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青年视觉 2024年第2期 48-57页

作者：刘晓茁 Daisy王诗杨 marco pittarello(图) 不详

在阳光很好的某一天,一位胶片摄影师带着模特来到了一个美丽的地方,打开镜头盖、调整相机参数、按下快门——在这一瞬间,光子以每秒三十万公里的速度闯进了胶片相机,像子弹一样击打在底片中的卤化银分子上。见光的卤化银分解成黑色的银... 详细信息

在阳光很好的某一天,一位胶片摄影师带着模特来到了一个美丽的地方,打开镜头盖、调整相机参数、按下快门——在这一瞬间,光子以每秒三十万公里的速度闯进了胶片相机,像子弹一样击打在底片中的卤化银分子上。见光的卤化银分解成黑色的银,记录下光线的信息。胶片上留下了肉眼尚不可见的画面。然后,摄影师走进暗房,经过显影、停显、定影、水洗、晾干、放大……漫长的时间过后,我们看见了按下快门的那一刻,世界的真实样貌。

关键词：胶片相机镜头盖卤化银相机参数定影快门视觉艺术暗房

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Grazing Management Plans improve pasture selection by cattle and forage quality in sub-alpine and alpine grasslands

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Journal of Mountain Science 2019年第9期16卷 2126-2135页

作者： marco pittarello Massimiliano PROBO Elisa PEROTTI Michele LONATI Giampiero LOMBARDI Simone RAVETTO ENRI Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences University of Torino Grugliasco Italy Agroscope Grazing Systems 1260 Nyon 1 Switzerland

Over the last decades, the reduction of manpower for herd management has led to an increase of continuous grazing systems(CGS) in the Italian Alps, which allow cattle to roam freely. Under CGS, due to high selectivity, livestock exploit grasslands unevenly, over-and under-using specific areas at the same time with negative effects on their conservation. To counteract these effects, a specific policy and management tool(i.e. Grazing Management Plan) has been implemented by Piedmont Region since 2010. The Grazing Management Plans are based on the implementation of rotational grazing systems(RGS), with animal stocking rate adjusted to balance it with grassland carrying capacity. A case study was conducted on alpine summer pastures to test the 5-year effects produced by the implementation of a Grazing Management Plan in grasslands formerly managed under several years of CGS on 1) the selection for different vegetation communities by cattle, 2) the abundance of oligo-, meso-, and eutrophic plant species(defined according to Landolt N indicator value), and 3) forage yield, quality, and palatability. A total of 193 vegetation surveys were carried out in 2011 and repeated in 2016. Cows were tracked yearly with Global Positioning System collars to assess their grazing selectivity, and forage Pastoral Value(PV) was computed to evaluate forage yield, quality, and palatability. Five years after RGS implementation, cow selectivity significantly decreased and the preference for the different vegetation communities was more balanced than under CGS. The abundance of meso-and eutrophic species increased, whereas oligotrophic ones decreased. Moreover, the abundance of moderately to highly palatable plant species increased, whereas non-palatable plant species decreased, with a consequent significant enhancement of the PV. Our findings indicate that the implementation of Grazing Management Plans can be considered a sustainable and effective management tool for improving pasture selecti

关键词： Mountain GPS tracking Agricultural policies Livestock Pastoral Value Vegetation community

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Congruent responses of vascular plant and ant communities to pastoral land-use abandonment in mountain areas throughout different biogeographic regions

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Ecological Processes 2022年第1期11卷 469-482页

作者： Marcello Verdinelli marco pittarello Maria Carmela Caria Giovanna Piga Pier Paolo Roggero Gian marco Marrosu Stefano Arrizza Maria Leonarda Fadda Giampiero Lombardi Michele Lonati Ginevra Nota Maria Sitzia Simonetta Bagella Institute of BioEconomy(CNR IBE) National Research Council of Italy07100 SassariItaly Department of Agricultural Forestand Food Science(DIS-AFA)University of TorinoTorinoItaly Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Sassari07100 SassariItaly Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Sassari07100 SassariItaly Desertification Research Center University of Sassari07100 SassariItaly AGRIS Sardegna Loc.Bonassai07100 SassariItaly

Background:There is a long-term trend towards the abandonment of agro-pastoral activities in the mountain areas of Europe:the following encroachment process of semi-natural grasslands by shrubs is one of the main severe threats to the conservation of biodiversity in mountain *** better understand the impact of land abandonment,we analysed the reliability of plant functional groups,ant traits,and ant functional groups as indicators of land use *** carried out the research in Italy at four sites along a latitudinal/altitudinal gradient in three biogeo-graphic regions(Mediterranean,Continental,Alpine).We identified three stages of a chronosequence at each site as representative of the plant succession in response to pastoral land-use ***:As expected,both the plant and ant assemblages considerably differed across sites at the species level and,within each site,among the three *** trend was found also using ant traits,functional groups of ants,and plant functional *** and plant communities were related in terms of composition and *** ants and ants with collective foraging strategy were associated with annual legumes and grasses(Therophytes);ants with a strictly individual foraging strategy with *** traits and plant functional groups indicated significant differences among the three stages of the ***,ant functional groups could not discriminate between the stages represented by secondary grasslands currently grazed and shrub-encroached grasslands ***:Despite some limitations of ant functional groups in explaining the succession stages of land abandonment,our results suggest that ants are a good surrogate taxon and might be used as bioindicators of land-use changes and ecosystem ***,our findings indicate that the functional group approach should be applied to other European ***,reducing the taxonomic complexity could cont

关键词： Biodiversity conservation Bioindicators Cross-taxon congruence Functional groups Land abandonment Monitoring Mountain pastures

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