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外语教学与研究 1982年第2期 39-50页

作者： Alan maley

这篇《下一步究竟如何?外语教学的若干新趋向》,综述了近十多年来英美各国外语教学界提出的一些新理论、新观点、新方法,通过新旧对比谈了以下几个方面: (一)关于学习的理论 (1)自觉学习与自然学得 Krashen提出,成年人学语言有两种不同... 详细信息

这篇《下一步究竟如何?外语教学的若干新趋向》,综述了近十多年来英美各国外语教学界提出的一些新理论、新观点、新方法,通过新旧对比谈了以下几个方面: (一)关于学习的理论 (1)自觉学习与自然学得 Krashen提出,成年人学语言有两种不同情况,一种是自觉的“学习”,就是有意识地集中注意力于所学东西,通过逻辑的、分析的、按部就班的方式来进行,其间常不免尝到遗忘、退步和重学的苦头。这种自觉“学习”是有“监察”的,每有所发,必先经检查,发现错误就加以纠正。另一种是自然的“学得”,就是下意识地从语言环境中提取有用信息,加工组织后存储于长期记忆中,以供随时取用。中间绕过“监察”,不受理性或意志的控制。课堂教学的大部分作法都偏于自觉的学习。“学得”既不受意志控制,有何办法使其实现,如何绕开自觉“学习”的拘束作用,发挥“学得”的潜力,这是教学法的一大难题。 (2)失误与错误研究表明,学习第二语言和学习第一语言一样,也是逐步消除各种失误的过程,其先后顺序是可以预见的。学习外语犹如登梯,每上一级都难免产生一些典型失误。功夫到了,失误自然消失;否则无论怎样改正,也是枉然。由此可见:第一,一般所谓“错误”,不应给人以过错或者失败的感觉,应当看作一种“失误”,是学习过程自然的、不可缺少的部分。没有失误,就不能真正学到东西。第二,应当重新考虑,是否应当花费那么多时间改错,至少也该改变作法,多让学生自行改正。 (3)注入与吸入有两种相反的学习理论,一种叫“酒壶”理论,认为学习就是把信息、知识、技能从一个容器转移到另一个容器,教师只管把他那一桶知识往学生的壶里倒,中间没有任何交流。学生的任务是吸入琼浆玉液,能装进多少,就吸入多少,涓滴不舍,吸入量等于注入量。另一种叫“家酿”理论,教学好比让各人买回一包制酒原料,按照说明书自行酿造。教师只提供原料和制法说明,由学生各按自己的速度和方式去加工,注入的东西一样,而吸入(和出品)却各有千秋。采取“酒壶法”,简单易行,也容易看到效果。但是这样学来的东西,出了课堂和考场就往往用不上;语言变成了一堆知识,而不是一种交际工具。 (4)发现过程 Koestler研究创造的过程,提到Helmholtz的创造三阶段说,即从收集和研讨有关资料的“准备”阶段,到对资料进行下意识或无意识加工的“酝酿”阶段,再到最后的“顿悟”阶段,突然间豁然开朗——问题解决了,发明成功了,诗篇写就了。语言教学中的一些新创方法,如静默法,暗示法,集体学习法,全身反应法等,多少都利用了Helmholtz的模式。一般的外语教学无疑也可以从中吸取有益的东西。 (二)语言观 (1)结构与功能过去往往认为语言是由许多句法结构单元或句型构成的,找出这些句型,排定由易到难的顺序,据以设计教材,用来例示和练习这些句型,就能教会语言。这里主要的缺点是把重点放在语言的形式上,而不是放在语言的使用上,以为学生有了一套结构单元,就不难盖起摩天大楼。七十年代初,Wilkins等人提出了另一种安排原则,可以简称为“功能路子”,认为制订教学大纲要把重点放在时间、空间关系等主要语义领域以及“建议”、“强制”、“劝说”等各种语言功能上,这些都各有多种表达形式。此派的主张无疑已在我们对语言的看法以及语言教学的内容和作法上引起了重大变化。但是实行起来也不无问题。功能都有哪些范畴,至今还没有为人普遍接受的描述;教给一套彼此分离的功能,跟教给一套彼此分离的结构,究竟有多少质的差别,也还不清楚。 (2)句子与篇章向来语言学者的注意力都局限于句子,现在则转而研究把句子连缀成篇的手段。Widdowson把语言的连贯关系分为“形连”和“意连”,这是个有用的区别。这方面的新见地,对于读和听的教学尤为有用,可以促使人们把句子结合在使用的环境中来教,而不单纯把句子看作是语言形式特性的实例。 (3)意义的切磋探索向来流行一种观点,认为意思似乎“就在那儿”,等着人们去理解,一个个词就象一辆辆货车,各各装载着自己的意义。近来逐渐流行一种比较复杂的看法,认为意义并不是现成表露出来的东西,而是依赖于其他种种因素。象“What’s the time?”(“现在几点了?”)这么一句简单的话,也会随着说话的场合、题目、对手、意图、语体、语域等各种社会心理因素而有不同的理解。写作也是如此。这一观点对教外语的人提出了一个大问题:象这样的东西在多大程度上是可以教给人的?又怎么教? (三)教学方案设计 (1)需要的分析没有人能全盘学会一种语言,由此产生了分析语言学习者的需要的想法。持此主张的人认为,应当集中力量教给学生结业后将用语言来做的事情。然而要预断一班学生的需要(各人的需要可能互相矛盾),绝非易事。其次,大多数学生学完之后究竟会怎样使用语言,简直无法预知。再则,需要的描述是静态的,而不是动态的。在学生的终极需要与学

关键词： Pro Whatever Next?Some Recent Currents in Foreign Language Teaching

Literature in the Language Classroom

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基础教育外语教学研究 2006年第11期 35-38页

作者： Alan maley

Introduction Literature in language teaching has a long *** was a fundamental part of foreign language teaching in the‘classical humanist’paradigm,where an understanding of the high culture and thought expressed through literature took precedence over mere competence in using the lan- ***,in the teaching of European classical lan- guages,such as Greek and Latin,the literature was virtually all that remained of the language．

关键词：外语教学文学作品教学方法语言学

Validity of a noninvasive estimation of deep body temperature when wearing personal protective equipment during exercise and recovery

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Military Medical Research 2019年第4期6卷 328-339页

作者： Andrew P.Hunt Mark J.Buller Matthew J.maley Joseph T.Costello Ian B.Stewart School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences&Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLDAustralia United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine NatickMAUSA Extreme Environments Laboratory Department of Sport and Exercise ScienceUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK

Background:Deep body temperature is a critical indicator of heat ***,direct measures are often invasive,costly,and difficult to implement in the *** study assessed the agreement between deep body temperature estimated from heart rate and that measured directly during repeated work bouts while wearing explosive ordnance disposal(EOD)protective clothing and during ***:Eight males completed three work and recovery periods across two separate *** consisted of treadmill walking on a 1%incline at 2.5,4.0,or 5.5 km/h,in a random order,wearing EOD protective *** temperature and relative humidity were maintained at 24℃and 50%[Wet bulb globe temperature(WBGT)(20.9±1.2)℃]or 32℃and 60%[WBGT(29.0±0.2)℃]on the separate days,*** rate and gastrointestinal temperature(TGI)were monitored continuously,and deep body temperature was also estimated from heart rate(ECTemp).Results:The overall systematic bias between TGI and ECTemp was 0.01℃with 95%limits of agreement(Lo A)of±0.64℃and a root mean square error of 0.32℃.The average error statistics among participants showed no significant differences in error between the exercise and recovery periods or the environmental *** TGI levels of(37.0–37.5)℃,(37.5–38.0)℃,(38.0–38.5)℃,and>38.5℃,the systematic bias and±95%Lo A were(0.08±0.58)℃,(–0.02±0.69)℃,(–0.07±0.63)℃,and(–0.32±0.56)℃,***:The findings demonstrate acceptable validity of the ECTemp up to 38.5℃.Conducting work within an ECTemp limit of 38.4℃,in conditions similar to the present study,would protect the majority of personnel from an excessive elevation in deep body temperature(>39.0℃).

关键词： Protective clothing Body core temperature Heat strain Heat stress Kalman filter Explosive ordnance disposal

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文学英语赏析

Evaluation of results of open distal femur fractures with primary fixation and antibiotic impregnated collagen

丛书名：中央广播电视大学英语专业本科系列教程

2006年

作者：（英）马利（maley A.）

本书包括按体裁分类的名家名作，还有习题、词汇术语汇编。

ISBN: (数字)7304035889

ISBN: (纸本)7304035889

本书包括按体裁分类的名家名作，还有习题、词汇术语汇编。

关键词：英语阅读教学电视大学文学欣赏

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2019年第6期22卷 328-332页

作者： maley Deepak Kumar Roop Singh Rakesh Khiyani Kiranpreet Kaur Svareen Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Paraplegia&RehabilitationPt.B.D.Sharma PGIMSHaryanaRohtak 124001India Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Pt.B.D.Sharma PGIMSHaryanaRohtak 124001India Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College RohiniNew DelhiIndia

Purpose:Distal femoral fracture is one of the most common lower limb injuries and accounts for less than 1%of all *** fracture takes 5%-10%of the all distal femoral fractures,which is at an increased risk of *** were limited studies which documented the outcomes of such *** present study aims to evaluate the outcome and complications in these fractures using primary definitive fixation with condylar locking plate and antibiotic impregnated collagen sheet secondary to aggressive ***:This is a prospective study conducted in a tertiary care orthopaedic hospital in northern *** patients of open distal femoral fractures were managed by primary definitive fixation with condylar locking plate and antibiotic impregnated collagen sheet secondary to aggressive *** were followed for minimum of six *** were followed up monthly for first four months,at six months and one year after *** and radiological signs of healing,any complications,time to union,and functional outcome were ***:The mean age of patients was 44.33 years(range 20-82 years)with male predominance of 66.7%.According to Gustilo-Anderson classification,there were 5,15 and 10 patients with open grade I,II and IIIA distal femoral fractures *** to orthopaedic trauma association(OTA)classification,majority of patients in our study were of C3 *** mean time to bony union was 5.6 months(range 4-9 months).Average postoperative knee range of motion(ROM)at the latest follow-up was 98°(range 70°-120°).Lysholm knee scoring scale showed excellent score in 11 patients,good in 9 patients,fair and poor in 5 patients each;however,there was no significant correlation with fracture pattern types(p<0.05).Knee stiffness was the major complications encountered in the *** knee ROM was<90°in 5 patients and 90°-120°in rest of the patients,while 1 patient had extensor lag of 10°.One patient had implant fa

关键词： Distal femur fracture Supracondylar Open fractures plating Outcome

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Distribution, Mobility, and Health Risks Assessment of Trace Metals in River Sediments from Intense Agricultural Activity Areas in West Africa

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Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 2024年第8期12卷 12-42页

作者： Ahbeauriet Ahmed Ouattara maley-Pacôme Soro Albert Brou Kouadio Horo Koné Albert Trokourey Dpartment des Sciences et Technique Universit Alassane Ouattara Bouak Cte dIvoire Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu Universit Nangui Abrogoua Abidjan Cte dIvoire Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Universit Flix Houphout Boigny Abidjan Cte dIvoire

The economy of West African countries is mainly based on agriculture. However, the trace metal(loid)s contamination status in rivers is relatively unknown in the region. In this work, 45 surface sediments collected from the Bandama, Comoé, and Bia Rivers in south and south eastern Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa), were analyzed for total metal concentrations and chemical speciation. The results showed that the river sediments were considerably contaminated by Cd and moderately contaminated by As, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Significant spatial variations were observed among the stations but not between the rivers. Metals Cd and Cu were likely to cause more ecological risks. The speciation analysis unravelled that the metal(loid)s partitioned mainly in the residual fraction, with the potential mobile fraction varying from 14% to 28%. The study calls for establishment of strict policies relative to the application of fertilizers and agrochemicals and mining activities to protect the environment and human health risks.

关键词： River Sediment Trace Metal (Loid)s Multivariate Analysis Potential Ecological Risk Assessments Sequential Extraction Geochemical Indices

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ZigBee认证:服务物联网的认证

信息技术与标准化 2014年第1期 19-22页

作者： Ryan maley 左越 ZigBee联盟

阐述了ZigBee认证的重要性、测试和认证的区别,以及ZigBee认证的具体程序及其包括的四种活动:确定产品特征、评价、决策和授权。今后ZigBee认证项目将不断完善,以保证产品在新环境下的互操作和正常通信。

关键词： ZigBee 认证测试互操作无线通信物联网

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A 3-D Shape Model of (704) Interamnia from Its Occultations and Lightcurves

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International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2014年第1期4卷 91-118页

作者： Isao Satō Marc Buie Paul D. maley Hiromi Hamanowa Akira Tsuchikawa David W. Dunham Astronomical Society of Japan Yamagata Japan Hamanowa Astronomical Observatory Fukushima Japan International Occultation Timing Association Greenbelt USA International Occultation Timing Association Houston USA Southwest Research Institute Boulder USA Yanagida Astronomical Observatory Ishikawa Japan

A 3-D shape model of the sixth largest of the main belt asteroids, (704) Interamnia, is presented. The model is reproduced from its two stellar occultation observations and six lightcurves between 1969 and 2011. The first stellar occultation was the occultation of TYC 234500183 on 1996 December 17 observed from 13 sites in the USA. An elliptical cross section of (344.6 ± 9.6 km) × (306.2 ± 9.1 km), for position angle P = 73.4 ± 12.5° was fitted. The lightcurve around the occultation shows that the peak-to-peak amplitude was 0.04 mag. and the occultation phase was just before the minimum. The second stellar occultation was the occultation of HIP 036189 on 2003 March 23 observed from 39 sites in Japan and Hawaii. An elliptical cross section of (349.8 ± 0.9 km) × (303.7 ± 1.7 km), for position angle P = 86.0 ± 1.1° was fitted. A companion of 8.5 mag. of the occulted star was discovered whose separation is 12 ± 2 mas (milli-arcseconds), P = 148 ± 11°. A combined analysis of rotational lightcurves and occultation chords can return more information than can be obtained with either technique alone. From follow-up photometric observations of the asteroid between 2003 and 2011, its rotation period is determined to be 8.728967167 ± 0.00000007 hours, which is accurate enough to fix the rotation phases at other occultation events. The derived north pole is λ2000 = 259 ± 8°, β2000 = -50 ± 5° (retrograde rotation);the lengths of the three principal axes are 2a = 361.8 ± 2.8 km, 2b = 324.4 ± 5.0 km, 2c = 297.3 ± 3.5 km, and the mean diameter is D = 326.8 ± 3.0 km. Supposing the mass of Interamnia as (3.5 ± 0.9) × 10-11 solar masses, the density is then ρ = 3.8 ± 1.0 g·cm-3.

关键词： Asteroids Occultations Lightcurve

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英语两个被动态句型的转换

外国语(上海外国语学院学报) 1982年第4期 29-31页

作者： A.maley 张月祥

本文介绍两个被动态句型的转换,供教学参考。不妨把下面这种由“It+现在时被动态+that-分句”构成的句子称为句型Ⅰ: It is feared that all the miners are dead.把由上述句子转换而来的由“(原that-分句的)主语+现在时被动态+不定式... 详细信息

本文介绍两个被动态句型的转换,供教学参考。不妨把下面这种由“It+现在时被动态+that-分句”构成的句子称为句型Ⅰ: It is feared that all the miners are dead.把由上述句子转换而来的由“(原that-分句的)主语+现在时被动态+不定式结构”构成的句子称为句型Ⅱ: All the miners are feared to be dead.转换时,句型Ⅱ的不定式形式取决于句型Ⅰ的that-分句的动词形式。主要有以下几种情况:

关键词：被动态分句复句