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The olfactory system of Pieris brassicae caterpllars:from receptors to glomeruli

Insect Science 2024年第2期31卷 469-488页

作者： Qi Wang Hans M.Smid marcel dicke Alexander Haverkamp Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University and ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands

Tolfactory system of adult lepidopterans is among the best described neuronal circuits.However,comparatively little is known about the organization of the olfactory system in the larval stage of these insects.Here,we explore the expression of olfactory receptors and the organization of olfactory sensory neurons in caterpillars of Pieris brassicae,a significant pest species in Europe and a well-studied species for its chemical ecology.To describe the larval olfactory system in this species,we first analyzed the head transcriptome of third-instar larvae(L3)and identified 16 odorant receptors(ORs)including the OR coreceptor(Orco),13 ionotropic receptors(IRs),and 8 gustatory receptors(GRs).We then quantified the expression of these 16 ORs in different life stages,using qPCR,and found that the majority of ORs had significantly higher expression in the L4 stage than in the L3 and L5 stages,indicating that the larval olfactory system is not static throughout caterpillar development.Using an Orco-specific antibody,we identified all olfactory receptor neurons(ORNs)expressing the Orco protein in L3,L4,and L5 caterpillars and found a total of 34 Orco-positive ORNs,distributed among three sensilla on the antenna.The number of Orco-positive ORNs did not differ among the three larval instars.Finally,we used retrograde axon tracing of the antennal nerve and identified a mean of 15 glomeruli in the larval antennal center(LAC),suggesting that the caterpillar olfactory system follows a similar design as the adult olfactory system,although with a lower numerical redundancy.Taken together,our results provide a detailed analysis of the larval olfactory neurons in P brassicae,highlighting both the differences as well as the commonalities with the adult olfactory system.These findings contribute to a better understanding of the development of the olfactory system in insects and its life-stage-specific adaptations.

关键词： glomeruli larvae Lepidoptera odorant receptor olfactory receptor neurons sensilla

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Jasmonates differentially affect interconnected signal-transduction pathways of Pieris rapae-induced defenses in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Insect Science 2011年第3期18卷 249-258页

作者： Tjeerd A.L. Snoeren Colette Broekgaarden marcel dicke Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen UniversityWageningen University and Research Centre 6708PB Wageningen the Netherlands Plant Research International Wageningen University and Research Centre 6708PB Wageningen the Netherlands

The jasmonic acid （JA） pathway is the main signal-transduction pathway induced by insect folivory. Mutant plants affected in the jasmonate pathway （18：0 and/or 16：0-oxylipin routes） were studied to assess the effects of JA and its oxylipin intermediates 12-oxophytodienoic acid （OPDA） and dinor-OPDA （dnOPDA） on interconnected signal- transduction pathways that underlie induced defenses in Arabidopsis. Our data show that the oxylipin jasmonates dnOPDA, OPDA and JA have different roles in defense signaling induced after feeding by the chewing-biting caterpillar Pieris rapae. Jasmonic acid, and not OPDA or dnOPDA, is the major signaling compound required for the induction of the defense-related genes LOX2 （Lipo：~vgenase 2）, OPR3 （12-Oxophytodienoate reductase 3）, ACX1 （Acyl-CoA oxidase 1） and PAL1 （Phenvlalanine ammonia-lyase 1）. Monitoring PAL1 transcript levels clearly showed that accumulation of JA upon P rapae feeding results in the induction of the salicylic acid pathway. Furthermore, JA is the major signaling compound required for the P rapae-induced expression of the defense-related gene HPL1 （Hydroperoxide lyase 1）. The jasmonate dnOPDA influences the induction of the HPk- branch as well, yet its effect is antagonistic to the effect of JA. Our data show that these jasmonates may be used to fine-tune Arabidopsis＇ herbivore-induced responses in terms of the HPL-branch from the oxylipin pathway.

关键词： gene transcript level herbivory Lepidoptera mutants oxylipin qRT-PCR

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Involvement of sweet pepper Ca LOX2 in jasmonate-dependent induced defence against Western flower thrips

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2019年第10期61卷 1085-1098页

作者： Sandeep J Sarde Klaas Bouwmeester Jhon Venegas-Molina Anja David Wilhelm Boland marcel dicke Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands Laboratory of Phytopathology Wageningen University P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands Department of Bioorganic Chemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knoll-Straβe 8 D-07745 Jena Germany

Insect herbivory can seriously hinder plant performance and reduce crop yield. Thrips are minute cell-content-feeding insects that are important vectors of viral plant pathogens, and are serious crop pests. We investigated the role of a sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) lipoxygenase gene, CaLOX2, in the defense of pepper plants against Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). This was done through a combination of in-silico, transcrip-tional, behavioral andchemicalanalyses.Our datashowthat CaLOX2 is involved in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and mediates plant resistance. Expression of the JA-related marker genes, CaLOX2 and CaPIN II, was induced by thrips feeding. Silencing of CaLOX2 in pepper plants through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) resulted in low levels of CaLOX2 transcripts, as well as significant reduction in the accumulation of JA, and its derivatives, upon thrips feeding compared to control plants. CaLOX2-silenced pepper plants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to thrips. This indicates that CaLOX2 mediates JA-dependent signaling, resulting in defenseagainstthrips. Furthermore,exogenous application of JA to pepper plants increased plant resistance to thrips, constrained thrips population development and made plants less attractive to thrips. Thus, a multidisciplinary approach shows that an intact lipoxygenase pathway mediates various components of sweet pepper defense against F. occidentalis.

关键词： Western flower thrips sweet pepper CaLOX2 jasmonate

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Transcriptional responses of Brassica nigra to feeding by specialist insects of different feeding guilds

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Insect Science 2011年第3期18卷 259-272页

作者： Colette Broekgaarden Roeland E. Voorrips marcel dicke Ben Vosman Wageningen UR Plant Breeding Plant Research International B.V. Wageningen Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen the Netherlands

Plants show phenotypic changes when challenged with herbivorous insects. The mechanisms underlying these changes include the activation of transcriptional responses, which are dependent on the attacking insect. Most transcriptomic studies on crucifer-insect interactions have focused on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, a species that faces low herbivore pressure in nature. Here, we study the transcriptional responses of plants from a wild black mustard （Brassica nigra） population to herbivores of different feeding guilds using an A. thaliana-based whole-genome microarray that has previously been shown to be suitable for transcriptomic analyses in Brassica. Transcriptional responses of B. nigra after infestation with either Pieris rapae caterpillars or Brevicoryne brassicae aphids are analyzed and compared. Additionally, the insect-induced expression changes of some individual genes are analyzed through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results show that feeding by both insect species results in the accumulation of transcripts encoding proteins involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species, defensive proteins and glucosinolates and this is correlated with experimental evidence in the literature on such biochemical effects. Although genes encoding proteins involved in similar processes are regulated by both insects, there was little overlap in the induction or repression of individual genes. Furthermore, P. rapae and B. brassicae seem to affect different phytohormone signaling pathways. In conclusion, our results indicate that B. nigra activates several defense-related genes in response to P rapae or B. brassicae feeding, but that the response is dependent on the attacking insect species.

关键词： Brassica nigra Brevicoryne brassicae direct defense microarray Pieris rapae

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Different headspace profiles in wild crucifer species in response to Plutella xylostella herbivory and exogenous jasmonic acid application

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Insect Science 2010年第1期17卷 29-37页

作者： Peng-Jun Zhang Jin-Ping Shu marcel dicke Shu-Sheng Liu Institute of Insect Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands

Although exogenous treatment of plants withjasmonic acid （JA） may result in induced responses similar to plant defences induced by herbivory, few studies have compared the details of insect herbivory and JA-mimicked responses. We compared volatiles of two crucifer species, Cardamine impatiens and Lepidium virginicum, in response to Plutella xylostella larval feeding and exogenous application of JA, over the entire period of time when induced changes were detectable. Significant differences in the composition and timing of volatiles occurred between herbivory and JA treatments in both plants. The quantity ofnitrile and isothiocyanate released in response to herbivory was significantly larger than that upon JA treatment. In each of the two plant species, most volatile components were emitted immediately upon larval feeding and their quantity dropped rapidly once feeding ceased. In contrast, the emission of volatiles in response to JA treatment lasted for a longer period of time, and the maximum emission rate was recorded 2 and 3 days after JA treatment in L. virginicum and C. impatiens respectively. These findings are discussed in the context of signal-transduction pathways and mechanisms involved in induced emissions of plant volatiles, as well as induced defences mediated by plant volatiles.

关键词： Brassicaceae herbivory induced response jasmonic acid Plutella xylostella volatile emission

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Effect of Maruca vitrata （Lepidoptera： Crambidae） host plants on life-history parameters of the parasitoid Apanteles taragamae （Hymenoptera： Braconidae）

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Insect Science 2012年第4期19卷 518-528页

作者： Elie A. Dannon Manuele Tamo Cvriaaue A qboton Arnold van Huis marcel dicke Facult des Sciences Agronomiques Universit d'Abomey-Calavi Cotonou International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) BeninStation Cotonou Benin Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen the Netherlands

The effect of four host plant species of the herbivore Maruca vitrata Fabri- cius （Lepidoptera： Crambidae） on development time, longevity, fecundity and sex ratio of the parasitoid Apanteles taragamae Viereck （Hymenoptera： Braconidae） was investi- gated under laboratory conditions. The larvae were parasitized when in the second instar. Maruca vitrata larvae were fed with flowers of four legumes, that is, Vigna unguiculata （cowpea）, Sesbania rostrata, Lonchocarpus sericeus and Pterocarpus santalinoides, or an artificial diet both before and after parasitization. The parasitoid did not develop in hosts feeding on L. sericeus or E unguiculata at 25℃, or on P. santalinoides at 25℃ or 29℃. Apanteles taragamae had the shortest development time on artificial diet at both 25℃ and 29℃ while the longest development time was recorded on L. sericeus at 29℃. Female wasps took longer to develop compared to males at the two temperatures, regardless of the feeding substrate of their host. The longevity of the wasps at 25℃ varied among feeding substrates, but not at 29℃. Survival rate of parasitized larvae depends on the feeding sub- strate. Moreover, infection of host larvae with Maruca vitrata multi-nucleopolyhedrovirus （MaviMNPV） killed larger proportions of parasitized larvae at 25℃ than at 29℃, which was likely caused by the difference in parasitoid developmental rate. The proportion of female parasitoids was lowest on L. sericeus. The daily fecundity showed a nonlinear trend regardless of the feeding substrate, indicating that A. taragamae is a pro-ovigenic species. The data support the slow growth-high mortality hypothesis.

关键词： Apanteles taragamae artificial diet development feeding substrates hostplants Maruca vitrata nutritional quality

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Does drought stress modify the effects of plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria on an aboveground chewing herbivore？

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Insect Science 2017年第6期24卷 1034-1044页

作者： Maite Fernandez de Bobadilla Julia Friman Nurmi Pangesti marcel dicke Joop J.A. van Loon Ana Pineda Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNA W) Department of Terrestrial Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands

Soil microbes have important effects on the interactions of plants with their environment, by promoting plant growth, inducing resistance to pests or by conferring tolerance to abiotic stress. However, their effects are variable and the factors responsible for this variation are mainly unknown. Our aim was to assess how drought stress modifies the effect of the nonpathogenic rhizobacterium Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r on plant growth and resistance against the generalist leaf-chewing caterpillar Mamestra brassicae. We studied Arabidopsis tha/iana Col-0 plants, as well as mutants altered in the biosyn- thesis of the phytohormones jasmonic acid （JA） and abscisic acid （ABA）. Caterpillars did not prefer rhizobacteria-treated plants, independently of drought stress. Rhizobacteria colonization had a variable effect on caterpillar performance, which ranged from positive in one experiment to neutral in a second one. Drought had a consistent negative effect on herbivore performance; however, it did not modify the effect of rhizobacteria on herbivore performance. The effect of drought on herbivore performance was JA-mediated （confirmed with the use of the dde2-2 mutant）, but it was still present in the ABA-deficient mutant aba2-1. Plant biomass was reduced by both drought and herbivory but it was enhanced by rhizobacterial colonization. Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r is able to promote plant growth even when plants are suffering herbivory. Nevertheless, the microbial effect on the herbivore is variable, independently of drought stress. To get the best possible outcome from the rhizobacteria-plant mutualism it is important to understand which other factors may be responsible for its context-dependency.

关键词： abiotic stress abscisic acid crosstalk induced systemic resistance jasmonic acid Pseudomonas simiae

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Response of Solanum tuberosum to Myzus persicae infestation at different stages of foliage maturity

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Insect Science 2014年第6期21卷 727-740页

作者： Adriana E. Alvarez Anahi M. Alberti D'Amato W. Fred Tjallingii marcel dicke Ben Vosman Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University 6700 EH Wageningen Plant Breeding Wageningen UR 6700 AA Wageningen EPG systems 6703CJ Wageningen the Netherlands

Young leaves of the potato Solanum tuberosum L. cultivar Kardal contain resistance factors to the green peach aphid Myzuspersicae （Sulzer）（Hemiptera： Aphididae） and normal probing behavior is impeded. However, M. persicae can survive and reproduce on mature and senescent leaves of the cv. Kardal plant without problems. We compared the settling ofM. persicae on young and old leaves and analyzed the impact of aphids settling on the plant in terms of gene expression. Settling, as measured by aphid numbers staying on young or old leaves, showed that after 21 h significantly fewer aphids were found on the young leaves. At earlier time points there were no difference between young and old leaves, suggesting that the young leaf resistance factors are not located at the surface level but deeper in the tissue. Gene expression was measured in plants at 96 h postinfestation, which is at a late stage in the interaction and in compatible interactions this is long enough for host plant acceptance to occur. In old leaves of cv. Kardal （compatible interaction）, M. persicae infestation elicited a higher number of differentially regulated genes than in young leaves. The plant response to aphid infestation included a larger number of genes induced than repressed, and the proportion of induced versus repressed genes was larger in young than in old leaves. Several genes changing expression seem to be involved in changing the metabolic state of the leaf from source to sink.

关键词： cDNA microarrays green peach aphid insect-plant interactions potato

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Quantitative resistance against Bemisia tabaci in Solanum pennellii:Genetics and metabolomics

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2016年第4期58卷 397-412页

作者： Floor van den Oever-van den Elsen Alejandro F.Lucatti Sjaak van Heusden Colette Broekgaarden Roland Mumm marcel dicke Ben Vosman Wageningen UR Plant Breeding Wageningen University and Research CentreP.O.Box 3866700AJWageningenThe Netherlands Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University and Research CentreP.O.Box 166700AAWageningenThe Netherlands Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences Droevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB WageningenThe Netherlands Plant Research International Business Unit BioscienceWageningen University and Research CentreP.O.Box 166700AA WageningenThe Netherlands

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a serious threat in tomato cultivation worldwide as all varieties grown today are highly susceptible to this devastating herbivorous insect.Many accessions of the tomato wild relative Solanum pennellii show a high resistance towards B. tabaci. A mapping approach was used to elucidate the genetic background of whiteflyresistance related traits and associated biochemical traits in this species. Minor quantitative trait loci（QTLs） for whitefly adult survival（AS） and oviposition rate（OR） were identified and some were confirmed in an F2BC1 population, where they showed increased percentages of explained variance（more than 30%）. Bulked segregant analyses on pools of whiteflyresistant and-susceptible F2 plants enabled the identification of metabolites that correlate either with resistance or susceptibility. Genetic mapping of these metabolites showed that a large number of them co-localize with whiteflyresistance QTLs. Some of these whitefly-resistance QTLs are hotspots for metabolite QTLs. Although a large number of metabolite QTLs correlated to whitefly resistance or susceptibility, most of them are yet unknown compounds and further studies are needed to identify the metabolic pathways and genes involved. The results indicate a direct genetic correlation between biochemical-based resistance characteristics and reduced whitefly incidence in S. pennellii.

关键词： Genetic linkage map life-history metabolic fingerprinting parameters tomato whitefly

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Comparative analysis of Solanum stoloniferum responses to probing by the green peach aphid Myzus persicae and the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae

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Insect Science 2013年第2期20卷 207-227页

作者： Adriana E. Alvarez Viviana G. Broglia Anahi M. Alberti D'Amato Doret Wouters Edwin van der Vossen Elisa Garzo W. Fred Tjallingii marcel dicke Ben Vosman Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University P.O. Box 8031 6700 EH 2Plant Breeding Wageningen UR P.O. Box 386 6700 AAWageningen The Netherlands Plant Breeding Wageningen UR P.O. Box 386 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands

Plants protect themselves against aphid attacks by species-specific de- fense mechanisms. Previously, we have shown that Solanum stoloniferum Schlechtd has resistance factors to Myzus persicae Sulzer （Homoptera： Aphididae） at the epidermal/mesophyll level that are not effective against Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas （Homoptera： Aphididae）. Here, we compare the nymphal mortality, the pre-reproductive development time, and the probing behavior of M. persicae and M. euphorbiae on S. stoloniferum and Solanum tuberosum L. Furthermore, we analyze the changes in gene expression in S. stoloniferum 96 hours post infestation by either aphid species. Although the M. euphorbiae probing behavior shows that aphids encounter more probing constrains on phloem activities-longer probing and salivation time- on S. stoloniferum than on S. tuberosum, the aphids succeeded in reaching a sustained ingestion of phloem sap on both plants. Probing by M. persicae on S. stoloniferum plants resulted in limited feeding only. Survival of M. euphorbiae and M. persicae was affected on young leaves, but not on senescent leaves of S. stoloniferum. Infestation by M. euphorbiae changed the expression of more genes than M. persicae did. At the systemic level both aphids elicited a weak response. Infestation orS. stoloniferum plants with a large number ofM. persicae induced morphological changes in the leaves, leading to the development of pustules that were caused by disrupted vascular parenchyma and surrounding tissue. In contrast, an infesta- tion by M. euphorbiae had no morphological effects. Both plant species can be regarded as good host for M. euphorbiae, whereas only S. tuberosum is a good host for M. persicae and S. stoloniferum is not. Infestation ofS. stoloniferum by M. persicae or M. euphorbiae changed the expression of a set of plant genes specific for each of the aphids as well as a set of common genes.

关键词： cDNA microarrays electrical penetration graph insect-plant interactions,Solanum tuberosum wild potato

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