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Anti-tumor necrosis factor α therapy associates to type 17 helper T lymphocytes immunological shift and significant microbial changes in dextran sodium sulphate colitis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2019年第12期25卷 1465-1477页

作者： Valentina Petito Cristina Graziani Loris R Lopetuso marco fossati Alessandra Battaglia Vincenzo Arena Domenico Scannone Gianluca Quaranta Andrea Quagliariello Federica Del Chierico Lorenza Putignani Luca Masucci Maurizio Sanguinetti Alessandro Sgambato Antonio Gasbarrini Franco Scaldaferri Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia Area di Gastroenterologia e Oncologia Medica Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS Dipartimento delle Scienze della Salute della Donna e del Bambino Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS Istituto di Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore U.O.S.A. Gineco-Patologia e Patologia Mammaria Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS Istituto di Anatomia Patologica Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Dipartimento di Anatomia Patologica e Istologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS Dipartimento di Microbiologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS Istituto di Microbiologia Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Unità di Microbioma Umano Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS Unità di Parassitologia Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS Istituto di Patologia Generale Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore

BACKGROUND Anti-tumor necrosis factor α(TNFα) represents the best therapeutic option to induce mucosal healing and clinical remission in patients with moderate-severe ulcerative colitis. On the other side gut microbiota plays a crucial role in pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis but few information exists on how microbiota changes following anti-TNFα therapy and on microbiota role in mucosal healing.AIM To elucidate whether gut microbiota and immune system changes appear following anti TNFα therapy during dextran sulfate sodium(DSS) colitis.METHODS Eighty C57 BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: "No DSS", "No DSS + antiTNFα", "DSS" and "DSS + anti-TNFα". "DSS" and "DSS + anti-TNFα" were treated for 5 d with 3% DSS. At day 3, mice whithin "No DSS+anti-TNFα" and"DSS+anti-TNFα" group received 5 mg/kg of an anti-TNFα agent. Forty mice were sacrificed at day 5, forty at day 12, after one week of recovery post DSS. The severity of colitis was assessed by a clinical score(Disease Activity Index), colon length and histology. Bacteria such as Bacteroides, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae and Fecalibacterium prausnitzii(F. prausnitzii) were evaluated by quantitative PCR.Type 1 helper T lymphocytes(Th1), type 17 helper T lymphocytes(Th17) and CD4+ regulatory T lymphocytes(Treg) distributions in the mesenteric lymph node(MLN) were studied by flow cytometry.RESULTS Bacteria associated with a healthy state(i.e., such as Bacteroides, Clostridiaceae and F. prausnitzii) decreased during colitis and increased in course of anti-TNFαtreatment. Conversely, microorganisms belonging to Enterococcaceae genera,which are linked to inflammatory processes, showed an opposite trend.Furthermore, in colitic mice treated with anti-TNFα microbial changes were associated with an initial increase(day 5 of the colitis) in Treg cells and a consequent decrease(day 12 post DSS) in Th1 and Th17 frequency cells. Healthy mice treated with anti-TNFα showed the same histological, microbial and immune features of untreated colitic mice. "No DSS + anti-TNF

关键词： Gut microbiota Dextran sodium sulphate colitis Immune system T cells Mesenchymal lymphnode Tumor necrosis factor α

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Atmospheric Emission Sources in the Po-Basin from the LIFE-IP PREPAIR Project

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Open Journal of Air Pollution 2022年第3期11卷 70-83页

作者： Alessandro Marongiu Elisabetta Angelino marco Moretti Giulia Malvestiti Giuseppe fossati Environmental Protection Agency of Lombardia Region Air Quality Modeling and Inventory Unit Monitoring Sector ARPA Milano Italy

This paper presents the focus on emission estimates in the Italian Regions of the Po-basin obtained by the development of a common air pollutant emission dataset on the Po-basin and Slovenia foreseen in the project LIFE PREPAIR (https://www.***.eu/). The objective is to update emission inventories developed by the environmental protection agencies and regions of Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, Veneto, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Valle d’Aosta, the province of Bolzano (participating as stakeholder) and the province of Trento. A data flux is defined considering the activities on emission estimates by the different administrations according to the current Italian legislation. This activity has allowed the completion of two different datasets on the area for 2013 and 2017. The estimates of primary emissions of the main atmospheric pollutants have a high spatial resolution defined at the municipal level. The non-industrial combustion of biomass in small domestic appliances is the main source of primary PM10 in the Po-basin. NOx primary emissions are determined for quite of a half by road transport. Manure management and fertilization in the agriculture sector are the sources of NH3. The ensemble of the collected data shows a very good comparability even if all local compilers perform independently the estimates, thanks to a good alignment in using reference methodologies and to projects of common methodological development, as reported by the INEMAR project (https://www.***.eu/). The estimates of PM10, NOx and NH3 are comparable with data reported by the European Environment Agency EEA for the European Member States EU-28 (until 1 February 2020) and for Italy, reported under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution and European Union National Emission Ceiling Directive.

关键词： Atmospheric Emissions Po Valley Emission Inventories

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