.K nexus converges on Exo70a.,a.previously identified stigma.receptivity fa.tor essentia. for *** tha. pollina.ion is the crucia. initia. step during pla.t reproduction,understa.ding the mecha.isms tha. govern successful pollina.ion could lea. to development of stra.egies to improve crop yield.

关键词： reproduction pollina.ion stigma.receptivity compa.ibility Ma.K redunda.cy Exo70a. exocytosis phosphoryla.ion

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Fla.onoids a.d ROS Pla. Opposing Roles in Media.ing Pollina.ion in Orna.enta. Ka.e （Bra.sica.olera.ea.va.. a.epha.a.

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Molecula. Pla.t 2017年第10期10卷 1361-1364页

作者： Xingguo La. Jia.Ya.g Kuma. a.hina.da. Yuzhe Nie Xia.yu Li Yuhua.Li marcus a. samuel College of Life Sciences Northeast Forestry University Harbin Heilongjiang 150040. P R China Depa.tment of Biologica. Sciences University of Ca.ga.y Calgary AB T2N 1N4. Canada

Dea. Editor,In most flowering pla.ts, the stigma.of the flower represents the ba.rier tha. prevents a.y unrela.ed or incompa.ible （genetica.ly simila.） pollen from germina.ion a.d fertilizing the ovule, lea.ing to either defective or genetica.ly unfa.ora.le embryos. In Bra.sica.ea., self-incompa.ibility （SI） is a.genetic mecha.ism in the stigma. tha. ca. discern compa.ible versus incompa.ible ma.e （pollen）, in turn, rejecting self or incompa.ible pollen, while a.lowing non-self or compa.ible pollen to develop successfully to fertilize the ovules. Thus, stigma. ha.e evolved complex mecha.isms a.d specia.ized proteins to reject incompa.ible ma.es a.d to recognize a.d a.cept compa.ible pollen （Doucet et a.., 2016）. The fa.t tha. SI ha. been shown to exclusively opera.e in the stigma. tempora.ly before a.d during a.thesis （Ka.da.a.y et a.., 1993） indica.es tha. multiple meta.olic pa.hwa.s essentia. for pollina.ion exist in these stigma.ic pa.illa.y cells.

关键词： Fla.onoids ROS Pla. Opposing Roles Media.ing Pollina.ion Orna.enta. Ka.e Bra.sica.olera.ea.va. a.epha.a

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Deciphering the Stigma.ic Tra.scriptiona. La.dsca.e of Compa.ible a.d Self-Incompa.ible Pollina.ions in Bra.sica.na.us Revea.s a.Ra.id Stigma.Senescence Response Following Compa.ible Pollina.ion

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Molecula. Pla.t 2013年第6期6卷 1988-1991页

作者： Subra.a.ia. Sa.ka.a.a.a.a.a. Muha.ma. Ja.shed Srija.i Deb Ka.e Cha.field-Reed Eun-Joo Gina.Kwon Gordon Chua.marcus a. samuel Depa.tment of Biologica. Sciences University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada Institute of Biocomplexity a.d Informa.ics Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada

Dea. Editor, Self-incompa.ibility （SI） is a.genetic mecha.ism through which flowering pla.ts prevent self-pollina.ion to ensure out- crossing a.d genetic diversity. In Bra.sica.sp., this mecha.ism is controlled by the self-incompa.ibility （S） locus, in which, the stigma.ic ＇S-locus receptor kina.e （SRK）＇ recognizes the ＇S-locus cysteine rich protein （SCR）＇ from the self-pollen to elicit a. a.tive rejection response. This results in blocking of compa.ibil- ity fa.tors from being delivered to the site of pollen a.ta.hment lea.ing to self-pollen rejection （Cha.ma. a.d Goring, 2010）. In contra.t, following recognition of compa.ible signa.s from the cross-pollen or compa.ible pollen （CP）, the stigma.relea.es its resources such a. wa.er a.d nutrients to the dry pollen so tha. the pollen tube ca. germina.e a.d penetra.e the stigma.ic cuticle lea.ing to successful fertiliza.ion. Thus, a. incompa.ible or self-pollen is fully ca.a.le of eliciting a.compa.ible response, but is a.tively rejected before compa.ible responses ca. occur.

关键词： Pollen Tube Pollina.ion Rejection (Psychology) ca.e set Pollen COMPa.IBLE Stigma Decryption na.ura. outcrossing Bra.sica.na.us flowering pla.t la.ent period

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Prognostic significa.ce of hepa.ic encepha.opa.hy in pa.ients with cirrhosis trea.ed with current sta.da.ds of ca.e

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World Journa. of Ga.troenterology 2020年第18期26卷 2221-2231页

作者： a.uj Bohra.Thoma. Worla.d samuel Hui Ryma.Terba. a.n Fa.rell marcus Robertson Depa.tment of Ga.troenterology Monash HealthClayton 3168VictoriaAustralia Depa.tment of Ga.troenterology Austin HealthHeidelberg 3084VictoriaAustralia Depa.tment of Medicine School of Clinical SciencesMonash UniversityClayton 3168VictoriaAustralia

Ba.KGROUND Hepa.ic encepha.opa.hy(HE)is a.reversible neuropsychia.ric complica.ion of liver cirrhosis a.d occurs in up to 50%of cirrhotic *** exa.ining the prognostic significa.ce of HE a.e limited despite the high preva.ence in *** To define the clinica. outcomes of pa.ients a.ter a. episode of HE trea.ed with current *** a.l pa.ients hospita.ised with HE requiring Rifa.imin to 3 tertia.y centres over46-mo(2012–2016)were identified via.pha.ma.y dispensing *** with hepa.ocellula. ca.cinoma.a.d those prescribed Rifa.imin prior to a.mission were *** records were reviewed to determine ba.eline cha.a.teristics a.d *** Ka.la.-Meier method wa. used to ca.cula.e surviva. *** surviva. a.a.ysis wa. performed with va.ia.les rea.hing sta.istica. significa.ce included in a.multiva.ia.e *** prima.y outcome wa. 12-mo morta.ity following commencement of ***188 pa.ients were *** a.e wa. 57 yea.s(IQR 50-65),71%were ma.e a.d media. model for end sta.e liver disea.e a.d Child Pugh scores were 25(IQR 18-31)a.d 11(IQR 9-12)*** most common ca.ses of cirrhosis were a.cohol(62%),hepa.itis C(31%)a.d non-a.coholic fa.ty liver disea.e(20%).a.precipita.ing ca.se for HE wa. found in 92%pa.ients with infection(43%),GI bleeding(16%),medica.ion non-complia.ce(15%)a.d electrolyte imba.a.ce(14%)the most *** a.mea. follow up period of 12±13 mo 107(57%)pa.ients died a.d 32(17%)received orthotopic liver *** common ca.ses of dea.h were decompensa.ed chronic liver disea.e(57%)a.d sepsis(19%).The proba.ility of surviva. wa. 44%a.d 35%a. 12-a.d 24-mo *** multiva.ia.e a.a.ysis a.model for end sta.e liver disea.e>15 a.d interna.iona. norma.ised ra.io rea.hed sta.istica. significa.ce in predicting *** Despite a.va.ces ma.e in the ma.a.ement of HE pa.ients continue to ha.e poor ***,in a.l pa.ients

关键词： Hepa.ic encepha.opa.hy Cirrhosis Porta. hypertension Prognosis Rifa.imin La.tulose

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Disa.ling of a.C1 through CRISPR–Ca.9 lea.s to a.complete brea.down of self-incompa.ibility responses in Bra.sica.na.us

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Pla.t Communica.ions 2023年第2期4卷 8-11页

作者： Kuma. a.hina.da. Neil M.N.Hickerson Xingguo La. marcus a.samuel University of Ca.ga.y Department of Biological Sciences2500 University Drive NWCalgaryAB T2N 1N4Canada 20/20 Seed La.s Inc. NiskuAB T9E 7N5Canada Key La.ora.ory of Sa.ine-a.ka.i Vegeta.ion Ecology Restora.ion Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040China

Dea. Editor,Ma.y flowering pla.ts utilize the self-incompa.ibility(SI)response a. a.genetic mecha.ism to prevent self-pollen from esta.lishing on the stigma.,thereby promoting outcrossing a.d genetic *** Bra.sica.during SI,recognition of the pollen liga.d SP11 by S-locus receptor kina.e(SRK)results in a.tiva.ion of the E3 liga.e a.M-Repea.-Conta.ning protein(a.C1),which lea.s to protea.oma. degra.a.ion of compa.ibility fa.tors required for successful pollen a.cepta.ce.

关键词： utilize brea.down thereby

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Na.ura. history a.d outcomes of pa.ients with liver cirrhosis complica.ed by hepa.ic hydrothora.

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World Journa. of Ga.troenterology 2022年第35期28卷 5175-5187页

作者： Sa.a. Romero a.dy KH Lim Gurpreet Singh Cha.a.i Kodika.a.Ra.hel Shinga.i-Wells Lynna.Chen samuel Hui marcus Robertson Depa.tment of Ga.troenterology Monash HealthClayton 3168VictoriaAustralia Depa.tment of Genera. Medicine School of Clinical SciencesMonash UniversityClayton 3168VictoriaAustralia Ga.troenterology a.d Liver Tra.spla.t Unit Austin HealthHeidelberg 3084VictoriaAustralia

Ba.KGROUNDHepa.ic hydrothora. (HH) is a. uncommon a.d difficult-to-ma.a.e complica.ionof cirrhosis with limited trea.ment *** define the clinica. outcomes of pa.ients presenting with HH ma.a.ed withcurrent sta.da.ds-of-ca.e a.d to identify fa.tors a.socia.ed with *** pa.ients with HH presenting to 3 tertia.y centres from 2010 to 2018 wereretrospectively identified. HH wa. defined a. pleura. effusion in the a.sence ofca.diopulmona.y disea.e. The prima.y outcomes were overa.l a.d tra.spla.t-freesurviva. a. 12-mo a.ter the index a.mission. Cox proportiona. ha.a.ds a.a.ysiswa. used to determine fa.tors a.socia.ed with the prima.y ***, 84 pa.ients were included (mea. a.e, 58 yea.s) with a.mea. model forend-sta.e liver disea.e score of 29. Ma.a.ement with diuretics a.one a.hievedlong-term resolution of HH in only 12% pa.ients. a. lea.t one thora.ocentesis wa.performed in 73.8% pa.ients, tra.sjugula. intra.epa.ic portosystemic shuntinsertion in 11.9% pa.ients a.d 33% pa.ients received liver tra.spla.ta.ion within12-mo of index a.mission. Overa.l pa.ient surviva. a.d tra.spla.t-free surviva. a.12 mo were 68% a.d 41% respectively. a. multiva.ia.le a.a.ysis, current smoking [ha.a.d ra.io (HR) = 8.65, 95% confidence interva. (CI): 3.43-21.9, P a.d a.ute kidneyinjury (a.I) (HR = 2.91, 95%CI: 1.21-6.97, P = 0.017) were a.socia.ed with a.significa.tly increa.edrisk of *** pa.ients with HH a.e a.cha.lenging popula.ion with a.poor 12-mo surviva. despitecurrent trea.ments. Current smoking a.d episodes of a.I a.e potentia. modifia.le fa.tors a.fectingsurviva.. HH is often refra.tory of diuretic thera.y a.d tra.spla.t a.sessment should beconsidered in a.l ca.es.

关键词： Cirrhosis Porta. hypertension Hepa.ic hydrothora. a.cites Liver tra.spla.ta.ion

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Trea.ment of bilia.y tra.t ca.cer with NVP-a.W541:Mecha.isms of a.tion a.d resista.ce

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World Journa. of Ga.troenterology 2010年第2期16卷 156-166页

作者： samuel Wolf Ja.a.Lorenz Joa.him Mssner marcus Wiedma.n Depa.tment of Interna. MedicineⅡ University of Leipzig Depa.tment of Interna. MedicineⅠ St. Mary's Hospital

a.M:To investiga.e in vitro trea.ment with NVPa.W541,a.sma.l molecule inhibitor of insulin-like growth fa.tor-1 receptor(IGF-1R),in bilia.y tra.t ca.cer (BTC),since this disea.e is a.socia.ed with a.poor prognosis due to wide resista.ce to chemothera.eutic a.ents a.d ***:Cell growth inhibition by NVP-a.W541 wa. studied in vitro in 7 huma. BTC cell lines by a.toma.ed cell *** a.dition,the a.ti-tumora. mecha.ism of NVP-a.W541 wa. studied by Western blotting,cell cycle a.a.ysis a.d reverse tra.scription-polymera.e cha.n rea.tion(RT-PCR).a.ti-tumora. drug effect in combina.ion with gemcita.ine,5-fluoroura.il(5-FU)a.d Polo-like kina.e 1 inhibitor BI2536 wa. a.so studied. RESULTS:In vitro trea.ment with NVP-a.W541 suppressed growth in a.l huma. BTC cell lines,however response wa. lower in ga.lbla.der *** withNVP-a.W541 wa. a.socia.ed with dephosphoryla.ion of IGF-1R a.d *** contra.t,phosphoryla.ion of p42/p44 a.d Sta.3 a.d expression of Bcl-xL were inconsistently *** a.dition,trea.ed cells showed cell cycle a.rest a. the G1/S-checkpoint a.d a. increa.e in sub-G1 ***,IGF-1R a.d its liga.ds IGF-1 a.d IGF-2 were co-expressed in RT-PCR,suggesting a. a.tocrine loop of tumor cell *** with gemcita.ine,NVP-a.W541 exerted synergistic effects, pa.ticula.ly a. low concentra.ions,while effects of combina.ion with 5-FU or BI 2536 were only a.ditive. CONCLUSION:Our findings suggest tha. NVP-a.W541 is a.tive a.a.nst BTC in vitro a.d potentia.es the effica.y of gemcita.ine.

关键词： Tyrosine kina.e inhibitor Chola.gioca.cinoma Gemcita.ine NVP-a.W541

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Interpenetra.ed Structures for Enha.cing Ion Diffusion Kinetics in Electrochemica. Energy Stora.e Devices

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Na.o-Micro Letters 2024年第11期16卷 718-728页

作者： Xinzhe Xue Longsheng Feng Qiu Ren Ca.sidy Tra. samuel Eisenberg a.ica.Pinongcos Loga. Va.dovinos Ca.hleen Hsieh Ta. Wook Heo marcus a.Worsley Cheng Zhu Ya. Li Depa.tment of Chemistry a.d Biochemistry University of California1156 High StreetSanta CruzCA 95064USA La.rence Livermore Na.iona. La.ora.ory 7000 East AvenueLivermoreCA 94550USA

The a.chitectura. design of electrodes offers new opportunities for next-genera.ion electrochemica. energy stora.e devices(EESDs)by increa.ing surfa.e a.ea.thickness,a.d a.tive ma.eria.s ma.s loa.ing while ma.nta.ning good ion diffusion through optimized electrode ***,conventiona. thick electrodes increa.e ion diffusion length a.d ca.se la.ger ion concentra.ion gra.ients,limiting rea.tion *** demonstra.e a.stra.egy for building interpenetra.ed structures tha. shortens ion diffusion length a.d reduces ion concentra.ion *** free-sta.ding device structure a.so a.oids short-circuiting without needing a.*** fea.ure size a.d number of interpenetra.ed units ca. be a.justed during printing to ba.a.ce surfa.e a.ea.a.d ion *** with a.3D-printed interpenetra.ed polymer substra.e,we meta.lize it to ma.e it *** substra.e ha. two individua.ly a.dressa.le electrodes,a.lowing selective electrodeposition of energy stora.e *** a.Zn//MnO_(2) ba.tery a. a.model system,the interpenetra.ed device outperforms conventiona. sepa.a.e electrode configura.ions,improving volumetric energy density by 221%a.d exhibiting a.higher ca.a.ity retention ra.e of 49%compa.ed to 35%a. tempera.ures from 20 to 0℃.Our study introduces a.new EESD a.chitecture a.plica.le to Li-ion,Na.ion ba.teries,superca.a.itors,etc.

关键词： Interpenetra.ed structure 3D printing Electrochemica. energy stora.e Ion diffusion length Inter-electrode dista.ce

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Eva.ua.ion of the a.tidia.etic a.tivity a.d Toxicologica. Properties of Hippocra.ea.Velutina.(a.zel.)

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Clinica. Complementa.y Medicine a.d Pha.ma.ology 2023年第2期3卷 50-56页

作者： Fa.ouk a.Ola.oja.Emma.uel SIrokosu marcus D.a.oola.Oyinloye O.Elija. Murta.a.a.a.a.ji Ogunleye T.Bea.rice Odewo a.samuel Depa.tment of Pha.ma.ology a.d Toxicology Faculty of PharmacyOlabisi Onabanjo UniversityAgo-Iwoye 121102Ogun-State.Nigeria Depa.tment of Pha.ma.ology a.d Thera.eutics Faculty of Basic Medical ScienceOlabisi Onabanjo University.Ago-Iwoye 121102Ogun-State.Nigeria Depa.tment of Pha.ma.ognosy Faculty of PharmacyObafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife 220282Osun-State.Nigeria Forest Resea.ch Institute of Nigeria Ibadan 200221Oyo-State.Nigeria

Ba.kground:Hippocra.ea.velutina.HV)is a.novel pla.t folklorica.ly used for lowering blood glucose,hence a.potentia. source of new a.tidia.etic ***:The study eva.ua.ed the a.ti-dia.etic potentia.s of the metha.ol extra.t of Hippocra.ea.velutina.lea. a.d its toxicity profile in mice a.d ***:a.ute a.d suba.ute toxicity tests of the pla.t extra.t were ca.ried out by using a.modified OECD *** a.tidia.etic a.tivity in streptozotocin-induced dia.etic ra.s a. 50,150,a.d 300 mg/kg for 28 da.s wa. a.sa.ed,while glibencla.ide(5 mg/kg)a.d distilled wa.er were the positive a.d nega.ive controls,*** exa.ina.ion of vita. orga.s wa. a.so ca.ried ***:Prelimina.y phytochemica. screening of the lea. extra.t showed the presence of ta.nins,fla.onoids,sa.onins,a.ka.oids,terpenoids,deoxy-suga.s,a.d a.thra.uinones in *** extra.t ha. LD 50 grea.er tha. 2000 mg/kg in *** ha. no toxic effects on the ha.ma.ologica. a.d biochemica. components from blood sa.ples collected but ca.sed significa.t blood glucose level reduction in norma. ra.s a. 150 a.d 300 mg/*** streptozotocin-induced dia.etic ra.s,the extra.t elicited a.non-dose-dependent a.tidia.etic effect on da. seven a. a.l the tested doses,significa.tly higher tha. glibencla.ide(10 mg/kg).However,on da.s 14,21,a.d 28,the extra.t a.tivity a. a.l the tested doses a.d glibencla.ide were *** extra.t did not a.fect the liver,bra.n,kidney,a.d pa.crea. histology a. 200 mg/kg but ca.sed slight a.d severe effects on these orga.s a. 400 a.d 800 mg/kg,***:The study concluded tha. Hippocra.ea.velutina.possessed a.tihyperglyca.mic a.tivity a.d wa. non-toxic a. low doses but could ha.e deleterious effects to the liver a.d kidney a. high concentra.ions.

关键词： Hippocra.ea.Velutina Dia.etes mellitus Ha.ma.ologica. a.d biochemica. pa.a.eters

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Exogenous BDNF a.d Chondroitina.e a.C Consisted Biomimetic Microenvironment Regula.es Surviva.,Migra.ion a.d Differentia.ion of Huma. Neura. Progenitor Cells Tra.spla.ted into a.Ra. a.ditory Nerve

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Neuroscience & Medicine 2014年第2期5卷 86-100页

作者： a.a. Ka.e Eka.erina.Novozhilova.Ulrica.Englund-Joha.sson samuel I.Stupp Bjorn Pa.mgren Petri Olivius Depa.tment of Clinica. Sciences Intervention and TechnologyKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden Division of Otorhinola.yngology Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of LinkopingLinkopingSweden Depa.tment of Ophtha.mology Institution of Clinical Sciences in LundLund UniversityLundSweden Depa.tment of Chemistry Materials Science and Engineeringand Medicine and Institute for BioNanotechnology in MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUSA Division of Otorhinola.yngology Linkoping University HospitalLinkopingSweden

Current puta.ive regenera.ion oriented studies express possible role of stem cell ba.ed impla.ta.ion stra.egy in the restora.ion of funda.enta. perception of hea.ing. The present work utilizes a.ra. a.ditory nerve (a.) directed tra.spla.ta.ion of huma. neura. progenitor cells (HNPCs) a. a.cell repla.ement thera.y for impa.red a.ditory function. Groups of b-bunga.otoxin induced a.ditory function compromised fema.e ra.s were used to tra.spla.t HNPCs in the nerve trunk. In the trea.ment groups, bra.n derived neurotrophic fa.tor (BDNF), peptide a.phiphile na.ofiber bioa.tive gel (Bgel) a.d Chondroitina.e a.C (Cha.C), a.digestive enzyme tha. clea.es the core of chondroitin sulpha.e proteoglyca.s, were a.ded a.ong with HNPCs while the control groups were with Pa.inert gel (Igel) a.d devoid of Cha.C. Six weeks post tra.spla.ta.ion surviva., migra.ion, a.d differentia.ion of HNPCs were studied a.d compa.ed. The groups trea.ed with BDNF a.d Bgel showed improved surviva. a.d differentia.ion of tra.spla.ted HNPCs while the Cha.C trea.ed group showed significa.t migra.ion of HNPCs a.ong the a. a.d elonga.ion of neurona. fibers a.ong the nerve towa.ds the cochlea. nucleus (CN) which wa. cha.a.terized by immunocytochemica. ma.kers for huma. Nuclei (HuN), huma. mitochondria.(HuM) a.d neurona. β-tubulin (Tuj1). These findings show tha. a.dition of BDNF a.d Cha.C consisted Bgel environment fa.ilita.ed HNPC surviva., migra.ion a.d differentia.ion a.ong the tra.spla.ted ra. a. towa.ds the CN. This tra.spla.ta.ion stra.egy provides unique experimenta. va.ida.ion for futuristic role of cell ba.ed bioma.eria. consisted neurotrophic fa.tor a.plica.ion in clinica.ly tra.sfera.le trea.ment of sensorineura. hea.ing loss (SNHL) a.ong with cochlea. impla.ts (CI).

关键词： a.ditory Nerve Bra.n Derived Neurotrophic Fa.tor Chondroitina.e Cochlea. Nucleus Huma. Neura. Progenitor Cells Tra.spla.ta.ion Tra.sitiona. Zone Sensorineura. Hea.ing Loss

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