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Sex Determination in Homo sapiens as a Multi-Step Process: Potential for Development of Variants and Sex Differences in Disease Risk

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2024年第1期17卷 13-34页

作者： David A. hart Department of Surgery Faculty of Kinesiology McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health University of Calgary Cal-gary Canada

Reproduction via cis-binary mechanisms appears to have evolved fairly early in the evolution of complex organisms, and a system committed to prior to evolution of humans. While the evolution of a chromosomal-specific approach has been a successful strategy for survival of a large variety of species including humans, the fidelity of sex determination leading to 100% cis-binary outcomes is not achieved in many species, with evidence for homosexual or bisexual behaviour evident in more than 1500 species. thus, such outcomes indicates that sex determination is a multi-step process and not a single event, and as such, could lead to the appearance of variants during the process which developed much earlier than humans. Variants could arise either due to intrinsic variation in the steps of determination, or also be influenced by environmental factors of a biological or psychological nature. In contrast to homosexual variants which do not require interventions such as hormone therapy or surgery, expression of gender dysphoria, is more based in psychology, but also has biological underpinnings and can be influenced by such hormonal interventions and surgery. While the numbers of those with gender dysphoria is small (~0.6% - 1.0% of population), the attention given to this issue raises the possibility of biological and psychological environmental factors impacting the emergence of some of those expressing gender dysphoria. Furthermore, transitioning from male-to-female or female-to-male can have consequences regarding disease risks latter in life, including the appearance of autoimmune diseases. this review will attempt to review some of the evidence regarding sex determination, discuss why the system has potentially not been improved upon during evolution, how a potential role for sex chromosome function on neurodevelopment may be central to variation in humans, and how commitment to the current strategy is likely integrated into other sex-related events such as puberty, pre

关键词： Sex Determination Variant Development Fidelity of Sex Determination Biological Sex Determination Species Variation

Biorenewable materials for water remediation: the central role of cellulose in achieving sustainability

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Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts 2024年第3期9卷 253-282页

作者： Kirti Mishra Samarjeet Singh Siwal thandiwe Sithole Nirankar Singh Phil hart Vijay Kumar thakur Department of Chemistry M.M.Engineering CollegeMaharishi Markandeshwar(Deemed to be University)Haryana 133207India Department of Chemical Engineering University of JohannesburgDoornfontein 2088South Africa Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center Scotland’s Rural CollegeEdinburgh EH93JGUnited Kingdom Renewable and Sustainable Energy Research Centre Technology Innovation InstituteAbu Dhabi 9639United Arab Emirates School of Engineering University of Petroleum&Energy StudiesDehradun 248007India

As the population increases and manufacturing grows,greenhouse gas and other harmful emissions *** with chemicals such as dyes,pesticides,pharmaceuticals,oil,heavy metals or radionuclides,wastewater purification has become an urgent *** technologies exist that can remove these contaminants from wastewater sources,but they often demand high energy and/or high cost,and in some cases produce contaminant laden sludge that requires safe *** need for methods which are less capital intensive,less operationally costly and more environmentally friendly is ***-based materials have emerged as promising candidates for wastewater treatment due to their renewability,low cost,biodegradability,hydrophilicity,and antimicrobial *** this review article,we focussed on developing sustainable and biodegradable cellulose-based materials for wastewater *** article deals with cellulose-based materials’scope and their conversion into valuable products like hydrogel,aerogel,cellulose composites,and *** cellulose-based materials have no harmful environmental impact and are *** modified cellulose-based materials applying as membrane,adsorbent,sorbent,and beads to purify the wastewater were ***,the challenges and future prospects of cellulose-based materials for wastewater treatment were considered,emphasizing their potential to be sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to traditional materials used in wastewater treatment.

关键词： Cellulose Wastewater treatment Hydrogel Nanocrystal Cellulose membrane

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Colored Pens

空中英语教室（初级版．大家说英语） 2024年第9期 39-40,55页

作者： Garrett hart 不详

Sally and her friend Beth are walking in the community *** started taking a craft class there a few weeks ago."Wasn't that a fun class,Sally?"asks Beth."It was!I want to get some supplies today.I need a few things for... 详细信息

关键词： center. class Sal

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不请自来风波

空中英语教室（初级版．大家说英语） 2024年第1期 28-29,53页

作者： Garrett hart 不详

What newsdoes Garth have for Simon?Simon and Garth work for the same *** both work in the same ***,Garth has some news for Simon.“Guess what,Simon?I graduated from college yesterday!”says Garth.

关键词： has college yesterday

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关机风波

空中英语教室（初级版．大家说英语） 2024年第4期 37-38,55页

作者： Garrett hart 不详

Larry一个月前搬进一间新公寓。他喜欢那个地方,也喜欢他的室友Edward。“早安,Edward。我一会儿要去公园跑步。应该一个小时后回来。”Larry说。他穿上鞋子,准备出门。“没问题。我会在家。我有些工作要做。”Larry出门时Edward跟他说... 详细信息

Larry一个月前搬进一间新公寓。他喜欢那个地方,也喜欢他的室友Edward。“早安,Edward。我一会儿要去公园跑步。应该一个小时后回来。”Larry说。他穿上鞋子,准备出门。“没问题。我会在家。我有些工作要做。”Larry出门时Edward跟他说一小时后,Larry回到公寓。“Larry,我用你的电脑查了一些资料。可以吗?”Edward问道。

关键词：公寓跑步 Edward

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照片风波

空中英语教室（初级版．大家说英语） 2024年第5期 42-43,55,56页

作者： Garrett hart 不详

找找看Jesse在图书馆为Emma做了什么?Jesse和Emma此刻正在图书馆。他们常常去那里看杂志。Emma喜欢看时尚杂志,Jesse则喜欢看体育杂志。“哇!狼队赢了他们最后一场比赛。”Jesse读着一篇文章这么说“我不太懂足球,不过结果听起来很棒,”... 详细信息

找找看Jesse在图书馆为Emma做了什么?Jesse和Emma此刻正在图书馆。他们常常去那里看杂志。Emma喜欢看时尚杂志,Jesse则喜欢看体育杂志。“哇!狼队赢了他们最后一场比赛。”Jesse读着一篇文章这么说“我不太懂足球,不过结果听起来很棒,”Emma说,“这本杂志里的服装都很好看。穿上它们,应该会很棒。”

关键词：体育杂志时尚杂志图书馆一篇文章

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新同事风波

空中英语教室（初级版．大家说英语） 2024年第2期 44-45,56页

作者： arrett hart 不详

又是一个平常的工作日。Serena工作做得很顺心,但有的时候会非常忙。“早安,Serena!又是美好的一天。”Phil说。Phil是她的新同事,两个星期前他刚入职。他人不错,但是很怕犯错,所以总会问很多问题。Serena回答他:“Phil,准备好面对新一... 详细信息

又是一个平常的工作日。Serena工作做得很顺心,但有的时候会非常忙。“早安,Serena!又是美好的一天。”Phil说。Phil是她的新同事,两个星期前他刚入职。他人不错,但是很怕犯错,所以总会问很多问题。Serena回答他:“Phil,准备好面对新一天的工作了吗?”Phil说:“准备好了!我会着手准备那份营销报告。呢,哪里能找到需要的资料?”

关键词：犯错工作日同事

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杂乱风波

空中英语教室（初级版．大家说英语） 2024年第7期 27-28,53,54页

作者： Garrett hart 不详

“todd,早安!”Lance一边走进客厅一边说道。Lance和todd是室友,他们一起住在城里的一间公寓.“todd,客厅发生了什么事?到处都是东西。”Lance说。“这些东西吗?哦,我昨天晚上熬夜付账单来着。”todd说。

关键词： Lance 公寓 todd

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迟到风波

空中英语教室（初级版．大家说英语） 2024年第6期 42-43,55,56页

作者： Garrett hart 不详

troy is a busy single *** has to balance his job and ttaking care of his young daughter,*** he can't do it all by *** he asks his friends for *** troy has an important *** asked his friend Miranda to watch Lilly for a... 详细信息

关键词： has daughter Lilly